5075

собой. Громко высказывать своё мнение, работать, чтобы усовершенствовать мир – такова его задача в искусстве.

8.Use the context and explain the ideas involved in the following sentences.

1.Out of Spielberg’s obsession with the visual came a gift for storytelling.

2.The impact of his parents’ divorce would become a recurring theme in his movies.

3.The Extraterrestrial was born of his longing for an older brother and a father who slipped away.

4.“I’m a real stick-in-the-mud fuddy-duddy.”

5.I do think it’s a mistake to censor from my children the news. I don’t want them to realize that there was the whole world out there they missed

6.There’s a fine line between censorship and good taste and moral responsibility.

7.We have a duty to voice our opinion and to work to fix the world.

9.Talk it over.

1.In your opinion is the position of a child in the family (as oldest, youngest) important for the child’s character? Explain.

2.Did luck play a role in Spielberg’s becoming a director?

3.What are “old-fashioned values”? Are they necessary for good films?

4.Do you think there should be more censorship of films to eliminate a lot of the sex and violence? Why or why not?

5.What movie do you consider a creative work of art? Why?

10. Make up the dialogues as instructed.

1.You have a wife who wants to achieve publicity. You don’t like it and consider that she becomes the less desirable as a wife. Find a compromise.

2.Your mum likes old-fashioned films and you like modern films. Give advantages and disadvantages of these films.

11.Explain how you understand the following quotations.

1.Creativity is inventing, experimenting, growing, taking risks, breaking rules, making mistakes and having fun.

2.There are no problems – only opportunities to be creative.

3.To live a creative life, we must lose fear being wrong.

CHAPTER 9

HUMAN BEHAVIOR

Part 1: Ethnocentrism

Words to remember

to relate to (v) – to concern; to be about or directed towards; to refer; to have a connection with

to occur (v) – to take place; happen

to center on / upon / round (v) – focus on; concentrate on to be aware of – to have knowledge or understanding

belief (n) – an idea, belief, view or feeling that something is true or that smth really exists outsider (n) – a person who is not accepted as a member of a particular social group open-minded (adj) – willing to consider new arguments, ideas, opinions

to claim (v) – to declare to be true; to state

to treat (v) – to act or behave towards someone in a stated way: to treat someone badly outcome (n) – an effect; result

to tempt (v) – to persuade or attract someone to do something to judge (v) – to form or give an opinion about

bias (n) – a tendency of mind to be in favor or against something or someone without having enough knowledge to be the judge; prejudice

to imply (v) – mean indirectly; suggest; express

inuit (n) – a member of a race of people living in the icy far north of Northern America; an Eskimo

repulsive (adj) – very unpleasant; repugnant repulsion (n) – very strong dislike

to evaluate (v) – to calculate; judge the value or degree of; estimate

edge (n) – the place where something ends or begins

to consider (v) – think about in order to make a decision; examine; take into account to grant (v) – to give as a favor: The country was granted its independence in 1961. haste (n) – quick movement or action; speed

hue (n) – the degree of brightness in a color

to rescue (v) – to save or set free from harm, danger, or loss to comment on / about (v) – give an opinion

inconceivable (adj) – too strange; impossible to imagine to conceive (v) – to form an idea of; think of; imagine

delicacy (n) – something good to eat that is considered rare or expensive affection for (n) – gentle lasting love like that of a parent for a child; fondness to be aware of – to have knowledge or understanding

EXERCISES

1. Give English equivalents of the words and word partnerships used in the text.

Культурный шок происходит; из-за того, как мы воспитаны; термин происходит от; наше мировоззрение сосредоточено на; до некоторой степени; жить по правилам; по сравнению с посторонними людьми (чужаками); неприятный способ обращения друг с другом; вкусная еда; естественный результат воспитания; стыдиться чего-либо; осознавать; принимать во внимание свои предрассудки; это подразумевает, что; слово когда-то соотносилось с; делать ценные суждения о; этноцентрические наблюдения; нечто из ряда вон выходящее; самооценка; наиболее подходящий термин; на краю древней Греции; находиться на том же уровне, что и; предоставлять статус; переходя от языка к мифам и сказкам; в спешке; насладиться своей ручной работой; предпочтения в еде; интересно отметить; еда прекрасна на вкус; еда отвратительна; высказаться по; попросить разрешения выйти из-за стола; это невероятно; достаточно сделать; чувствовать тошноту; быть склонным думать о; держать как домашних питомцев; отвергать из-за неприязни; испытывать привязанность к; без сожаления; получать заботу; заботиться о; обращаться с; с другой стороны; отношение китайцев к.

2. Choose the best definitions for the following expressions.

c)unusual

3.Match the verbs on the left with the verbs used in the text on the right.

