Karl Marx_ A Biography ( PDFDrive )
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of communism was required if it was going to be discussed at all. I then asked that religion be criticised more through a criticism of the political situation, than that the political situation be criticised through religion. For this approach is more suited to the manner of a newspaper and the education of the public, because religion has no content of its own and lives not from heaven but from earth, and falls of itself with the dissolution of the inverted reality whose theory it is.186
The furore caused by the publication of the draft law on divorce had increased governmental pressure on the Rheinische Zeitung and Marx found that more and more of his time was taken up in dealing with censorship officials. 'The Rheinische Zeitung\ wrote Engels, 'managed almost always to get through the most important articles; we first of all fed smaller fodder to the censor until he either gave up his of own accord or was forced to do so by the threat: in that case the paper will not appear tomorrow."87 Until December 1842 the censorship was exercised by an official so crass that he was said to have censored an advertisement for a translation of Dante's Divine Comedy saying that divine things were no fit subject for comedy. He was frequently not astute enough to note what it was important to censor and, on being reprimanded by his superiors for his negligence, was wont to approach his daily task with the words: 'now my livelihood is at stake. Now I'll cut at everything'.188 Bios related a story told him by Marx about the same official. 'He had been invited, with his wife and nubile daughter, to a grand ball given by the President of the Province. Before leaving he had to finish work on the censorship. But on precisely this evening the proofs did not arrive. The bewildered censor went in his carriage to Marx's lodging which was quite a distance. It was almost eleven o'clock. After much bell-ringing, Marx stuck his head out of a third-storey window. "The proofs'" bellowed the censor. "Aren't any!" Marx yelled down. "But - !" "We're not publishing tomorrow!" Thereupon Marx shut the window. The censor, thus fooled, was at a loss for words. But he was much more polite thereafter.'189
In January 1843, Marx published a piece of research on poverty that was to be his last substantial contribution to the Rheinische Zeitung. The Mosel wine-farmers had suffered greatly from competition after the establishment of the Zollverein. Already the subject of considerable public outcry, their impoverishment prompted a report in November 1842 from a Rheinische Zeitung correspondent whose accuracy was at once questioned by von Schaper, the President of the Rhineland Province. Judging the correspondent's reply unsatisfactory, Marx prepared to substantiate the report himself. He planned a series of five articles. In the event, only three were written and only two were published before the Rheinische Zeitung was banned. Comprising a mass of detail to justify his
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correspondent's assertions, the two published articles were largely instrumental, in Marx's view, in the suppression of the paper. The conditions in the Mosel valley were due to objectively determined relationships:
In the investigation of political conditions one is too easily tempted to overlook the objective nature of the relationships and to explain everything from the will of the person acting. There are relationships, however, which determine the actions of private persons as well as those of individual authorities, and which are as independent as are the movements in breathing. Taking this objective standpoint from the outset, one will not presuppose an exclusively good or bad will on either side. Rather, one will observe relationships in which only persons appear to act at first."0
To remedy these relations, Marx argued, open public debate was necessary: 'To resolve the difficulty, the administration and the administered both need a third element, which is political without being official and bureaucratic, an element which at the same time represents the citizen without being directly involved in private interests. This resolving element, composed of a political mind and a civic heart, is a free Press.'191
Marx must already have had the impression that the days of the Rheinische Zeitung were numbered. On 24 December 1842, the first anniversary of the relaxed censorship, the Leipziger Allgemeine Zeitung, one of the most important liberal newspapers in Germany, published a letter from Herwegh protesting against the fact that a newspaper he had hoped to edit from Zurich had been forbidden in Prussia. In reply, Herwegh was expelled from Prussia and the Leipziger Allgemeine Zeitung was suppressed; on 3 January 1843, under pressure from Frederick William IV, the Saxon Government suppressed the Deutsche Jahrbiicher, and on 21 January the Council of Ministers presided over by the King decided to suppress the Rheinische Zeitung. Marx wrote to Ruge:
Several particular reasons have combined to bring about the suppression of our paper: our increase in circulation, my justification of the Mosel correspondent which inculpated highly placed politicians, our obstinacy in not naming the person who informed us of the divorce law project, the convocation of the parliaments which we would be able to influence, and finally our criticism of the suppression of the Leipziger Allgemeine Zeitung and Deutsche Jahrbiicher.192
In addition, the Tsar had personally protested to the Prussian Government against anti-Russian articles in the Rheinische Zeitung. Marx had offered to resign earlier in the hope of saving the paper, but the Government's decision was final.19' The date picked for the final issue of the paper was 31 March 1843, but the censorship was so intolerable that Marx preferred
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to resign on 17 March. In a declaration published in the newspaper Marx said that his resignation was due to 'the present state of the censorship',194 though later he ascribed it to the desire of the shareholders to compromise with the government.195
During the last few months, Marx had certainly been the main force behind the paper. By the end of December its circulation had mounted to 3500. On 18 March the censor, Saint-Paul, wrote: 'Today the wind has changed. Yesterday the man who was the spiritus rector, the soul of the whole enterprise, finally resigned . . . I am well content and today I have given to censoring scarcely a quarter of the time that it usually took.'196 Marx's views were certainly strongly held. Saint-Paul wrote that 'Marx would die for his views, of whose truth he is absolutely convinced'.
