Оглавление

1. Classification of law. 2

2. The system of law in Russia. 3

3. Branches of Russian law. 4

4. The system of law in the UK. 5

5. What is crime? Types of crimes. 6

6. 6) Categories of crimes in the UK. 7

7. 7) Criminal Procedure in the UK. 8

8. 8) Types of punishment. 9

9. 9) Russian police. 10

10. 10) British police. 11

11. 11) Foundation principles of civil legislation of the RF. 12

12. 12) Civil procedure in the UK. 13

13. 13) Civil procedure in the USA. 13

14. 14) What is a tort? Types of torts. 14

15. 15) What is international law? 15

16. 16) Sources of international law. 16

17. 17) Subjects of international community. 17

1. Classification of law.

Every country has own historically developing system of norms, legal institutions and branches of law, which regulates different types of social relations. (In order to understand different aspects of a system of law it is necessary to look at various classifications of law.)

The distinction is often made between public and private law. Public law governs the relationship between the state and an individual. Public law covers three subdivisions: constitutional, administrative and criminal law.

Constitutional law deals with the structure of the government and the relations between private citizens and the government. Administrative law deals with the decision-making of administrative units of government in such areas as police law, the environment, taxation, immigration and transport. Criminal law, or penal law, is the body of law that relates to crime, (i.e. illegal conduct that is prohibited by the state.)

Private law is also known as civil law. It involves relationships between individuals, or private relationships between citizens and companies. The main branches of private law are contract, tort, family, employment and land law.

Contract law deals with legally binding agreements between persons or companies that are called parties to a contract. Tort law deals with civil wrongs which result in physical, emotional or financial harm to a person or property. Family law deals with family-related issues such as marriage and divorce, adoption, custody of children, child abuse and alimony. Employment law or labour law is law relating to the employment of workers, their contracts, conditions of work, trade unions. Land law or law of property deals with rights and interests related to owning and using land.

The next classification which is widely used is division of law into substantive and procedural. Substantive law defines rights, and procedural law establishes the procedures which enforce and protect these rights.

2. The system of law in Russia.

The system of law in the Russian Federation is presented by norms, institutions and branches of law which together make a single unity. Branches of law are supposed to be one of the basic units in the whole system of law.

Law in Russia is divided into public and private, substantive and procedural, domestic and international. But there is one more classification which is based on certain characteristics of Russian law. Traditionally Russian lawyers single out fundamental, specialised and composite or complex branches of law. Fundamental branches regulate the most general and important relations in different spheres of social life. For example, civil law, criminal law, administrative law.

Specialised branches of law deal with special areas of social relations such as family relations, financial relations, labour relations, etc. These branches are rather independent.

There are also composite branches. Usually these branches don’t have their own codes. This group includes such branches as business law, environmental law, maritime law, agricultural law, etc.