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мог бы дать ему дельный совет. 7. Эмили и в голову не приходило, что с Робертом могло что-то случиться. 8. Не может быть, чтобы он был такой жестокий! Не мог он этого сделать! 9. Где она может быть? Неужели она всё ещё делает покупки? 10. У него есть слабые стороны, это верно. И всё-таки не мог он вас так подвести. 11. Не может быть, чтобы редактор не заметила этой ошибки. 12. Я тебе не верю, ты не мог не узнать меня. Неужели я так изменилась? 13. Неужели вы его неправильно поняли? Ведь он так четко все объяснил. 14. Неужели вы не нашли время, чтобы поговорить с сыном? 15. Не может быть, чтобы она неправильно истолковала его слова. Ведь это на него непохоже. 16. Он просто не мог этого сделать! Он не может быть настолько глуп! 17. Ну что я могу сказать? Правилам нужно подчиняться. 18. В этой горячей точке могла разразиться война, но, к счастью, люди сумели предотвратить её.

15. Complete the sentences with can, could, may, might, will, should, ought to or must and an infinitive in the appropriate form.

1.Kerry's rather late. She …must have missed … (miss) the train.

2.Travellers' cheques …………… (be exchanged) at most banks.

3.They're not answering the phone so they ………………. (be) out.

4.Don't phone her now. It ……………… (be) the middle of the night in Australia.

5.They ……………. (not move) house yet. I saw them in town this morning.

6.I haven't seen Molly this week. I think she ………….. (visit) her parents but I'm not sure.

7.Her exam results are coming out soon. She worked very hard so she ………… (do) well.

8.That woman's just fallen over. Let's go and see her: she ……………. (be) hurt.

9.I don't know where she is. She ………………. (not still play) tennis: it's been dark for the last hour.

10.I sent the letter two days ago so he …………….. (get) it by now, but you can never be sure.

11.The encyclopaedias ………………… (be found) on the second floor of the library.

12.Jim's been very quiet since his girlfriend went away. He ……………… (miss) her.

13.I ……………… (come) and visit you at the weekend. Anyway, I'll give you a ring to let you know.

14.She was with a man I didn't recognize. It ……………….. (be) her brother because he looked a bit like her.

15.The roads are fairly quiet today so we ……………….. (have) a good journey.

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16.“Do you think Josephine …………………….. (be) at home now?” - 'No, she

………….. (have) a swim. She always does at this time in the morning.'

17.“'Why do you think Tricia was in such a hurry?” – “I don't know. She ……………

(run) to catch the bus.”

18.These glasses ……………. (be) Tim's: they look a bit like his.

19.It …………….. (not rain): the ground's completely dry.

20.I ……………….. (join) the sports club in the summer but I haven't decided yet.

21.What a terrible thing to have happened. You ………………… (be) terrified.

22.I told her you were coming so she ………………. (expect) you.

23.They've just rung the bell so the children …………….. (be) out of the classrooms in a minute.

24.That looks like Jack but it ……………….. (not be) him. He went to live in Australia last year.

25.I've got a stomachache this morning. I ………………. (eat) too much last night or I …………………….. (have) some sort of virus.

IV. Advice, obligation, necessity: should, ought to, must, have to, have got to, need

16. Complete the sentences using the modals should, ought to, must, need or the verb have to in the correct tense and form. Put the infinitive into the appropriate form.

1.We …had to leave… (leave) at 11 o'clock last night because the last bus went at

2.I don't think you …………………. (offer) to help him. You've got enough work to do yourself.

3.They ……………… (not pay) to stay in a hotel. They can stay with us.

4. We've been staying in a hotel for the last two weeks so we ………………. (not cook) our own meals.

5.You ……………… (come round) for dinner one evening. We haven't had a good talk for a long time.

6.We ……………. (run) all the way to the station because we were late for the train.

7.It's your own fault that you're so tired. You …………….. (not go) to bed so late.

8.Why the prisoners ……………. (be locked) in their ceils all day?

9.Hurry up. You …………….. (not have) a bath now. The taxi's coming in twenty minutes.