The decision to suppress the Rheinisch Zeitung came as a release for Marx: 'The Government', he said, 'have given me back my liberty.'197 Although he was still writing, he was certain that his future lay abroad: 'In Germany I cannot start on anything fresh; here you are obliged to falsify yourself.'198 His decision to emigrate was already taken: the only remaining questions were when and where.
N O T E S
1. For further background, see W. Bracht, Trier und Karl Marx (Trier, 1947); H. Monz, Karl Marx und Trier (Trier, 1964); H. Hirsch, 'Marxens Milieu',
Etudes de Marxologie (Aug 1965).
2.For detailed research on Marx's genealogy, see B. Wachstein, 'Die Abstammung von Marx', in Festskrift i anledning of Professor David Simonsens 70- aaroge fiidseldag (Copenhagen, 1923) pp. 277 ff.; E. Lewin-Dorsch, 'Familie
und Stammbaum von |
Karl Marx', Die Glocke, ix (Berlin, 1924) 309 |
ff., |
240 ff.; H. Horowitz, |
'Die Familie Lwow', Monatsschrift fiir Geschichte |
und |
Wissenschaft des Judentums, LXXII (Frankfurt, 1928) pp. 487 ff. |
|
|
3.See the genealogical table on p. 427.
4.Eleanor Marx to Wilhelm Leibknecht, in Mohr und General (Berlin, 1965) p. 159.
5.Eleanor Marx to Henri Polak, in W. Blumenberg, 'Ein unbekanntes Kapitel
aus Marx' Leben', International Review of Social History (1956).
6.Heinrich Marx to Karl Marx, K. Marx-F. Engels, Historisch-kritisch Gesamtausgabe, ed. D. Rjazanov and V. Adoratsky (Berlin, 1927 ff.) I i (2) p. 242 (hereinafter referred to as MEGA).
7. |
F. Mehring, Karl Marx (London, 1936) p. 3, is mistaken on this point. |
8. |
For details, see A. Kober, 'Karl Marx, Vater und das napoleonische |
5 0 K A RL M A R X : A B I O G R A P H Y
Ausnahmegesetz gegen die Juden, 1808', Jahrbuch des kfflnischen Geschichtsverein, xiv (1932).
9. K. Marx, 'The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte', in K. Marx and F. Engels, Selected Works (Moscow, 1935), 1 247 (hereinafter referred to as
MESW).
10. Cf. E. Bernstein, Die neue Zeit (1898) p. 122.
1 1 . See the text and comments on pp. 72 ff. below.
12.See particularly his remarks on Lassalle, pp. 292 ff. below.
13.This problem has given rise to a large literature that is interesting in its speculations, but sparse in convincing conclusions. In English the two best studies are: S. Bloom, 'Karl Marx and the Jews', Jewish Social Studies (1942), and E. Silberner, 'Was Marx an Antisemite?', Judaica (1949). At greater length there is a study which draws on all the available - and sometimes unavailable - evidence to demonstrate Marx's anti-semitism and pathological Jewish self-hate in A. Kiinzli's Karl Marx: Eine Psychographie (Vienna, 1966). From the opposite point of view, A. Massiczek in Der Menschliche Mensch: Karl Marx's jiidischer Humanismus (Vienna, 1968) argues that all the positive elements in Marx's humanism came from his Jewish upbringing. A good all-
round discussion of the literature is H. Lamm, 'Karl Marx und das Judentum', in Karl Marx 1818-1968 (Mainz, 1968).
14.Eleanor Marx, 'Karl Marx', Die neue Zeit (1883) p. 441.
15.Eleanor Marx to Wilhelm Liebknecht, in Reminiscences of Marx and Engels (Moscow, n.d.) p. 130.
