Acknowledgments

Earlier versions of this book were presented to a seminar in social science during the spring of 1957 arranged in Copenhagen by Henning Friis, Konsultant to the Socialministrat. I am very grateful to him and to the following members of this seminar for their penetrating criticisms and kind suggestions: Kirsten Rudfeld, Bent Andersen, P. H. Kiihl, Poul Vidriksen, Knud Erik Svensen, Torben Agersnap, B. V. Elberling.

Chapter 1: `The Promise,' along with other short sections of this book, was presented in abridged form to the American Political Science Association in September 1958 at St. Louis. In Chapter 6, I have drawn upon an essay, `Two Styles of Research in Current Social Study,' published in Philosophy of Science, Volume XX, Number 4, October 1953. An earlier draft of the first five sections of the Appendix has appeared in Symposium on Sociological Theory, ed. by L. Gross, Evanston, Peterson, 1959. Sections 5 and 6 of Chapter 8 were printed in Monthly Review, October 1958. In a general way, I have also used remarks first published in The Saturday Review of 1 May 1954. Passages from chapters 9 and 10 were used in public lectures delivered at the London School of Economics and the Polish Academy of Sciences in Warsaw during January, and broadcast by the BBC on its Third Programme in February, 1959.

Later drafts of the manuscript were criticized, in whole or part, by the following colleagues, to whom I am beholden for much of any merit the book may have. I only wish there were some more adequate way to acknowledge their generous aid:

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Harold Barger, Robert Bierstadt, Norman Birnbaum, Herbert Blumer, Tom Bottomore, Lyman Bryson, Lewis Coser, Arthur K. Davis, Robert Dubin, Si Goode, Marjorie , Peter Gay, Llewellyn Gross, Richard Hofstadter, Irving Howe, H. Stuart Hughes, Floyd Hunter, Sylvia Jarrico, David Kettler, Walter Klink, Charles E. Lindblom, Ernst Manheim, Reece McGee, Ralph Miliband, Barrington Moore Jr., David Riesman, Meyer Schapiro, George Rawick, Arnold Rogow, Paul Sweezy.

I am very grateful to my friends, William Miller and Harvey Swados, for their continued efforts to help me write clearly.

C.W.M.

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Index

A

Abstracted empiricism, 50-75, 123 if., 189 n.

apparatus of, 55

bureaucratic use of, 101 if., 117

characteristics of, 55-6

expensiveness of, 64-5

and the interview, 50, 62, 70

and The Method, 59 if.

and a philosophy of science, 56 ff.

and public opinion, 51, 54

in a research institution, 103 if. and sociology, 60

and theory and research, 65-7

Academic cliques, 107-13

and book reviewing, 112-13

Academic profession, 97-9

Adjustment, 90-91

Adler, Mortimer, 214

Alienation, 171 f.

Allen, V. L., 95 n.

Almond, Gabriel, 139

American Business Creed, The, n.

American Journal of Sociology,

The, n., 85 n. American Political Science Re‑

view, n.

American Social Science Associa­tion, 84

American society, 45, 47 American Soldier, , 115 Anomie, 28 f.

Anthropology, , 136 f., 155, 159 Antiquity, 166

Arnold, Thurman, 36

Art, 18

Authority, definition of, 41

B

Barzun, Jacques, quoted, 144, 164

Beck, William S., quoted, 58

Becker, Carl, 42 n., 152 Behavioral Sciences, The, 18 n. Behemoth, 46 n., 47

Bentham, Jeremy, 167

Berelson, Bernard, quoted, 51, 54 Book reviewing, 112-13

Boulding, Kenneth, quoted, 80 Bridgman, Percy, quoted, 58 British Journal of Sociology, The,

35 n.

Bureaucratic ethos, the, 100-118 and abstracted empiricism, 101 if., 117

and academic cliques, 107-13 and Grand Theory, 117-18 and ^`human engineering,'

113 ff.

and slogans, 113-16

Burke, Kenneth, 215 n.

Business Week, n.