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10.You ……………….. (not tell) him what happened. He would never forgive us.

11.You ……………… (not allow) Max to walk home from school every day on his own. He's too young.

12.I don't like ………………….. (do) everything my boss tells me to do.

13.You ………………… (go) to that new French restaurant in town. It's the best restaurant I've ever been to.

14.Tom ………………. (not get up) early in the morning but everyone else in the house does.

15.If I fail any one of my exams, I ……………… (take) all of them again in November.

16.You …………………. (work) when I came into the room, not talking.

17.I ………………….. (tell) him what you really think of him next time you see him if I were you.

18.The wedding's been cancelled so I ………………….. (not buy) that new suit: it was a waste of money.

19.I ………………. (go) school every morning before I go to work.

20.You ……………………… (not eat) in the lecture halls: it's against the college regulations.

21.I'd like you to come to the meeting but you …………… (not come) if you don't want to.

22.This letter ……………… (be hidden) where no one will ever find it. Its contents ……………… (remain) a secret forever.

23.…………………………(you/wear) a uniform at work?

24.Please don't say any more. I already know the truth so you

…………….. (not lie) to me.

25.Employees …………… (follow) the safety regulations.

17. Translate the following sentences into English using ought to and should wherever possible:

1.Я прошу прощения. Мне не следовало это говорить. 2. Я думаю, вам следует проявлять больше уважения к старшим. З. Я подумал, что тебе следовало бы знать об этом. 4. Теперь я расстроил её. Мне не нужно было этого говорить. 5. «Я сказал что-нибудь такое, чего мне не следовало говорить?» — спросил он у матери. 6. Не стоит задавать таких вопросов. 7. Ну, что же, вы были правы. Мне не так надо было сделать это. 8. Как ты думаешь, чем мне следовало бы

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заняться? 9. Я был с тобой более откровенен, чем следовало бы. 10. Я сказал, что ей совсем не следовало бы приходить с ним. 11. Не стоит быть столь критичным в твоём возрасте, Фрэнк. 12. «Энн — моя сестра». — «Мне следовало бы догадаться. Вы похожи на неё». 13. Ей надо было бы раньше об этом вспомнить.

18. Fill in the gaps with mustn’t or needn’t/don’t have to.

1)– Shall I help you with the shopping? – No, you…. needn’t/don’t have to … I can manage by myself.

2)– You ………………. Play football inside the house. – I’m sorry. I’ll go outside.

3)– Do you want anything from the supermarket? – No, you ………….. get me anything today, thank you. I’m going out myself later.

4)– You ………….. be late for work tomorrow morning. – I know. I’ll try to arrive early.

5)– You ……….... take these books out of the library. – I know. It’s forbidden.

6)– Shall I make an appointment for you at the dentist’s? – No, you ……………. I’ll do it myself next week.

19. Translate the following sentences into English using have to or be to.

1. Барт должен был увидеться со своим шурином за ланчем на следующий день, но он не считал нужным рассказывать об этом жене. 2.Ей пришлось пить чай без сахара. З. Я знал, что Пэт должна была прийти в клуб. 4. Я был несколько удивлен, обнаружив в зале, где я должен был выступать, так много людей. 5. Мне не нужно быть там раньше трёх часов. 6. Руди пригласили на обед домой к Мэри. После обеда они должны были пойти в кино. 7.Один из гостей сел около меня. Мне не нужно было говорить, кто он. 8. Они бомбили нас весь день вчера, и мы вынуждены были оставаться в укрытии. 9. «У тебя короткие волосы, и они вьются». — «Я болела скарлатиной, и волосы пришлось обрезать». 10. «Я ведь никогда не говорил тебе, что учился в частной школе?» — спросил Алек. — «В этом не было необходимости. Я это знала». 11. На следующий день Франк взял меня на долгую автомобильную прогулку. А в семь часов мы должны были обедать с Гринами. 12. По радио объявили, что вечером должен выступать президент. 13. Он должен был подойти поближе, чтобы услышать её. 14. В этот час Филиппа никогда не было видно.