16.Quoted in B. Nicolaievsky and O. Maenchen-Helfen, La Vie de Karl Marx (Paris, 1970) p. 19.
17.Heinrich Marx to Karl Marx, MEGA 1 i (2) 186.
18.The speech is reprinted in H. Monz, Karl Marx und Trier, p. 88.
19.Heinrich Marx to Karl Marx, MEGA 1 i (2) 205.
20.See further, H. Monz, 'Die rechtsethischen und rechtspolitischen Anschauun-
gen des Heinrich Marx', Archiv flir Sozialgeschichte (1968).
21. The house, then Briickengasse 664, now Briickenstrasse 10, has been turned into a museum and library with numerous photographs, first editions and originals of Marx's manuscripts.
22.It is now an optician's shop, Simeonstrasse 8, in the main street beside the Porta Nigra.
23.For more details, see H. Monz, 'Die soziale Lage der elterlichen Familie von Karl Marx', in Karl Marx 1818-1968.
24.Eleanor Marx, 'Karl Marx. A Few Stray Notes', in Reminiscences of Marx and Engels, p. 251.
25.Cf. C. GrUnberg, Archiv ftir die Geschichte des Sozialismus und der Arbeiterbewegung (1926) pp. 239 f.
16. J. Goethe, Die Campagne des Frankreichs, 25 Oct 1792.
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27.Cf. Heinrich Marx to Karl Marx, MEGA 1 i (2) 186.
28.Eleanor Marx in Progress (London, May 1885).
29.Marx to Engels, in K. Marx and F. Engels, Werke (Berlin, 1956 ff.), xxxiv 87 (hereinafter referred to as ME IV).
30.See C. Griinberg, 'Marx als Abiturient', Archiv fiir die Geschichte des Sozialismus und der Arbeiterbewegung, xi (1925) pp. 424 ff.
31. First published in MEGA 1 i (2) 171 ff.
32.MEGA 1 i (2) 171.
33.MEGA 1 i (2) 174.
34.Further on Kiipper, see W. Sens, Karl Marx. Seine irreligiose Entwicklung
(Halle, 1935) pp. 13 f.
35.MEGA 1 i (2)174.
36. First published in MEGA 1 |
i (2) 164 ff. Translated in Writings of the Young |
Marx on Philosophy and Society, |
ed. L. Easton and K. Guddat (New York, 1967) |
pp.35 ff. (hereinafter referred to as Easton and Guddat).
37.For striking parallels between Marx's essay and Rousseau's Emile, see the detailed commentary in G. Hillman, Marx and Hegel (Frankfurt-am-Main, 1966) pp. 33 ff.
38.MEGA 1 i (2)164; Easton and Guddat, pp. 35 f.
39.MEGA 1 i (2) 165; Easton and Guddat, p. 37.
40.See, for example, F. Mehring, Karl Marx, p. 5; A. Cornu, Karl Marx et Friedrich Engels (Paris, 1955) 1 64.
41. MEGA 1 i (2) 166; Easton and Guddat, p. 38.
42.MEGA 1 i (2) 166 f.; Easton and Guddat, pp. 38 f.
43.Cf. A. Cornu, op. cit., 1 65; G. Mende, Karl Marx' Entwicklung vom revolutionen Demokraten zum Kommunisten, 3rd ed. (Berlin, i960) p. 26.
44.MEGA 1 i (2) 167; Easton and Guddat, p. 39.
45.Ibid.
46.MEGA 1 i (2) 167.
47.On the family tree in general, see Mehring, 'Die von Westphalen', Die neue Zeit, x (1891-2) 481 ff.
48.That Marx married 'the girl next door' is a widespread, but unfortunately inaccurate, impression.
49.Cf. the very small inheritance left by Jenny's mother in 1856. For this and other details, see H. Monz, 'Unbekannte Kapitel aus dem Leben der Familie Ludwig von Westphalen', Archiv fiir Sozialgeschichte (1968).
50.Eleanor Marx, 'Karl Marx', Die neue Zeit (May 1883) p. 441.
51. Heinrich Marx to Marx, MEW, Ergsbd. [suppl. vol.] 1 617.
52.MEGA 1 i (2) 7.
53.MEGA 1 i (2) 194.
54.Ibid.
55.Heinrich Marx to Marx, MEW, Ergsbd. 1 621.
