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1.Would you like to share the room with a sanguine or choleric person?
2.Would you rather have fish or meat for dinner?
3.Shall we phone him or send a telegram?
4.Where shall we go on Sunday?
5.Which do you like best, cats or dogs?
6.Shall we go to Moscow by train or by plane?
7.Dinamo won their match against Spartak.
12.Ask your friend what he/she prefers to do and say in a couple of words what kind of person he/she is.
- ask people for help or to settle the problem himself; - to discover somebody’s or his own faults;
- to communicate with friends or to stay alone; - to look elegant or outdate;
- to buy high-heeled or low-heeled shoes for everyday wear; - to wear hats or kerchiefs;
- to buy clothes ready-made or tailor-made;
- to clean the living room or to have it cleaned for you.
LISTENING
Loss of nature will damage economies
1. Discuss environmental problems: What are the biggest threats to our planet? Rank these and share your rankings with your partner. Change partners and share your rankings again.
•Deforestation
•Pollution
•Nuclear war
•Climate change
•Species extinction
•Deadly viruses
•Overpopulation
•Globalization
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2. Spend one minute writing down all of the different words you associate with the word ‘ecosystem’. Share your words with your partner(s) and talk about them.
Together, put the words into different categories.
BEFORE LISTENING
1. SYNONYM MATCH: Match the following synonyms from the article.
1. causing |
a. gloomy |
2 bleak |
b. coming up against |
3. impact |
c. cut |
4. huge |
d. supplies |
5. extinction |
e. effect |
6. reduce |
f. chosen |
7. tackle |
g. dying out |
8. adopted |
h. address |
9. facing |
i. creating |
10. stocks |
j. Enormous |
2. PHRASE MATCH: (Sometimes more than one choice is possible.)
1. We are causing so much |
a. global biodiversity loss |
2. This bleak |
b. impact on nature |
3. there are many important |
c. seen in history |
4. man’s negative |
d. facing extinction |
5. a rate never before |
e. damage to our planet |
6. do enough to try to |
f. on biological diversity |
7. discuss measures to tackle |
g. reduce the damage |
8. adopted at a convention |
h. warning |
9. huge numbers of species are |
i. made worse |
10. This problem will be |
j. ecosystems on our planet |
WHILE LISTENING |
|
GAP FILL: Fill in the missing words. |
|
We are ____________ so much _________ to our planet that it will soon _________
the global economy. This ____________ warning is according to a new United Nations report called the Global Biodiversity Outlook (GBO). The paper says there are many important ____________ on our planet that are in ____________. These
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“tipping points” in our natural world are where man’s negative ____________ on nature will start costing national economies. Examples of these are the ____________
of coral reefs, the destruction of huge areas of forest, or major ___________ of rivers. UN spokesman Ahmed Djoglaf said: "The news is not good. We ____________ to
_________ biodiversity at a ____________ never before seen in history - extinction rates may be up to 1,000 times higher than the ___________ rate."
Scientists are ____________ that governments will not do enough to try to
____________ the damage to the tipping points. World leaders will soon meet in Nairobi to discuss ____________ to tackle _________ biodiversity ________. They hope they can then create an international framework that will be ____________ at a convention on biological __________ in October in Japan. The GBO report
____________ how serious the _________ is. It says huge numbers of ___________
are facing ____________ if we continue to _________ the environment. Over a quarter of corals may soon disappear. This will have a ____________ impact on marine life and many fish species will also ___________. Countries will be fighting over much smaller stocks of fish. This problem will be made ____________ with the
__________ pollution of the world’s rivers.
AFTER LISTENING
1. Look at the words below. With your partner, try to recall how they were used
in the text: |
|
|
• causing |
• bleak |
• worse |
• negative |
• huge |
• facing |
• lose |
• 1,000 |
• serious |
• reduce |
• tackle |
• adopted |
2. Discuss the following questions.
1.Have you noticed any negative impact of humans on the environment?
2.What do you think of man’s destruction of nature?
3.What do you think of the extinction rate given in the article?
4.Do you think we can reduce the damage?
5.Is your government doing enough to protect your environment?
6.What measures should countries put in their international framework on biodiversity?
Sum up what you have learned from the article.
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3. Search the Internet and find out more about nature. Share what you discover with your partner(s) in the next lesson.
4. Make a poster about man’s impact on nature. Show your work to your classmates in the next lesson. Did you all have similar things?
WRITING Warm-up
Discuss the following questions.
What different forms of pollution are there?
What is the biggest threat to the environment where you live? How would you improve your local environment?
DEVELOP YOUR WRITING SKILLS
A. Make the prompts formal
Read the following prompts and write sentences asking for or giving the information in a more formal way. Start with the words given.