C

Capitalism, 34-35, 82

Character and Structure,

36 n., 161 n.

Cheerful Robot, The, 171 if. Clark, Colin, 82

Classic tradition, 21, 120 if., 129 if.

definition of, 138

Clique, The, 204

Cliques, academic, 107-13

and book reviewing, -13 Coercion, definition of, 41 Common denominator, 21

intellectual, 13-15

definition of, 14

political, 85

Common sense empiricism, 123-5 Communication, see Mass media

Comte, Auguste, 6, 22 f., 87, 165, 179

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Concept, the, 23, 32, 34 f., 38, 44,

48, 74, 90, 117, 120, 124 f.,

128, 141, 157, 164, 224 Conception, definition of, 124 Conflict, 42 n.

Conformity, 28, 30 f. Conservatives, 96-7

Control, prediction and, 113 f. Cooley, Charles H., 152

Coser, Lewis A., 42 n.

Cowley, Malcolm, 217 Craftsmanship, see Intellectual craftsmanship

Cultural lag, 88-90

Culture, 136 f., 160 n.

D

Dahl, Robert, 139 Dark Ages, The, 166 Darwin, Charles, 127 Davis, Lambert, 216 Democracy, 188-90, 191

definition of, 116, 188 Dodd, Stuart, 24

Dubin, Robert, 95 n. Dunlap, John T., 95 n.

Durkheim, Emile, 6, 29, 36, 152, 165

E

Economics, confusion of, 82

18th Brumaire, The,

Elite, study of the, 200-211 Emerson, Ralph Waldo, quoted, 37

Empirical research, 201, 205-6 Empiricism, common sense, 123-5

see also Abstracted empiricism Engels, Frederick, 38

Enlightenment, The, 89, 158, 166, 183

Epistemology, definition of, 58 Essays in Sociology and Social

Philosophy, n. Evaluation, problems of, 76-9 see also ValuesF

Fate, 182-3

Feudal Era, The, 152, 157 File, setting up a, 196 if. Form, William, 95 n.

Fourth Epoch, The, 166 f. Freedom, and reason, 165-76 Freud, Sigmund, 159 f., 166, 172 Fromm, Erich, 160, 171

G

Galbraith, John K., 82, 139 Galenson, Walter, quoted, 156 is. Gellner, Ernest, 156 is.

General Motors, 96

German Ideology, The, is. Gerth, H. H., 36 n.

quoted,

Ginsberg, Morris, quoted, 147-8 Gouldner, Alvin W., quoted, 43 Graff, Henry, quoted, 144, 164 Grand Theory, 23, 25-49, 75,

124 if., 190 is.

and anomie, 28 f.

and the bureaucratic ethos, 117-18

and capitalism, 34-5

cause of, 33

and conformity, 28, 30 f.

and institutions, 28 if., 35-6, 39 intelligibility of, 27

and levels of abstraction, 34 and normative structure, 37, 40 and problem of order, 44 if. and problem of social integra‑

tion, 44 if.

and problems of substance, 43 reactions to, 26

and sanctions, 28 if.

and semantics, 33-4

and symbol spheres, 36, 38

and value-orientation, 25, 28, 30, 37, 40

Great Power States, The, 136 Great Sbciety, The, 171

H

Heavenly City, The, n.

Hegel, G. W. F., 38

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Historians, task of, 144-5

History':

as a discipline, 143 if.

indispensability of knowledge

of, 150-51

need for the materials of,

151-4

and psychology, 157-61 relevance of, 156

^`sketching in the historical

background,' 154-5

and sociology, 146 if.

trends in, 151-4

uses of, 143-64

History of Militarism, 53

Horkheimer, Max, quoted, -3

Horney, Karen, 154, 172

Houghton, Neal, quoted, 83-4

^`Human engineering,' 113 if.

Human variety, the, 132-42

and the nation-state, 135-6

scope of, 132-3

Hume, David, 77

Hutchinson, E. D., 211 n.

I

Ibn-Khaldoun, 156

Indifference, 11 f., 131, 172 Individual, the, 169 if.