3 8 K A R L M A R X : A B I O G R A P H Y
56. Heinrich Marx to Marx, MEW, Ergsbd. 1 638.
57. Eleanor Marx, 'Remarks on a letter by the Young Marx', Reminiscences,
p.256.
58.Marx to A. Ruge, in K. Marx, Early Texts, ed. D. McLellan (Oxford, 1971)
p.59 (hereinafter referred to as Early Texts).
59.Marx to Jenny Longuet, MEW xxxv 241 f.
60.E Engels, 'Marx und die Neue Rheinische Zeitung'.
61. L. Feuerbach in seinen Briefwechsel und Nachlass, ed. K. Griin (Leipzig, 1876)
1183.
62.K. Marx, Early Texts, p. 2.
63.Ibid.
64.Sophie Marx to Karl Marx, MEGA 1 i (2) 211.
65.Laura Lafargue to Franz Mehring, in F. Mehring, A us dem literarischen Nachlass von K. Marx, F. Engels, F. Lassalle (Stuttgart, 1902) 1 25.
66.F. Mehring, op. cit., 1 26.
67.Ibid.
68.Early Texts, pp. 2 f.
69.Heinrich Marx to Karl Marx, MEGA 1 i (2) 204.
70.MEGA 1 i (2) 50.
71. See M. Rubel, 'Les Cahiers d'etudes de Karl Marx (1840-1853)', International Review of Social History (1957).
72.There is a translation in The Unknown Marx, ed. R. Payne (London, 1972).
73.MEGA 1 i (2) 41.
74.Ibid 42.
75.Ibid.
76.This is the interpretation of, for example, W. Johnston, 'Marx's verses of 1836-7', Journal of the History of Ideas (April 1967) p. 261; also of E. Kamenka,
The Ethical Foundations of Marxism (London, 1962) p. 20, and of S. Avineri,
The Social and Political Thought of Karl Marx (Cambridge, 1968) p. 8.
77.For a lengthier discussion of Marx's poems than, perhaps, they merit, see A. Cornu, Karl Marx et Friedrich Engels (Paris, 1955) pp. 74 ff.; R. Payne, Marx (London, 1968) pp. 59 ff.; P. Demetz, Marx, Engels and the Poets (Chicago, 1967) pp. 47 ff. These essentially immature literary efforts should not be taken as evidence of Marx's capacities in this field; on the contrary remarks scattered throughout his later writings show that he had the ability to be a first-class literary critic.
78.Heinrich Marx to Marx, MEW, Ergsbd. 1 624.
79.Ibid., 632.
80.Jenny von Westphalen to Marx, quoted in L. Dornemann, Jenny Marx (Berlin, 1969) p. 41.
81.Heinrich Marx to Marx, MEGA 1 i (2) 198.
Hi. Early Texts, p. 3.
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83.E. Gans, Ruckblicke aufPersonen und ZustUnde (Berlin, 1836) pp. 99 ff. Further on Gans, see H. Reissner, Eduard Gans. Ein Leben im Vormarz (Tubingen, 1965).
84.Cf. the very thorough article, H. Jaegar, 'Savigny et Marx', Archives de la Philosophic du Droit (1967).
85.Marx to Heinrich Marx, Early Texts, p. 3.
86.Ibid.
87.Ibid., p. 6.
88.Ibid.
89.Ibid.
90. Quoted in H. Monz, Karl Marx und Trier, pp. 133 f. 91 - Op. cit., p. 7.
92.Marx to Heinrich Marx, Early Texts, p. 7.
93.F. Engels, 'Socialism, Utopian and Scientific', in MESW 11 162.
94.It is obviously impossible to give an adequate account of the ideas of so complex a thinker in so short a space. Two good books in English dealing with Hegel's philosophy in general are J. N. Findlay, Hegel: A Re-examination (London, 1958), and W. Kaufmann, Hegel (New York, 1965). See also H. Marcuse, Reason and Revolution (New York, t94i) and the more analytic approach in J. Plamenatz, Man and Society (London, 1963) 11 09 ff.
95.Marx to Heinrich Marx, Early Texts, p. 7.
96.Op. cit., p. 8.
97.Ibid.
98.For Hegel's views on religion, see K. Barth, From Rousseau to Ritschl (London, 1959) pp. 268 ff.; P. Asveld, La Pense'e religieuse dujeune Hegel (Paris, 1953); A. Chappelle, Hegel et la Religion, 2 vols. (Paris, 1964); K. Lowith, 'Hegel and the Christian Religion', in Nature, History and Existentialism (Evanston, 111., 1966) pp. 162 ff.