1. Any plans for cleaning beach?
I wonder if you have / the council has / there are any plans for cleaning the beach.
2. Time of next environmental group meeting?
Would you mind ____________________________________________________
3. Local residents not asked for opinion.
Another concern is __________________________________________________
4. Doctors say health problems in town increasing.
According to _______________________________________________________
5. Noise from local factories – big problem.
A major problem ____________________________________________________
B. Think about the prompts
Read the writing question and do the task which follows.
You live close to a large factory and are concerned about the environmental problems it causes. You have seen this advertisement in a local newspaper and decided to write a letter to the managing director of the factory.
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Read the advertisement and the notes you have made carefully. Then write a letter to the managing director, complaining about the problems caused by the factory.
What about river
Industrial Centre
We at Webster Brothers take the environment seriously.
That’s why this year we have:
reduced air pollution by 10%.
started to recycle materials.
listened to local opinion.
You can trust us to care for your environment.
Webster Brothers: Working for a better future for all.
still smells bad on some days
weren’t at last local meeting
Tick which of the following points you HAVE to mention in your letter.
a)the fact that recycling should have started sooner
b)your concerns about river pollution
c)the fact that they missed the last local meeting on the environment
d)the fact that the factory produces a bad smell
e)the noise pollution caused by the factory
C. Think beyond the prompts
Tick which of the following extra point you COULD mention in your letter.
a)the factory makes a lot of noise
b)the workers are underpaid for the work they do
c)recycling should have started sooner
d)your cousin works at the factory as a manager
e)traffic to the factory is increasing
D. Write a paragraph
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Read this incomplete answer to the questions above. Write a paragraph of about 30 words to complete the letter, mentioning the one remaining prompt and adding any relevant ideas of your own.
Dear Mr Turner,
I am writing to you to complain about your advertisement which appeared in
Monday’s Daily News. In my opinion, your company
has no right to claim to be caring for the environment. In fact, your factory is one of the biggest polluters in the area.
In the advertisement you mentioned the fact that air pollution from the factory has fallen by 10%. However, you failed to mention
that on some days local residents are forced to stay indoors because of unpleasant smell coming from the factory. There was also no mention of the fact that pollution of the River Lee has actually increased over last year.
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
Webster Brothers is seriously damaging the local environment and must take action before it is too late.
I look forward to reading your response to the above points. Yours sincerely,
James Francis
E. Read your partner’s writing
Swap paragraphs and read what your partner has written. Using your partner’s paragraph, answer the following questions.
1.Has my partner mentioned the remaining prompt?
2.What extra relevant points has my partner made?
3.Has my partner used an appropriate style?
F. Discuss
Read your paragraph to the class, or listen to paragraphs other people have written.
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COMPOSITION DEVELOPMENT
Read this composition question and do the exercise that follow.
You live in a coastal town and are concerned about pollution caused by local ferries. You have seen the advertisement in a local newspaper and you decide to write a letter to the managing director of the ferry company.
Read the advertisement and the notes you have made carefully. Then write a letter to the managing director, complaining about the environmental problems caused by ferries.
FASTSAIL FERIIES
not true – some Our fast, efficient ferry service runs all are quite old year round. You’ll be amazed at the luxury of a Fastsail ferry. And we’ve gone green, too! We care about our
environment and that’s why we: use modern, efficient ferries. have cut fumes by 10%.
support local environmental groups.
We are also planning this summer to provide a regular service to the island of Lucia, where passengers can see the monk seal in its natural habitat.
A. Brainstorming
still produce a lot of smoke
threatens seals
Answer the following questions. Discuss your answers with the class.
1.Do you know the name of the person you are writing to?__________________
2.How are you going to start your letter? Dear ____________________________
3.What style is appropriate?___________________________________________
4.What complaints do you have to mention?______________________________
5.What action would you like the managing director to take?
a)join more local environmental groups
b)cancel plans for trips to Lucia
c)improve the behavior of his staff
B.Relevant or irrelevant?
Decide whether the following additional points would be relevant (R) or irrelevant
(I) in this letter. |
|
1. Fastsail ferries are more expensive than other ferry companies. |
_______ |
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2. |
Fastsail ferries usually leave late. |
_______ |
3. |
The monk seal is an endangered species. |
_______ |
4. |
Passengers complain about staff being rude. |
_______ |
5. |
Fastsail ferries are very noisy, especially late at night. |
_______ |
6. |
The ferries dump rubbish at sea. |
_______ |
C. Make it formal
These sentences are too informal for this kind of letter. Rewrite them in a more formal style.