5. Make new words by adding suffixes or prefixes to the italicized words. Translate the sentences.

ly / ive / ion

1.The article relates to ethnocentrism.

2.The program deals with drug addiction, crimes and … issues.

3.After this incident we broke off diplomatic … with their country.

4.After his money troubles, he’s now living in … comfort.

5.The exam was … easy.

(dis – unpleasant things that must be done) ( ful – having or showing good taste)

(y – taste full of flavor)

(less – having / showing bad taste)

1.This dish tastes delicious.

2.Their house has not been decorated to my … .

3.Everybody admired their … arrangement of flowers in the garden and … meal.

4.His manner of wearing clothes is … and funny.

5.It is my … duty to warn you that you’ve got to do it.

ing / in / ate / tion /

1.He paused to consider the situation.

2.After long … , I have decided to recommend him for the post. 3.… how little he has studied, he did very well in his exams.

Considerate=thoughtful of the feelings, needs, and wishes of other people

4.John is highly … to his mother’s feelings.

5.Unfortunately, your children are very …. towards old people.

ive / sion

repulse – a rude refusal of friendship

1.I was strongly surprised at his repulse

2.She turned away from the disgusting sight with … .

3.I find his opinions … .

4.For a lot of people, the sight of blood produces a feeling of … .

able / in / ly

1.Scientists first conceived the idea of atomic bomb in the 1930s.

2.I can’t … why you have done it.

3.It’s just … that he will win, but it’s very unlikely really.

4.What … reason could they have for doing such a crazy thing!

5.Your story is … interesting!

6.Find words and expressions that mean the following. Translate into Russian.

1.a people or group (line 4)

2.one’s general point of view (line 5)

3.to the degree that (line 8)

4.the belief that one’s own nation, race, or group is better and more important than others (lines 10-20)

5.unpleasant, causing dislike (lines 10-20)

6.willing to consider new arguments, ideas, opinions, etc (lines 10-20)

7.a natural result of (line 15)

8.to make (someone) want to do something that seems pleasant or advantageous (lines 10-20)

9.to live in a place or area (lines 25-30)

10.an action of noticing or watching (lines 25-30)

11.the part or place where something ends or begins or that is farthest from its centre ( lines 40-45)

12.having less than human qualities (lines 40-45)

13.work demanding the skillful use of the hands (lines 50-55)

14.quick movement or action, esp. when one has very little time to do smth (lines 50-55)

15.to save from damage, harm, or loss (lines 55-60)

16.special favor or consideration shown to a person, thing, group, etc (lines 60-65)

17.too strange to be thought real or possible (lines 70-75)

18.something good to eat that is considered rare or expensive (lines 70-75)

19.gentle lasting love (line 81)

20.a feeling of sorrow or unhappiness, often mixed with disappointment (lines 80-85)

7.Fill in the gaps with the proper prepositions.

1.The reason … culture shock takes place because … differences in upbringing.

2.Ethnocentrism refers … the fact that our world view is centered … our own way of life.

3.All … us are ethnocentric … some degree.

4.We can feel different … themselves as compared … what outsiders can feel.

5.We should be aware … our bias concerning other cultures.

6.Eating raw flesh seemed … me something … … the ordinary.

7.… haste to get rid … the repugnant, … his taste, meal, he hurriedly asked … the permission to leave the table.

8.What are your preferences … food?

9.I’d like to comment ... how tasty the food was.

10.Unfortunately, the food we were offered, was likely to be unnatural … me.

11.We don’t usually feel affection … cows or pigs, and therefore eat their meat … any regret.

12.The attitude … Chinese … dogs is similar … our attitude … cows.

8. Fill in the blanks with suitable words in a proper form from the list below. Translate the sentences into Russian.

1.I’m quite _________ about this subject.

2.Their failure to reply to our letter seems to _________ a lack of interest.

3.It once seemed ___________ that people should travel to the moon.

4.His interests _____________ round his family.

5.It seems like a good proposal, but without all facts I can’t really ________.

6.The school has only been open for 6 months, so it’s hard to ________ its success.

7.He packed his bags in ________ when he heard the police were looking for him.

8.He __________ the stamp collection from the burning house.

9.We’ll get the work done by ___________ if it’s cheaper.

10.He refused to comment on the __________ of the election.

11.Ideally we’d choose judges who are without political ___________.

12.The fine weather ___________ us to go outside.

13.The tragedy__________ only minutes after take-off.

14.We need to see figures __________ to the last six months.

15.He said that the government __________ the problem.

To be aware of, to tempt, bias, to occur, to relate, open-minded, to judge, haste, to evaluate, to rescue, to imply, inconceivable, to centre, outsiders, outcome.

9. Choose the correct word or set expression for the definition from the list below. Fill in the blanks in the sentences using the word or set expression.

To be aware, to take into account, to some extent, outsider, to get it down, out if the ordinary, valid, repugnance, in haste.