99.M. Ring, Erinnerungen (Berlin, 1898) 1 113 f.
100.On Koppen, see H. Hirsch, Denker und Kampfer (Frankfurt, 1955).
ior. On Bauer, see D. McLellan, The Young Hegelians and Karl Marx (London, 1969) pp. 48 ff. Also E. Barnikol, Bruno Bauer: Studien und Materialen (Assen, 1972).
102.Varnhagen von Ense, Tagebiicher (Leipzig, t86i) 1 341.
103.E. Bauer and F. Engels, 'The Triumph of the Faith', MEW, Ergsbd. 11 3or.
104.K. Koppen to Marx, MEGA 1 i (2) 257.
105.Heinrich Marx to Marx, MEW, Ergsbd. 637 ff.
106. Eleanor Marx, 'Remarks on a Letter by the Young Marx', Reminiscences,
p. 257.
107.See her long letter of complaint in MEGA 1 i (2) 242 ff.
108.B. Bauer to Marx, MEGA 1 i (2) 250.
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K A RL M A R X : A B I O G R A P H Y |
109.K. Marx, 'Doctoral Dissertation', in N. Livergood, Activity in Marx's Philosophy (The Hague, 1967) p. 64.
no . Ibid. H I . Ibid.
112. B. Bauer to Marx, MEGA 1 i (2) 236. 113. Ibid., 241.
114. K. Marx, 'Doctoral Dissertation', in Early Texts, p. 19. 115. Ibid., p. 20.
116. Ibid.
117. Ibid.
118. MEGA 1 |
i (1) 10; the quotation |
is from |
Hume's Treatise of Human Nature, |
ed. L. Selby-Biggs (Oxford, 1888) p. 250. |
|
||
119. K Marx, |
'Doctoral Dissertation', |
in Early |
Texts, p. 13. |
120.See in particular on this, C. Cesa, 'Bruno Bauer e la filosofia dell' autoscienza (1841-1843)', Giornale Critico della Filosofia Italiana, 1 (i960); D. McLellan, The Young Hegelians and Karl Marx, pp. 48 ff.
121. Marx's preference seems to have depended simply on his contrasting their moral philosophies; as a philosopher and a natural scientist, Democritus is by far the more profound and original thinker.
122. See further B. Farrington, The Faith of Epicurus (London, 1967) pp. 7 f.
123.MEGA 1 v 122.
124.This appendix does not survive, but can be reconstructed from the preliminary notes: see MEGA 1 i 31; D. Baumgarten, 'Uber den "verloren geglaubten" Anhang zu Karl Marx' Doktordissertation', in Gegemvartsprobleme der Soziologie, ed. Eisermann (Postdam, 1949).
125.C. Bailey, 'Karl Marx and Greek Atomism', The Classical Quarterly (1928).
126.Marx to Heinrich Marx, Early Texts, p. 9.
127.B. Bauer to Marx, MEGA 1 i (2) 244.
128.B. Bauer to Marx, in Karl Marx, Dokumente seines Lebens, p. 100.
129.Ibid.
130.K. Kautsky, quoted in Karl Marx, Dokumente seines Lebens, p. 97.
131. K. Marx, 'Doctoral Dissertation', in N. Livergood, op. cit., p. 61.
132.Frederick William IV to Bunsen, in Chr. von Bunsen, A us seinen Briefen (Leipzig, 1869) 11 133.
133.K. Marx, Early Texts, p. 18.
134.Ibid., p. 19.
135.Both these ideas were derived from a small book with the mysterious title Prolegomena to Historiosophy published by a Polish Count, August von Cieszkowski in 1838. On the book and its influence on the young Hegelians, see further D. McLellan, The Young Hegelians and Karl Marx, pp. 9 f.
136. Cf. MEGA 1 i (2) 152.
1 (7. A. Ruge, Briefwechsel und Tageblatter, ed. P. Nerrlich (Berlin, 1886) 1 239.
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138.MEGA 1 i (2) 261 f.
139.On Ruge, see further W. Neher, Arnold Ruge as Politiker und Politischer Schriftsteller (Heidelberg, 1933).
140.See further D. McLellan, The Young Hegelians and Karl Marx, pp. n ff.
141. K. Marx, 'Comments on the latest Prussian Censorship Instruction', Early Texts, pp. 29 f.
142.K. Marx, op. cit., Writings of the Young Marx, p. 80.
143.Marx to Ruge, MEW xxvn 401.
144.Jenny von Westphalen to Marx, MEW, Ergsbd. 1641.