1.The thing about your ferries is that some of them are ancient and dirty. ______
________________________________________________________________
2.You say pollution is 10% less, but that’s rubbish because there’s still a lot of smoke.__________________________________________________________
D.Plan your paragraphs
Complete the following paragraph plan, making notes on what you are going to include in each paragraph.
Formal transactional letter plan
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Dear ______________, |
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Paragraph 1 |
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Paragraph 2 |
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Paragraph 3 |
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Paragraph 4 |
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Closing expression(s) |
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Yours |
___________________, |
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First name + surname |
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E. Homework
Now write your letter.
Read this checklist. When you have written your letter, tick the boxes.
I have written in an appropriate style.
I have included points from all the prompts.
I have added relevant information from my imagination.
I have written in paragraphs.
I have checked for spelling mistakes.
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I have checked for grammar mistakes.
PRACTISE YOUR WRITING SKILLS
Write an answer to the following question in 120-180 words in an appropriate style.
You live near the airport. You and other residents in the area have received the following letter from the airport director regarding proposed development of the airport.
Read the letter and the notes you have made carefully. Write a letter to the airport director, complaining about the problems caused by the airport and expressing your opposition to the proposed development.
|
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Dear Residents, |
but not at |
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Heathwick airport is now entering its tenth |
night |
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year. During that time, we have seen noise levels |
|
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|
fall to record low levels. This is in spite of the |
because people |
no |
– increase |
fact that the number of flights has increased. We |
have moved |
in traffic |
have also seen a decrease in the number of |
away |
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complaints from local residents. |
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We hope that you will agree that now is the |
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|
time for Heathwick to expand. We have decided |
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|
to add a fourth runway to the airport, which will |
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|
attract around 100, 000 more travelers every |
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|
year. At the same time, we are planning to plant |
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|
trees to help decrease the noise problem for local |
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residents. |
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I would be interested to hear any views you |
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not |
good |
may have regarding these proposals. |
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enough – need |
Yours sincerely, |
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fewer flights |
Patrick Gordon |
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Airport Director |
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APPENDIXES
I. Writing a Letter (Образец написания письма (Informal letter)
Your address The date
Greeting
Dear …,
Introduction (§1 – opening remarks)
Main Body (§§2-3 – development of the subject) Conclusion (§4 – closing remarks)
Ending (say good-bye and sign your name)
Greeting
- never begin Dear friend / Pen friend; write the name
Dear Jane,
Main Body
-divide your letter into paragraphs and include 2-3 points in each paragraphs
Conclusion
- an excuse to stop writing / – greetings to the person’s family (friends)/ – an invitation/ – a promise to write again soon, / – a request to the person to reply soon
Ending
-Lots of love / Best wishes + your name
St.Petersburg Russia
пропустить строчку
January 1st
Dear Mary,
пропустить строчку
Thank you for your lovely birthday card, I have not written sooner as I wanted to invite you round and could never find a suitable time.
пропустить строчку (каждый параграф начинать, пропуская строчку)
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We are having a small party next Friday night to celebrate Tony’s return from Canada, and we would be very happy if you and Simon could join us, around 8 p.m. Do come if you can.
пропустить строчку
Looking forward to seeing you.
пропустить строчку
Yours.
пропустить строчку
Anna
Useful vocabulary
Вводные фразы
It was great to get your letter …
Thanks for your letter. It was great/lovely to hear from you.
Thanks for your long letter. It was really great to hear all news, after not hearing from you for ages …
Sorry I haven’t written for so long but …
I’m very sorry about not replying to your letter sooner but I’ve been extremely busy. Sorry for not writing earlier but I’ve …
How are things with you? I’m sorry I haven’t written so long, but … I was really pleased to hear that …
I thought I’d better write and tell you about …
Заключительные фразы
I would really like you to visit me this summer. Write to me and tell me your plans.
Thanks for sending me … Pleas write to me again soon, and tell me all the news. Please give/send my regards (love) to your …
And write and tell me your plans for …
I would really love to see you. Why don’t you come and visit me this … Write back soon.
If you want to know anything else, just drop me a line.
Well, that’s all for now.
Do write back soon.
That’s all my news for now …
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Asking for Advice. Письма с просьбой дать совет. Вводные фразы
Formal
I would appreciate it if you could give me some advice about …
I am writing to ask you if you could help with …
I am writing to ask for your advice.
Could you possibly offer your advice?
Could you please give me your advice?
I am writing to request some advice concerning …
I would be grateful if you could offer your advice.
I wonder if you could help me with a problem …
Informal
I am writing to ask for your advice.
Can you give me your advice?
Give me your advice about …
Can you think of anything that …?
I’ve got a problem and I need your advice.
I’ve got a problem, and I think you can help me.
Заключительные фразы
Formal
I would be grateful if you could give me your advice as soon as possible.