Industrial and Labor Relations Re-, n.

Industry, 92-5

Institutions, 28 if., 35-6, 39 definition of, 29 f.

Integration, social, 44 if. Intellectual craftsmanship, 195-226

empirical research, 201, 205-6 projects, 198-9

setting up a file, 196 if.

source of ideas, 211 if. stimulating the sociological im­agination, 212-17

study of the elite, 200-211 thinking, definition of, 223 writing, style in, 217-22

International Encyclopedia of United Science, n.

Interview, the, 50, 62, 70

Issues, 11 f., 128 if., 168, 172 f., 206

definition of, 8

J

Johr, W. A., quoted, 123

Jones, Ernest, quoted,

K

Kecskemeti, Paul,

Kornhauser, Arthur, 95 n.

Kusch, Polylcarp, 58

L

Language of Social Research, The, n.

Lasswell, Harold D., 139, 152, 202

Latham, Earl, 139

Lazarsfeld, Paul F., 24,125, 219 n. quoted, 59 if., 65 f., 100

Lecky, W. E. H., 6

Legitimation, f., 41 f., 53 Leontief, Wassily, 82

Liberalism, 85-90, 166 f. Lindblom, Charles E., 95 n. Upset, Seymour, 95 n.

Locke, John, 36

Lockwood, David, 35

Lundberg, George, 24

quoted, n.

Lynd, Robert S., quoted, 115

M

Maine, Sir Henry,

Malthus, Thomas, 83

Man and , n. , Karl, 6, 36, 149, 165, 170, 179

quoted,

Marshall, S. L. A., 54

Marx, Karl, 8, 11, 22, 36, 38, 48, 61, 82, 95 n., 114, 149, 165, 167, 171 f., 190, 200, 202

quoted,

Mass media, 52, 81, 211

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Mead, George H., 160, 172 Means, Gardiner C., 82

Men Under Fire,

Method, 121 if.

definition of, 57-8, 120

see also Abstracted empiricism Method, The, 59 if., 190 n. Methodological inhibition, 50, 55,

71, 74, 106, 145, 189 n. Methodology, 24

definition of, 58

Metropolis, the, 9-10, 171 Michels, R., 165, 202

Mill, John Stuart, 149, 167 Miller, Delbert, 95 n.

Mind, n.

Modern Age, The, 165 if., 171

Modern Researcher, The, n., 144 n., 164 n.

Modern Science and the Nature of Life, n.

Moore, Barrington, 125

Moore, Wilbert, 95 n.

Morale, definition of, 93-4 Morris, Charles M., 33 n.

Mosca, G., 36, 202

notes on, 203-4

N

Nation-state, the, 135-6, 182 Natural science, 56 if.

Nazi Germany, 44 if., 125 Neumann, Franz, 46 n., 125 New Republic, The, 115 n.

New Social Science, The, 100 f. Newton, Isaac, 127

1984, 145, 172

Normative structure, 37, 40

O

Order, problem of, 25, 44 if.

Orwell, George, 145, 172, 189

P

Pareto, V., 152, 202, 204 Parsons, Talcott, 23, 35 if., 48, 87

quoted, -6, 27-9, 30-31, 35,

42 f.

translated, , 29, 31, 32-3, 35

People^'s Choice, The,

Permanence and Change, 215 n.

Philosopher-king, -80

Philosophies of science, 119-31

abstracted empiricism, 56 if.,

123 if.

classic social science, 120 if., 129 if.

common sense empiricism, 123-5

Grand Theory, 124 if.

Philosophy Science, n.

Physical science, 15, 89

Piece My Mind, A, n.

Political roles, 179 if., 189 Politics, 177-94

Power, definition of, 40 Practicality:

and the academic profession, 97-9

and adjustment, 90-91

and bureaucratic routines, 80 if. and conservatives, 96-7 and cultural lag, 88-90 definition of, 92

and ideological issues, 80 if. illiberal, 92, 100 f. and industry, 92-5 liberal, 23, 85-90

problems of, 76-9, 90 types of, 76-99

Prediction and control, 113 f.