145.Marx to Ruge, MEW xxvii 402.
146.Briefwechsel zwischen Bruno und Edgar Bauer (Charlottenburg, 1844) p. 192.
147.Jenny von Westphalen to Marx, MEW, Ergsbd. 1641.
148. Further details on the background of the Rheinische Zeitung can be found in
E. Silberner, Moses Hess (Leiden, 1966) pp. 91 ff.
149.Rheinische Briefen und Akten, ed. Hansen, 1 315.
150.G . Jung to A. Ruge, MEGA 1 (2) 261.
151. M. Hess to A. Auerbach, in M. Hess, Briefwechsel, ed. E. Silberner (The Hague, 1959) p. 80.
152.On Marx's articles for the Rheinische Zeitung in general, see A. McGovern, 'Karl Marx's first political writings: the Rheinische Zeitung 1842-43', Demythologising Marxism, ed. F. Adelmann (The Hague, 1969).
153.Writings of the Young Marx, p. 98.
154.Ibid., p. 105.
155.Marx to A. Ruge, MEGA 1 i (2) 278.
156.K. Marx, 'Debates on the Freedom of the Press', MEW 134.
157.K. Marx, 'Debates on the Freedom of the Press', Early Texts, pp. 35 f.
158.K. Marx, MEW 1 57.
159.Ibid., 58.
160.Ibid.
161. G . Jung to Marx, MEGA 1 i (2) 275.
162.A. Ruge to Marx, MEGA 1 i (2) 276.
163.Marx to A. Ruge, MEW XXVII 405.
164.K. Marx, 'The leading Article of the Kolnische Zeitung', MEGA 1 i (2) 233.
165.K. Marx, Early Texts, p. 38.
166.Ibid., p. 42.
167.K. Marx, MEGA 1 i (2) 250.
168.Cf. MEGA 1 i (2) 281 ff.
169.Marx to Oppenheim, MEGA 1 i (2) 280.
170.Karl Marx: Dokumente seines Lebens, p. 117.
171. R. Prutz, Zehn Jahre (Leipzig, 1856) 11 359 ff.
172. G. Mevissen, in H. von Treitschke, Deutsche Geschichte im Neunzehnten Jahrhundert (Leipzig, 1905) v 201.
3 6 K A R L M A R X : A B I O G R A P H Y P A R I S 1 0 3
173.K. Marx, 'Communism and the Augsburger Allgemeine Zeitung', Early Texts, pp. 47f.
74.K. Marx, op. cit., p. 48.
75.See E. Butler, The Saint-Simonian Religion in Germany (Cambridge, 1926).
76.On Hess, see E. Silberner, Moses Hess.
77.On Stein, see p. 120, note 92.
78.See J. Hansen, Gustav von Mevissen (Berlin, 1906) 1 264 ff.
79.See H. Stein, 'Karl Marx und der Rheinische Pauperismus', Jahrbuch des kblnischen Geschichtsvereins, xiv (1932).
80.K. Marx, 'Debates on the Law on Thefts of Wood', Early Texts, p. 49.
81. K. Marx, MEGA 1 i (1) 304.
82. K. Marx, 'Preface to A Critique of Political Economy', MESW 1 361 f.
83.Engels to R. Fischer, MEW xxxix 466.
84.K. Marx, 'On a Proposed Divorce Law', MEGA 1 i (1) 317.
85.A. Ruge, Briefwechsel und Tageblatter, ed. P. Nerrlich (Berlin, 1886) 1 290.
86.Marx to A. Ruge, MEW xxvn 412.
87.F. Engels, 'Karl Marx', MEW xix 97.
88.Marx to Engels, MEW xxxiv 60.
89.W. Bios, in Mohr und General (Berlin, 1965) p. 352.
90. 'On the Distress of the Mosel Wine-Farmers', MEGA 1 i (1) 360; Easton and Guddat, pp. 144 f.
91. 'On the Distress of the Mosel Wine-Farmers', Writings of the Young Marx,
pp. 145 f.
92.Marx to A. Ruge, MEW XXVII 414.
93.On this aspect, see further B. Nicolaievsky and O. Maenchen-Helfen, La Vie de Karl Marx, pp. 76 f.
94.Karl Marx, 'Declaration', ME W 1 200.
95.Marx to Engels, MEW XXXII 128.
96.Rheinische Briefen und Akten, ed. Hansen, 1 496.
97.Marx to A. Ruge, MEW XXVII 415.
98.Ibid.