I look forward to receiving your advice.
It would be of great help if you could advise me.
I would greatly appreciate your assistance in this matter.
I would appreciate it if you could give me your advice as soon as possible.
Informal
What do you think I should do?
Give me / Send me your advice soon.
Do you think I should …?
Do you have any idea about …?
Please let me know what to do.
Please let me know what you think I should do.
I’d like to know what you think about …
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Write back soon and tell me what you think.
Your advice would help me a lot.
Giving advice. Письма-советы.
Formal
Thank you for your letter requesting …
I am writing with regard to your letter asking advice about…
Am writing with regard to your letter requesting advice concerning …
Informal
I’m sorry to hear … and I think I can help.
Cheer up / Don’t worry too much.
Don’t let it get you down.
I’m only too glad to help.
I just got your letter and I think …
Here’s what I think you should do.
Фразы основной части.
Formal
I strongly recommend that …
I would suggest that …
I believe the best course of action is …
I would advise you to …
You should /ought to …
If I were you I would …
Informal
Why don’t you …?
If I were you/in your position, I’d … / I wouldn’t …
Have you thought of / about …+Ving?
Don’t forget to …
It would be a good idea to …
What you should do is …
How about +Ving…? What about + Ving …?
I think you should …
The best advice I can give you is … Another good idea is to …
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Заключительные фразы
Formal
I trust you will accept this advice.
I hope this advice will be of help.
I hope to have been of assistance to you.
I would very much like to know if this advice was helpful / has been of some use.
Informal
I hope this / my advice helps.
Let me know what happens.
Let me know how it went.
Let’s hope that things get better.
Let’s hope that everything turns out all right.
Hope this helped.
If you do this, you would …
II. Informal letter (Model)
You and your family are planning to visit your penfriend in England. Your penfriend would like to cook a special meal to welcome you and has asked you for any asvice and suggestions you have. Write a letter to your penfriend, giving suitable advice and making useful suggestions.
Dear Will,
Thanks for your last letter. It was waiting for me when I got home from school on Friday. Great news about your exams! Let`s hope my results are as good as yours.
One more month and we`ll be there with you! I can`t believe it`s really happening. We are looking forward to this trip, and my family can`t wait to meet you. They think it would be great if you cooked a meal for us on the first night. My advice would be to keep it simple. You don`t want to spend all day cooking and then not to be able to relax.
My sister`s a vegetarian, but she said she`ll be happy with salads. A Greek salad with tomatoes, onions and feta cheese would be great. You could also do momething traditionally English. What about shepherd`s pie? I heard about it in an English lesson and it sounds quite nice. I`ll try anything oncealthough I`m not a big fan of liver. Yuk!
Got to go – my dad`s calling me. Don`t work too hard. All my love,
Doroteya.
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III. Word-building (Словообразование)
В английском языке имеется несколько способов словообразования:
1)конверсия (образование новых слов без изменения их написания и произношения)
2)словосложение (образование нового слова путём сложения двух слов в одно)
3)изменение ударения в слове (и получение нового слова другой части речи).
4)аффиксация (прибавление к корню суффикса или префикса)
Конверсия. Словосложение. Изменение ударения
Иногда слово может менять своё значение и выполнять новую синтаксическую функцию в предложении, не изменяя при этом написания и произношения (конверсия). Наиболее распространённым является образование глаголов от существительных: master (хозяин) – to master (управлять), house (дом) – to house (размещать), water (вода) – to water (поливать). Но глаголы могут быть образованы и от прилагательных: empty (пустой) – to empty (опустошать) white (белый) – to white (белить).
Словосложение – это объединение полнозначных слов или их основ в сложное слово. Вновь образованное сложное слово пишется слитно или через дефис: airfield – аэродром (air – воздух, field – поле), air-base – авиабаза (air – воздух, base – база), airman – авиатор (air – воздух, man – мужчина), schoolday – школьный день (school – школа, day – день), birthplace – место рождения (birth – рождение, place – место).
Сложные слова могут состоять из двух существительных, первое из которых приобретает значение прилагательного. В этом случае слова пишутся отдельно. Например: service dress – форменная одежда, одежда для службы
(service – служба, dress – платье), shop window – витрина (shop – магазин, window –
окно), skim milk – снятое молоко (to skim – снимать (накипь и т.д.), milk – молоко. Словосложением образуются следующие части речи:
1. Сложные существительные
Они обычно образуются путём сложения двух существительных, прилагательного и существительного или глагола и существительного. Некоторые составные существительные состоят двух существительных с предлогом между ними.
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Например: air + field = airfield
воздух + поле = аэродром
2.Сложные прилагательные
Они образуются путём соединения существительного или наречия с
прилагательным или причастием.
