4. Ответьте на вопросы по тексту.

1. What is necessary for the human body to survive?

2. What was the reason for the people to cooperate?

3. What was the function of the trade in human development?

4. What institutions are engaged in the process of selling and buying nowadays?

5. Will you comment on the following chain: resource – labour - equipment - product –profit – resource – labour - ….?

5. Прочитайте текст. Работайте парами и передайте его содержание на английском языке.

“COMPANY” OR “CAMPAIGN”

Правописание существительных “компания” и “кампания” зависит от их лексического значения. Оба слова в русском языке являются заимствованными. Точность их употребления в устной и письменной речи должна соответствовать смыслу слова.

Существительное компания обозначает группу людей, объединенных общими интересами. В буквальном переводе с латинского оно имеет значение тот, с кем делишь хлеб.

В русском языке слово компания указывает на возрастную, социальную, профессиональную принадлежность или пол тех, в отношении кого употребляется в данном контексте: веселая компания; компания друзей; с компанией строителей; в мужской компании.

Второе значение этого слова – торговое или промышленное объединение: строительная компания, компания по производству древесины, акционерная компания.

Слово кампания также заимствовано из латинского языка. Его первоначальное значение campus – равнина, поле. В русском языке это существительное появилось в начале XIX века, со значением: согласованные действия военного или политического характера для достижения важной стратегической цели: избирательная кампания, военная кампания 1812 года, кампания по подготовке пенсионной реформы.

6. Прочитайте текст и ответьте на вопрос: “Why do some kinds of companies have “ltd” in their titles and what does it mean?” different types of companies in great britain

Limited company (or corporation) is a kind of legal entity, with the right to sue and to be sued. It may consist of a single person, or several persons, but in each case, it has a legal identity separate from these individuals. The members of a limited company have limited liability. This means that if the business has difficulties, the members can be sued as participants of this business, not as individuals, and can be made to pay its debts only up to a certain limit. A limited liability company has the word “limited” or abbreviation “ltd” after its name.

Many large businesses in the UK are public limited companies (plc), which means that the public can buy and sell their shares on the stock exchange. Examples include Marks and Spencer, British Telecom and the National Westminster Bank. They raise capital by selling shares to the public, and these shares are listed on the Stock Exchange. The minimum share capital for a public limited company is 50, 000 pounds.

Another type of limited company is private limited company. A company can be formed with a minimum of two people becoming its shareholders. They must appoint a director and a company secretary. If the company goes out of business, the responsibility of each shareholder is limited to the amount that they have contributed; they have limited liability. Such a company also has ltd. after its name.

A limited liability company is not the only way to run a business. A single person may operate as a sole trader (entrepreneur), and even if he employs many people, he alone is entirely responsible for all aspects of management and, thus, for any debts. One more type of running business is partnership, when two or more people share management, profits and liability to debts. On the one hand, these people are free from anybody’s influence from outside, but on the other hand, partners may find their personal property at risk if creditors sue them. It is also possible to form an unlimited company. Since members’ liability is unlimited, it is, in effect, similar to a partnership.