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20.Rephrase the following sentences using must, mustn’t, needn’t, has to or doesn’t have to. Make up 10 your own sentences and then ask your partner to rephrase them using the modals.

1.You aren’t allowed to park your car in the college car park.

2.I strongly advise you to speak to your parents about your decision.

3.It isn’t necessary for Emma to attend tomorrow’s staff meeting.

4.Jack is obliged to wear a suit and a tie at work because the manager says so.

5.I’m sure Antonio is from Milan.

6.Its necessary for Roger to find a job soon.

7.It’s forbidden to use mobile phones inside the hospital.

8.Susan is obliged to work overtime because her boss says so.

21.Rephrase the following sentences using didn’t need to or needn’t have done. Suggest 7 situations of your own and ask your partner to comment on them with the modals.

1.It wasn’t necessary for him to wash the car. It wasn’t dirty.

2.It wasn’t necessary for her to buy so many oranges, but she did.

3.It wasn’t necessary for us to take an umbrella. It wasn’t raining.

4.It wasn’t necessary for us to turn on the light. It wasn’t dark.

5.It wasn’t necessary for him to call me today, but he did.

6.It wasn’t necessary for you to make sandwiches for me, but you did.

7.It wasn’t necessary for them to make reservations at the restaurant, but they did.

22. Put in must be/must have been, can’t be/can’t have been, had to/didn’t have to.

The Mystery of the Talking Shoe

Tracy Evans 1didn’t have to be… at work till ten, so she ignored her alarm clock.

But she woke up with a start when she heard a strange sound coming from her wardrobe! What was it? It 2……………. а mouse, Tracy thought. No, it

3………………. . She knew there were no mice in her room. I 4……………. Careful,

Tracy said to herself as she opened the wardrobe. There, in front of her, was the lovely pair of wedge-shaped sandals she had bought the day before. Then she heard the sound again! “It 5…………… coming from my sandals!” she cried. She picked them up and, sure enough, one of them was “talking”! Tracy 6………………. аt work at ten, but she still had enough time to visit Mr. Lucas, her shoemaker. He removed the wooden hill

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and they were both amazed to see a white larva eating the wood. Mr. Pope, of the

Natural History Museum, solved the mystery. “These shoes 7…………… (import) from Brazil. An insect 8……………. (lay) its eggs in the tree from which these shoes were made,” he explained.

V. Offers, requests, permission, suggestions: can, could, may, might, would, must, shall, would you mind

23. Underline the correct word(s).

1)– Could/May/Shall you tell me the time, please? - Yes, it’s a quarter past ten.

2)– Would/Shall/Will we go shopping tonight? – Yes. We need to buy some food.

3)– May/Should/Would I help you, madam? – Yes, please. Can/Shall/Would I have these shoes in black, please?

4)– Would/Should/Shall I get you another cup of tea? – No, thank you. I’ve had enough.

5)– Can/Shall/May you post the letter for me, please? – Certainly. I’ll do it on my way home from work.

6)– Shall/Could/Would I speak to Jenny, please? – I’m sorry, she’s not here at the moment.

7)– May/ Will/Would I have a glass of water, please? – Yes, I’ll get you one.

8)– Did you call Jane? – No, I didn’t need to/needn’t because I saw her at work.

9)– Shall/May/Could you help me, please? – Yes, of course.

10)– You mustn’t/needn’t/couldn’t lock the door. – Oh, will/shall/may you do it when you leave?

24. Write what to say using can, could, may, might, shall, must, would, would you like, would you mind. There may be several possible answers.

1.Offer to open the door for a stranger. - …Shall I open the door for you?...

2.Ask someone to answer the phone for you. - …………………………….

3.Invite a friend to go for a swim this morning. - …………………………..

4.Offer to make someone a sandwich. - ……………………………………

5.Request an appointment to see your bank manager, Ms Arnold. -

……………………………………………………………………………….

6.Give someone permission to use your phone. - …………………………

7.Suggest going for a picnic this afternoon. - ……………………………...

8.Ask someone to wait here for you. - ……………………………………..