Например: well + educated = well-educated
хорошо + образованный = образованный
3.Сложные глаголы
Они образуются путем соединения существительного или прилагательного с
глаголом.
Например: hand + to cuff = to handcuff
рука + ударять рукой = надевать наручники
4.Сложные местоимения, предлоги, наречия и союзы
Например: any + thing = anything
что-либо
5.Сложные слова, включающие ever, а также here, there, where с послелогами
Например: what + ever = whatever
что бы ни Например: how + ever = however
как бы ни, однако Многие существительные совпадают по форме с глаголами, но
отличаются ударением. Как правило, в существительных ударение падает на первый слог, а в соответствующих глаголах – на второй: export (экспорт) – to export (экспортировать) present (подарок) – to present (дарить).
Словообразование с помощью аффиксации
Образование новых слов может происходить при помощи присоединения к основе слова суффиксов или префиксов (приставок). Префиксы присоединяются к корню слова в начале, а суффиксы – в конце. Слова, образованные с помощью префиксов или суффиксов, в отличие от простых слов называются производными.
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Префиксы, как и суффиксы, могут присоединяться к различным частям речи, изменяя при этом значение основы слова, например: happy (счастливый) – unhappy (несчастный) – happiness (счастье) – happily (счастливо); help (помощь) – helper (помощник) – helpful (полезный) – helpless (беспомощный).
Наиболее употребительные приставки (префиксы) и их значения:
ОТРИЦАТЕЛЬНЫЕ
ПРЕФИКСЫ
ПРЕФИКС
ПРИМЕР
un- |
unable |
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неспособный |
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inactive |
in- |
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бездеятельный |
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impossible |
im- |
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невозможный |
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illegal |
il- |
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незаконный |
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irregular |
ir- |
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неправильный |
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misunderstand |
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mis- |
неправильно |
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понять |
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disapproval |
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dis- |
неодобрение |
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ДРУГИЕ ПРЕФИКСЫ
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ПРЕФИКС |
ЗНАЧЕНИЕ |
ПРИМЕР |
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вновь |
сделать |
remake |
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re- (+ гл.) |
то, |
на |
что |
переделывать |
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указывает |
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основа |
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придавать |
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embody |
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en-, em- |
качество |
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воплощать |
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(+ гл.) |
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избыточная |
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overproduce |
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over- (+ гл.) |
степень |
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перепроизводить |
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качества |
или |
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выполнения |
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действия |
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недостаточная |
underestimate |
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under- (+ гл.) |
степень |
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недооценивать |
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качества |
или |
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выполнения |
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действия |
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Префиксы, имеющие значение "сверх", "пере", "чрезмерно":
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ПРЕФИКС |
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ПРИМЕР |
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over |
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to overpay (переплатить) |
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super |
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superhuman (сверхчеловеческий) |
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extra- |
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extraordinary (необычный) |
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Наиболее употребительные суффиксы и их значения:
89
НАИБОЛЕЕ УПОТРЕБИТЕЛЬНЫЕ СУФФИКСЫ ГЛАГОЛОВ
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СУФФИКС |
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ЗНАЧЕНИЕ |
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ПРИМЕР |
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(сущ. +) -ize |
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делать(ся) таким, как на |
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summarize суммировать |
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то указывает основа |
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(прил. +) -en |
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harden делать(ся) твердым |
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превращать в, делать то, |
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gasify превращать(ся) в газ; |
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(сущ. +) -ify, -fy |
на что указывает основа |
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electrify электризовать |
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подвергать воздействию, |
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vaccinate делать прививку; |
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(сущ. +) -ate |
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превращать в то, на что |
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granulate гранулировать |
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указывает основа |
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-er |
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whisper шептать |
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-ish |
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establish устанавливать |
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НАИБОЛЕЕ УПОТРЕБИТЕЛЬНЫЕ СУФФИКСЫ СУЩЕСТВИТЕЛЬНЫХ
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СУФФИКС |
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ЗНАЧЕНИЕ |
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ПРИМЕР |
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(гл. +) -er, -or |
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обозначение деятеля |
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worker рабочий |
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(гл. +) -ing |
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действие в процессе |
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boiling кипячение |
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(прил. +) -ness |
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свойство, качество |
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whiteness белизна |
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(прил. +) -ty, -ity |
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состояние, условие, качество |
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activity деятельность |
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(гл. +) -age |
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акт или факт действия |
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breakage поломка |
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(сущ. +) -age |
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содержание чего-либо |
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percentage |
процентное |
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(единиц измерения) |
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содержание |
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(гл. +) -ment |
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отвлечённые |
понятия |
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treatment лечение |
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(абстрактные существительные) |
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(гл. +) -ance, |
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resistance сопротивление |
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-ence |