1.Definition: to hurry; to be quick in actions

One shouldn’t be __________ while reading.

2.Definition: to understand smth perfectly

He _________ all the problems and seriousness of the situation.

3.Definition: to swallow with difficulty

He did his best but couldn’t _________ the meat of snake.

4.Definition: a person who is not accepted as a member of a particular group

In spite of all her attempts to make him feel comfortable he found himself _______.

5.Definition: partly

I agree with your point but only ___________.

6.Definition: to make proper consideration to a fact or situation

Speaking about preferences you should __________ that we tend to like things that are familiar to us.

7.Definition: unusual; uncommon

Some people don’t think eating raw flesh is something __________.

8.Definition: the feeling of strong dislike

I couldn’t but feel __________ at the sight of his eating dog meat.

10. Fill in: who, that, which, why, whose, when, where.

Having visited a few countries (1) … the climate is different to yours, you will appreciate how important it is to plan carefully before traveling. Not planning well enough is the reason (2) … some holidays can go wrong. A holiday (3) … involves a lot of walking, for example, means you need to go at a time (4) … it is neither too hot nor too cold. It also means (5) … you need to plan to go with someone (6) … enjoys walking and (7) … stamina, i.e. the strength of body and mind to fight tiredness, illness, or discouragement, is equal to yours. A travel companion (8) … likes the same things as you, is ideal, but it’s very difficult to meet someone (9) … likes and dislikes are exactly the same as yours. In any case, you need to decide on a holiday (10) … suits both of you and a country (11) … climate is not uncomfortable for either of you.

11.Fill the gaps with the following words: whatever, no matter how, although, nevertheless, in spite of, whereas

(1) … Christmas is one of the great Christian festivals, nowadays it has more than a religious aspect. It is an occasion celebrated all over the world (2) … people’s religious beliefs. (3) … Christmas is still a time of peace and goodwill towards others.

(4) … its religious origins, Christmas falls at the same time of year as the great pagan festivals. Christmas presents, in fact, are of pagan origin. Some countries exchange gifts on 25 December (5) … others wait until 6 January. Children’s presents are traditionally left for them by Farther Christmas, a jolly character with a white beard and a red suit. (6) … old you are, Christmas continues to hold a special magic for young and old alike.

12.Translate into English.

1.Этноцентризм – это убеждение в том, что ваш образ жизни, ваша манера поведения, ваша культура – самые правильные, самые естественные и значительные.

2.Этноцентризм может проявляться в различных аспектах нашей жизни, а именно: в языке, на котором мы говорим; в одежде, которую мы носим; в наших предпочтениях к еде; в отношении к людям.

3.Мы все, включая либеральных людей с широким кругозором, в какой-то мере, этноцентричы; и это естественный результат нашего воспитания, а также недостатка знаний о жизни других народов.

4.И когда мы выносим суждения по поводу образа жизни людей другой культуры, мы должны учитывать наши предрассудки и предубеждения.

5.Поедание сырого мяса может казаться привлекательным одним людям; однако другим это кажется отвратительным.

6.В Китае мясо собаки считается деликатесом, в то время как в Америке сама мысль об этом кажется невероятной.

7.В Индии люди привыкли смотреть на корову как на священное (sacred) животное, а в России люди не испытывают особенной любви и привязанности к этим животным.

8.Мы должны осознавать и воспринимать разное отношение разных культур к животным как естественное, например, отношение русских людей к свиньям подобно отношению китайцев к собакам.

9.Люди склонны любить то, что им знакомо и понятно с детства, и не любить то, что им кажется незнакомым, непонятным, и потому неприятным и даже отвратительным.

13. Answer the questions.

1.What does the Greek root of the word ethnocentric mean? Where does this word come from? Do you agree that an ethnocentric person believes that his or her culture is the best of all cultures?

2.Do you agree with the statement that everyone is ethnocentric to some degree?

Can you say the same about yourself?

3.Basing on the content of the text, explain why both terms, Eskimo and Inuit, are equally ethnocentric.

4.What makes the Cherokee Creator myth ethnocentric?

5.What is the main cause of different food preferences among different cultures? Are you ethnocentric in food preferences?

14. Make up the dialogues as instructed.

1)You were abroad. Tell your friend about your experience, culture shock and unusual food and customs.

2)You are talking with your mate about relationships between children and parents. In your culture children live with their parents until marriage because dependence on parents is considered positive. In your friend’s culture children leave home when they are 18 because independence and self-reliance are considered positive.

15.Search some information about customs in Germany, Iran and Great Britain.

16.What is the difference between having pride in one’s identity and being ethnocentric? Why do groups of people become ethnocentric?

17.Give examples of stereotypes. Can you think of cases where stereotypes have turned into prejudice?