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9.Give your son permission to go out but tell him to be back before dark. -

……………………………………………………………………………….

10.You are in a train. Ask another passenger if you can open the window. -

……………………………………………………………………………….

11.You are the teacher. Give your students permission to work outside today but tell them not to talk too much. - …………………………………………………

12.Offer to answer the phone. - ……………………………………………

13.Ask a friend for a pen. - ………………………………………………..

25. Translate the following sentences into English.

1. Сколько мне заплатить носильщику? 2. Когда мы узнаем что-нибудь, вы непременно услышите об этом. 3. «Вы отпустите меня домой?» —« Нет. Во вторник ты отправишься пароходом в Сан-Франциско». 4.Это можно сделать и это будет сделано, если ты только поможешь мне. 5. «Тебе поиграть?» — спросила она. — «Да, пожалуйста». 6. Когда он говорит «Сделай», я отвечаю «Будет сделано».

SELF CHECK:

26. Identify the use of the verbs in bold, and then write a synonymous expression.

1.She can’t have left. Her coat is still here. (logical assumption) = I don’t think

2.I have got to meet my boss for lunch. (_______________) = ……………………

3.May I have a glass of water? (__________________) = …………………………

4.Shall we go and see Andrea tonight? (_________________) = ………………….

5.We should be home before midnight. (_________________) = …………………

6.She can speak four languages fluently. (__________________) =

……………………………………………………………………………………

7.Can I leave early today? (___________________) = ……………………………

8.You should stop spending so much money. (_________________) = ………….

9.They must have got married recently. (__________________) = ……………….

10.You needn’t buy a present. (___________________) = ………………………..

11.Peter might be able to come tonight. (_________________) = …………………

12.He could have at least phoned me last night. (_______________) = ……………

13.Would you like me to make the arrangements? (_____________) = …………….

14.You can’t leave your bags here, sir. (______________) = ……………………….

15.All employees have to work overtime. (______________) = ……………………

16.You don’t need to book in advance. (________________) = …………………...

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17.Can you give Cathy a message? (_______________) = ………………………….

18.She should phone to confirm her appointment. (____________) = ………………

19.Shall we go shopping at the weekend? (_______________) = …………………..

27. Rephrase the following sentences in as many ways as possible.

1.You had better book you flight early. - … You ought to/should/ must book your flight early

2.Would you like me to draw the curtains for you?

3.Why don’t we go to a Japanese restaurant for a change?

4.I strongly advise you to see a doctor.

5.Perhaps he’s waiting outside.

6.Can you call Greg for me, please?

7.It’s possible she’s been playing in the show.

8.Everybody is obliged to pay taxes.

9.You don’t need to go to the supermarket today.

10.It wasn’t necessary for Betty to call a taxi because I gave her a lift.

11.Perhaps she had been trying to call you.

12.You aren’t allowed to keep pets in the building.

13.it’s likely he was driving too fast.

14.It was important that you checked the battery before you left.

15.They managed to get to the theatre in time, despite the heavy traffic.

16.it’s possible he is studying in the library.

17.Do you mind if I take the rest of the day off?

18.It wasn’t necessary for Peter to walk the dog, so he didn’t.

19.Why don’t we spent the evening at home?

20.I’m certain Patrick misunderstood my instructions.

21.It’s forbidden to copy files without the manager’s permission.

28. Put in will have to, must, having to, has to, should, had to, have to, and should have. Use each at least once.

ARIJABA!

The Post Office in Britain is famous for getting letters and parcels to their destinations. The problem is that we, the public 1…have to…observe the rules. For example, we 2…………… put a stamp on the letter. If we don’t, the recipient 3…………. pay double. We often see the sign ALL LETTERS 4………………… CORRECTLY

ADDRESSED. These days, this means 5……………… use postcodes. If you didn’t

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use a postcode, it’s no good complaining that your letter 6……………… arrived sooner. Parcels are a problem because they 7………….... be correctly packaged. If Aunt Sophie is going to send you a jar of your favourite jam, she 8…………… wrap it up well. The most important thing we 9…………….. do is to address our letters and parcels legibly and correctly. This means clear handwriting and correct spelling. What we 10…………….. do and what we actually do are often miles apart. Recently the Post Office 11…………….. deliver a letter which showed a name followed by the word

ARIJABA. What is this, do you think? Arabic? Hindustani? Wrong both times! Say it our loud and you’ll see it’s just plain (misspelt!) English: HARWICH HARBOUR!