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(гл. +) -ancy, |
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expectancy надежда |
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-ency |
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(прил. +/сущ. +) |
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freedom свобода |
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-dom |
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(гл. +) |
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revision повторение |
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-ion, -tion, |
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-sion,-ssion |
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90 |
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-ure |
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pressure давление |
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-hood |
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childhood детство |
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-ship |
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friendship дружба |
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-th |
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length длина |
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-an, -ian |
1) |
национальность; |
American американец, |
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2) |
профессия |
librarian библиотекарь |
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-ism |
какое-либо течение |
communism коммунизм |
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(например, политическое) |
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-ist |
1) |
принадлежность к |
communist коммунист; |
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какому-либо течению; |
artist художник |
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2) |
профессия |
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НАИБОЛЕЕ УПОТРЕБИТЕЛЬНЫЕ СУФФИКСЫ НАРЕЧИЙ И ЧИСЛИТЕЛЬНЫХ
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СУФФИКСЫ НАРЕЧИЙ |
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СУФФИКСЫ ЧИСЛИТЕЛЬНЫХ |
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СУФФИКС |
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ЗНАЧЕНИЕ |
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ПРИМЕР |
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СУФФИКС |
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ЗНАЧЕНИЕ |
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ПРИМЕР |
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таким |
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entirely |
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количественно |
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fifteen |
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(прил. +) |
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образом, |
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всецело |
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-teen |
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е числительное |
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пятнадцать |
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-ly |
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способом |
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от 13 до 19 |
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-ward(s) |
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направление |
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backwards |
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-ty |
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десятки |
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seventy |
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движения |
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назад |
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семьдесят |
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в таком |
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clockwise |
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порядковое |
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fourth |
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-wise |
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направлении, |
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по |
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-th |
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числительное |
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четвёртый |
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таким |
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часовой |
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способом |
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стрелке |
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НАИБОЛЕЕ УПОТРЕБИТЕЛЬНЫЕ СУФФИКСЫ ПРИЛАГАТЕЛЬНЫХ
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СУФФИКС |
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ЗНАЧЕНИЕ |
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ПРИМЕР |
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(сущ. +) -al |
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наличие признака, свойств |
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central центральный |
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и качеств, выраженных |
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(сущ. +) -ic |
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patriotic патриотический |
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основой |
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(сущ. +) -ical |
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geological геологический |
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(сущ. +) -ous |
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famous известный |
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91 |
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(сущ. +) -ful |
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useful полезный |
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(гл. +) |
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expressible выразительный |
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-able, -ible |
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(гл. +) |
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dependent зависимый |
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-ant, -ent |
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(гл. +) -ive |
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active активный |
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(сущ. +) -ly |
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friendly дружелюбный |
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(сущ. +) -y |
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grainy зернистый |
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(гл. +) -ite |
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favourite любимый |
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-ary |
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pecuniary денежный |
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-ate |
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fortunate удачный |
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-ed |
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cold-blooded хладнокровный |
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-less |
отсутствие качества, |
useless бесполезный |
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признака |
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1) наличие признака в |
reddish красноватый; |
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-ish |
слабой степени; |
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2) принадлежность к |
Polish польский |
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национальности |
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-ese |
принадлежность к |
Japanese японский |
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национальности |
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-ian, -an |
Egyptian египетский |
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-like |
сходство |
birdlike птицеподобный |
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-ern |
принадлежность к одной |
northern северный |
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из сторон света |
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NOTE! В английском языке большое место занимают слова, заимствованные из других языков. Такие слова называются интернациональными. По корню этих слов легко догадаться об их значении. Например: telegram (телеграмма), orchestra (оркестр), concert (концерт) и др. Умение подмечать интернациональные слова в значительной степени облегчает работу по переводу текста.
