8. Переведите предложения на английский язык.

1. Компенсация определяется как разница между заработной платой (доходом) потерпевшего до и после дорожно-транспортного происшествия.

2. Компенсация всегда рассчитывается путем сравнения суммы, которую потерпевший заработал бы, если бы избежал травмы, с суммой, которую он получит в виде дохода или социальных выплат после аварии.

3. К рассмотрению исков о возмещении вреда здоровью широко привлекаются судебные экономисты.

4. Судебные экономисты оценивают перспективы дальнейшего трудоустройства (включая будущий заработок) для конкретного потерпевшего, а не "среднестатистической личности" или категории населения.

5. Спорным является вопрос об оценке экономических потерь в том случае, если жертва, получившая серьезную травму в результате ДТП, за счет применения современных методов протезирования и реабилитации оказывается способной к работе в прежней должности с извлечением прежнего дохода.

6. При этом в целях сохранения сдерживающей функции деликтной ответственности, реализуемой при взыскании экономических убытков, предлагаются различные механизмы дифференциации взыскиваемых сумм в зависимости от тяжести наступивших последствий.

9. Работа в парах. Прочитайте статью и обсудите вопросы:

1. What is so curious in the case?

2. What would you decide if you were a judge?

The occasionally curious world of

Forensic economics

Dr. Andrew Brod

Forensic economics is the application of economic analysis to the law, usually in civil litigation. Most of what forensic economists do involves either lost earnings or lost profits. That’s certainly been true of my career in the field.

But along the way, I’ve worked on cases that didn’t fall neatly into the above two categories. For some of these unusual cases, I worked for the plaintiff; for some, the defendant. And because forensic economists often don’t know how a case turns out, I can’t say how my analyses were received. But here are a few examples, and you can judge for yourself.

He’s dead to me: When I was contacted about an alienation-of-affection case, my first instinct was to say no. It wasn’t at all clear to me how an economic analysis would be relevant. However, the attorney made a simple and persuasive point. The plaintiff’s husband was gone and therefore the plaintiff could no longer benefit from a portion of his income. It was as if he’d died. So, I did what was effectively a wrongful-death analysis, though not because of a death.

Time is money: A salaried worker suffered cognitive damage in an accident. She could still work, but it took her longer to do her day’s tasks. There were no lost earnings, but she’d lost the implicit value of time she’d previously spent in leisure. Because the extra hours of work were at the margin of her work day, it was straightforward to place a value on them.

Child support: A mother received a financial settlement after the death of her college-age son, and the boy’s previously absentee father sued for a share. The mother felt he didn’t deserve anything. I was engaged not to opine about who deserved what, but to provide context for the father’s payment of child support over the years. I compared his aggregate payments with the U.S. Department of Agriculture’s annual estimate of the cost of raising a child to adulthood. The former was much smaller than the latter, which presumably bolstered the mother’s argument.

Crime doesn’t pay: An environmental group sued a city for not meeting federal clean-water standards. Under federal law, one element of the damages the environmental group could claim was the extent to which the city benefited financially by violating the rules. The city did enjoy such a benefit, though its gain was mitigated by fines and other expenses it incurred as a result of its noncompliance.

10. Внимательно прочитайте Этический кодекс экономиста, выступающего в суде США с экспертным заключением. По каждому пункту кодекса дайте одно обобщающее слово на русском языке, определяющее суть этической нормы, которой надо следовать.