29. Complete each sentence with two to five words, including the words in bold.

1.

It is possible that he has spent all the money.

could

He …could have spent… all the money.

2.

I advise you to take a course in literature.

should

You ……………………………………… in literature.

3.

It is possible that the police are questioning him.

may

The police ………………………………..…………..him.

4.

I’m sure he is lying about his age.

must

He …………………………………….……. about his age.

5.

Let’s have a break in five minutes.

can

We ………………………………………..in five minutes.

6.

It wasn’t necessary for her to give me a lift, but she did.

have

She ………………………………………………. me a lift.

7.

You aren’t allowed to throw litter in the park.

mustn’t

You ………………………….....…….. litter in the park.

8.

It isn’t necessary for mother to cook tonight.

have

Mother ……………………….………………….tonight.

9.

It is possible that she has gone home.

could

She …...……………………………………………..home.

10. Perhaps Dan is in hospital.

may

Dan ……………………………………………….hospital.

11. It wasn’t necessary for her to call, but she did.

have

She …………………………………………., but she did.

12. I advise you to have a rest.

should

You .……………………………………………….. a rest.

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30. Translate the following sentences into English using can, may, must, have to, be to, ought to, shall or should.

1.Тебе следовало бы ещё раз прочитать своё сочинение. Там, наверное, есть ошибки. 2. Неужели сейчас только шесть часов? 3. Зря ты так разговаривал с ним. Он мог обидеться. 4. Уж он-то должен это знать. 5. Мне сейчас позвонить ему? 6. У него, должно быть, есть чувство юмора. Иначе он не мог бы так выразиться. 7. Завтра день рождения твоей сестры. Я думаю, что ты должен подарить ей что-нибудь. 8. Наверное, идёт сильный дождь. На улице никого нет. 9. Не может быть, чтобы он забыл о своём обещании. 10. Зря ты не послал им телеграмму. Теперь они, возможно, уже были бы здесь. 11. Я никуда не выходил в тот вечер, так как после работы ко мне должен был зайти Джордж. 12. Ему пришлось вернуться в гостиницу, так как вылет его самолёта задерживался. 13. Он знал, что ему предстояло быть на двух совещаниях на следующей неделе. 14. Она ничего не должна знать о твоих делах. 15. Она, должно быть, ничего не знает о его делах. 16. «О чём они разговаривают?» — «Возможно, спорят о сценарии». 17. Новость может напугать ее. 18.Тебе надо самому зарабатывать на жизнь. 19. Их дом должны были снести, и ему пришлось переехать в новый жилой район. 20. Погода хорошая, и мы могли бы прокатиться за город. 21.Мне очень жаль, но я должен идти. Я должен встретить Бетти у кинотеатра. Уже без четверти семь! Она, должно быть, уже ждёт меня. Мне придётся взять такси. 22.Не мог бы ты сделать это сегодня? 23. Его можно было принять за старого человека. 24. Ты мог бы сказать нам, что происходит. 25. Возможно, они уже сделали свой выбор. 26. Вам нужно найти специалиста, который мог бы взяться за это дело. 27. Он, должно быть, ничего им не сказал. 28. Возможно, они сейчас укладывают вещи. До отхода поезда остался час.

CONDITIONALS

Conditionals are clauses introduced with if. The main types of conditionals are: Type

0, Type 1, Type 2, and Type 3.

Conditional clauses consist of two parts: the if-clause (hypothesis) and the main clause (result).When the if-clause comes before the main clause, the two clauses are separated with a comma. When the main clause comes before the if-clause, then no comma is necessary.

e.g. If the weather is good tomorrow, we will go to the beach.

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