92
IV. Irregular verbs (Неправильные глаголы)
Infinitive |
Past Simple |
Past Participle |
Перевод |
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be |
was/were |
been |
быть |
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beat |
beat |
beaten |
бить, колотить |
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become |
became |
become |
становиться |
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begin |
began |
begun |
начинать |
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bend |
bent |
bent |
сгибать, гнуть, |
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изгибать |
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bet |
bet |
bet |
спорить |
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bite |
bit |
bitten |
кусать |
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blow |
blew |
blown |
дуть, выдыхать |
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break |
broke |
broken |
ломать, разрушать |
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bring |
brought |
brought |
приносить, |
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доставлять |
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broadcast |
broadcast |
broadcast |
вещать, |
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транслировать |
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build |
built |
built |
строить |
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burst |
burst |
burst |
лопаться, разрываться |
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buy |
bought |
bought |
купить, приобретать |
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catch |
caught |
caught |
ловить, схватить |
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choose |
chose |
chosen |
выбирать, избирать |
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come |
came |
come |
приходить, подходить |
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cost |
cost |
cost |
стоить, обходиться |
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creep |
crept |
crept |
ползать |
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cut |
cut |
cut |
резать, разрезать |
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deal |
dealt |
dealt |
иметь дело |
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dig |
dug |
dug |
копать, рыть |
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do |
did |
done |
делать, выполнять |
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draw |
drew |
drawn |
рисовать, чертить |
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drink |
drank |
drunk |
пить |
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drive |
drove |
driven |
ездить, подвозить, |
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водить (авто) |
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eat |
ate |
eaten |
есть, поглощать, |
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поедать |
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93
fall |
fell |
fallen |
падать |
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feed |
fed |
fed |
кормить |
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feel |
felt |
felt |
чувствовать, ощущать |
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fight |
fought |
fought |
драться, сражаться |
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find |
found |
found |
находить |
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flee |
fled |
fled |
спасаться бегством |
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fly |
flew |
flown |
летать |
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forbid |
forbad/forbade |
forbidden |
запрещать |
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forget |
forgot |
forgotten |
забывать о (чём-либо) |
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forgive |
forgave |
forgiven |
прощать |
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freeze |
froze |
frozen |
замораживать |
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get |
got |
got |
получать, добираться |
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give |
gave |
given |
дать, подать, дарить |
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go |
went |
gone |
идти, двигаться |
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grow |
grew |
grown |
расти, вырастать |
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hang |
hung |
hung |
вешать, развешивать |
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have |
had |
had |
иметь, обладать |
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hear |
heard |
heard |
слышать, услышать |
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hide |
hid |
hidden |
прятать, скрывать |
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hit |
hit |
hit |
ударять, поражать |
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hold |
held |
held |
держать, удерживать |
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hurt |
hurt |
hurt |
ранить, ушибить |
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keep |
kept |
kept |
хранить, сохранять |
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kneel |
knelt, kneeled |
knelt, kneeled |
становиться (стоять) |
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на коленях |
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know |
knew |
known |
знать |
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lay |
laid |
laid |
класть, положить |
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lead |
led |
led |
вести за собой |
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leave |
left |
left |
покидать, уходить |
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lend |
lent |
lent |
одалживать |
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let |
let |
let |
позволять, разрешать |
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lie |
lay |
lain |
лежать |
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light |
lit |
lit |
зажигать, светиться |
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lose |
lost |
lost |
терять, лишаться, |
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утрачивать |
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94 |
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make |
made |
made |
делать, создавать, |
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изготавливать |
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mean |
meant |
meant |
значить, иметь в виду, |
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подразумевать |
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meet |
met |
met |
встречать, |
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знакомиться |
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mistake |
mistook |
mistaken |
ошибаться |
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pay |
paid |
paid |
платить, оплачивать |
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put |
put |
put |
ставить, помещать, |
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класть |
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read |
read |
read |
читать, прочитать |
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ride |
rode |
ridden |
ехать верхом, |
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кататься |
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ring |
rang |
rung |
звенеть, звонить |
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rise |
rose |
risen |
восходить, вставать, |
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подниматься |
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run |
ran |
run |
бежать, бегать |
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say |
said |
said |
говорить, сказать, |
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произносить |
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see |
saw |
seen |
видеть |
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seek |
sought |
sought |
искать, |
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sell |
sold |
sold |
продавать, торговать |
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send |
sent |
sent |
посылать, отправлять |
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set |
set |
set |
устанавливать, |
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задавать, назначать |
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sew |
sewed |
sewn/sewed |
шить, пришивать |
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shake |
shook |
shaken |
трясти, встряхивать |