Principia media, -50 Problems, definition of, 90

and values, 129-31 Propaganda, 191

Psychoanalysis, 159-60 Psychologism, 67-8

Psychology, 157-64

Public opinion, 51-3, 54 Puritan Man, The, 162

R

Rationality, 168 if.

Reason:

and freedom, 165-76

vs. rationality, 170

role of, 167 f., 192

social task of, 174

Redfield, Robert, 152

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Reichenbach, Hans, quoted, 222 Renaissance Man, The, 175 Reporter, , 217 n.

Research, 110, 117

empirical, 103 if., 210, 205-6 and theory, 65-7

Riesman, David, 139, 171 Robbins, Lionel, quoted, 80 Rogow, Arnold, quoted, 84

Role the Economist as Official

Adviser, n.

Ross, Arthur M., 95 n.

Ross, E. A., 6

Rossi, Peter H., quoted, 61 n. Rousseau, jean Jacques, 36 Ruling Class, The, 203

S

Saint-Simon, Count de, 152 Sanctions, 28 if.

Schumpeter, Joseph, 6, 139, 165, 202

Science, see Behavioral Sciences,

Natural science, Philos‑

ophies of science, Physical

science, Social science Science Machines, 16, 184 Scientific History, 156-7

Scientific Method, the, 57 f., 105, 130

Semantics, 33-4

Sexual Behavior in Human Male,

Simmel, Georg, 23, 171

Singer, H. W., quoted, 123 Slogans, 113-16, 123, 190 n. Snow, C. P., 16

Social laws, 149-50

Social science:

concerns of, 132 if., 161-4 current conceptions of, 20-21 definition of, 18 it., 19 problems in, 129-31

^'Social science movement,^' 84 Social scientist, the:

political roles of, 179 if.

as professor, 186-8

task of, 13, 184, 187

Social structure, 134, 137

Social Systm, The, 25, 27, , 33, 47 ff.

see also , Talcott

Socioloecal ima ation, the, 5 if. definition of, , 15, 19 n. , 212-17

Sociology, 80 ff., 148 if.

definition of 22, 35

Sociology in the United States of America, 43 n., 61 n. 'Soospeak' 217, 220

Sombart, W., 165

Sorel, G., 38

Speiser Herbert, 6, 22 f., 36, 61, 152 185

Spengler, Oswald, 23

Staguer Ross, 95 n.

Sta el y, Eugene, 125

State of the Social Sciences, The, n.

Statistical Ritual, The, 72

Stouffer, Samuel, 24, 53, 125 Study Interpersonal Relations, 211 n.

Sweezy, Paul, 146

Symbol spheres 36, , 46

Syntax, 33-4

T

Taine, Hippolyte, 17

Teaching, responsibilities of, 79 Tensions That Cause Wars, 123 n. , 141

Theory, 32, 65-7, , 117, 120 if. see also Grand Theory

Times, The (London), 17 Tocqueville, Alexis de, 17, 45, 47 Tunnies, F., 152

Toynbee, Arnold, 23

Tradition, sociological, 21 if. Troubles, 11 f., 128 if., 168, 172 f., 206

definition of, 8

Truman, David, 139

U

Unalienated man, 93

Uneasiness, 11 f., 19, 131, 172

U.S. Steel, 96

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Y

Vagt, Alfred, 53 Value-orientation, 25, 28, 30, 37, 40

Values, 129-31, 178

see also Evaluation

Veblen, Thorstein, 6, 165, 200, 202

quoted, 89

Verification, 125-7

Von Wiese, L., 23

Voting studies, 52, 147-8

W

Wagner Act, 97 Wallas, Graham, 171

Weber, Max, 22, 32, 36, 48, 54, 61, 125, 152, 162, 165, 202

Well-being, 11

White Collar, 202 n.

Whitman, Walt, 93, 222

Whyte, William H., 95n., 171 Wilson, Edmund, 217 n.

Writing, style in, 217-22

Y

Yeats, W. B., 29