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shine |
shone |
shone |
светить, сиять |
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shoot |
shot |
shot |
стрелять |
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show |
showed |
shown/showed |
показывать |
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shrink |
shrank/shrunk |
shrunk/shrunken |
сжиматься, |
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сокращаться |
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shut |
shut |
shut |
закрывать, запирать |
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sing |
sang |
sung |
петь, напевать |
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sink |
sank |
sunk |
тонуть, погружаться |
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95
sit |
sat |
sat |
сидеть, садиться |
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sleep |
slept |
slept |
спать |
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slide |
slid |
slid |
скользить |
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speak |
spoke |
spoken |
говорить, |
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разговаривать |
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spend |
spent |
spent |
тратить, проводить |
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(время) |
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spit |
spat |
spat |
плевать, плеваться |
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split |
split |
split |
раскалывать |
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spread |
spread |
spread |
распространять, |
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простираться |
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spring |
sprang/sprung |
sprung |
возникнуть, вскочить |
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stand |
stood |
stood |
стоять |
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steal |
stole |
stolen |
воровать, красть |
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stick |
stuck |
stuck |
втыкать, приклеивать |
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sting |
stung |
stung |
жалить, укусить |
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stink |
stank/stunk |
stunk |
вонять |
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strike |
struck |
struck/stricken |
ударять, бить, |
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поражать |
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swear |
swore |
sworn |
клясться, присягать |
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sweep |
swept |
swept |
мести, смахивать |
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swim |
swam |
swum |
плавать, плыть |
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swing |
swung |
swung |
качать, раскачивать |
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take |
took |
taken |
брать, взять |
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teach |
taught |
taught |
учить, обучать |
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tear |
tore |
torn |
рвать, отрывать |
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tell |
told |
told |
рассказывать |
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think |
thought |
thought |
думать, размышлять |
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throw |
threw |
thrown |
бросать, кидать |
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understand |
understood |
understood |
понимать, постигать |
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wake |
woke |
woken |
просыпаться, будить |
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wear |
wore |
worn |
носить (одежду) |
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weep |
wept |
wept |
плакать, рыдать |
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win |
won |
won |
победить, выиграть |
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write |
wrote |
written |
писать, записывать |
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96
V. Supplementary reading
Before you read
1. Work in pairs. Have you got any brothers or sisters? In what ways are you similar/different? Which of your parents/grandparents do you take after? Think about the following things.
facial expressions |
opinions and attitudes |
health |
personality |
looks |
tastes and interests |
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Use the following phrases: |
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-People say I look like my sister.
-I think I take after my grandmother because I'm very ...
-I'm completely different from my mother. She's ... but I'm ...
2.Do you know any twins? If so, are they identical or not? What kind of relationship have they got?
3.Read the text quickly. Which twins do each of these statements refer to? a They seemed almost telepathic.
b They got married on the same day without knowing.
с The similarities between their lives were truly remarkable. d They had their own special language.
4.Check the words and phrases in the box in your dictionary. Then read the text again and tick the statements that are true about Professor Bouchard's research.
to be adopted |
a coincidence |
genes/genetic |
to influence someone |
to be separated at birth |
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your upbringing / to be brought up |
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1.He contacted both identical and non-identical twins separated at birth.
2.He collected as much information about them as he could.
3.He found that the similarities between Terry and Margaret were very unusual.
4.He found that twins who are brought up together always have more in common than twins who are brought up separately.
5.He doesn't think upbringing has an important influence on personality.
6.He has found that genes can influence:
-the things we do in our free time.
-how intelligent we are.
-our political opinions.
97
-the illnesses we have.
-the things we like and dislike.
5. Discuss the following questions in small groups.
Which of the similarities between the “Jim Twins” do you find the most amazing? Which of the similarities do you think might be genetic, and which must be a coincidence? Which do you think is more important to our personality – our genes or our upbringing?
6. Read the text quickly and tell your partner what it is about. PARALLEL LIVES.
Margaret Richardson and Terry Connelly have almost identical taste in clothes, both have four children of more or less the same age, and both were married on exactly the same day. Not surprising, perhaps, Margaret and Terry are identical twins. What is surprising is that they didn't even meet until they were in their mid-thirties – after their children were born.
It is well known that twins are closer than most brothers and sisters – after all, they spend more time in each other's company. Occasionally, this closeness becomes extreme: for example, Grace and Virginia Kennedy who as children invented their own language; or Greta and Freda Chapman who can speak the same words at the same time in the same voice, as if linked by telepathy.
But what happens if, like Terry and Margaret, identical twins are separated at birth and brought up in different families? Will their backgrounds make them completely different, or will their shared genes still mean that they have a lot in common? Professor Tom Bouchard from the University of Minnesota, set out to find the answer to this question. He traced more than a hundred pairs of twins who were adopted by different parents at birth, sixty-four of whom were identical twins. Each twin was then tested and interviewed about every detail of their life and personality.
It turned out that Margaret and Terry were not unusual. As well as looking very similar, many twins had the same IQ, the same health problems, the same hobbies and interests, the same attitudes and even the same tastes. Several pairs of twins arrived at their first meeting in the same clothes, and one pair of middle-aged women were wearing identical jewellery. Others had made the same career choices: Jerry and Mark Levy first met in their thirties to discover that they were both firefighters, who drank the same kind of beer and weighed exactly the same. However, the most incredible story is that of Jim Springer and Jim Lewis from Ohio in the USA – in fact, the “Jim Twins” made headline news across the USA when they finally met up at the age of thirty-nine. Born to a poor immigrant woman in 1939, they were adopted by different families