Методичка. Англ. Часть II

МИНИСТЕРСТВО ЗДРАВООХРАНЕНИЯ РФ

ГОСУДАРСТВЕННОЕ ОБРАЗОВАТЕЛЬНОЕ УЧРЕЖДЕНИЕ ВЫСШЕГО ПРОФЕССИОНАЛЬНОГО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ

МОСКОВСКАЯ МЕДИЦИНСКАЯ АКАДЕМИЯ им. И.М. СЕЧЕНОВА

Кафедра иностранных языков

МЕТОДИЧЕСКОЕ ПОСОБИЕ

по переводу специальной литературы для студентов заочного отделения фармацевтического факультета

Часть II

АНГЛИЙСКИЙ ЯЗЫК

Москва, 2004

Методическое пособие составлено в соответствии с программой по английскому языку для студентов фармацевтических институтов и фармацевтических факультетов медицинских вузов, утвержденной в 2000 году Департаментом образовательных медицинских учреждений и кадровой политики Минздрава РФ.

Авторы-составители:

заведующая кафедрой иностранных языков, доцент

Марковина И.Ю.

доцент

Федорова Л.Н.

Максимова З.К.

© — Московская медицинская академия им. И.М. Сеченова, 2004

L E S S O N 1

Model 1

PERFECT PASSIVE

E X E R C I S E S

I. DEFINE THE PREDICATES AND TRANSLATE THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES INTO RUSSIAN:

1. The properties of all kinds of phosphorus have been well described in some scientific journals. 2. Many scientific experiments have been performed in our laboratories this year. 3. Phosphorus has been known for centuries. 4. After our experiment had been finished, the teacher asked us to describe it.

II. ANALYZE THE SENTENCES AND TRANSLATE THEM INTO RUSSIAN:

1. By the end of the first post-war five-year plan all the ruined plants had mostly been rebuilt and in 1950 the level of production was 80 per cent above the pre-war level. 2. A new chemical plant will have been built by 2010 for production of phosphorus from various plants and chemical proteins. 3. Your appetite will return as soon as you have been given a diet rich in vitamins. 4. In this laboratory special attention has been paid to experiments on analytical chemistry including inorganic and organic chemistry. 5. It has been shown in the laboratory that the action of penicillin is retarded by this preparation. 6. They will have finished their work before the laboratory assistant goes away.

PHOSPHORUS

Phosphorus is one of the most abundant elements with its content in earth’s crust about 0.12 per cent.

Phosphorus does not occur in nature in the free state and like nitrogen is contained in various proteins both of plant and animal origin.

It was found that free phosphorus had been first isolated from urine in the XVII century. Three hundred years have passed since then.

At present, it is prepared from calcium phosphate and it has several allotropic modifications.

White phosphorus results when phosphorus vapours are cooled rapidly. It is crystalline solid with a specific gravity of 1.82. When pure white phosphorus is quite colourless, the commercial product, however, is usually yellow in colour and greatly resembles wax in appearance. In the cold white phosphorus is brittle but above 15 ºC it softens and can easily be cut with a knife. It melts at 44.2ºC. If white phosphorus has been heated for a long time out of contact with air at 250 – 300 ºC, it will turn into another modification of phosphorus with a purple-red colour, which is called red phosphorus.

Red phosphorus differs greatly in properties from white. It oxidizes very slowly in the air, does not glow in the dark, ignites only at 260 ºC, does not dissolve in carbon disulphide, and is not poisonous.

Black phosphorus is formed from red phosphorus if the latter is heated to 350 ºC under several hundred atmospheres pressure.

The chief field of application of phosphorus is the manufacture of matches.

E X E R C I S E S

I.EXPLAIN THE USE OF PERFECT TENSES IN THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES AND TRANSLATE THEM INTO RUSSIAN:

1.It has been observed that metalloids are very poor conductors of heat and electricity. 2. Until recently little has been known about the properties of red phosphorus. 3. It has been discovered that hydrogen had been found in combination with carbon and hydrocarbons.

4.Before the new methods of the production of red phosphorus were discovered, the country’s needs had been met through imports from abroad.

II.FORM NOUNS FROM THE FOLLOWING VERBS:

to isolate, to result, to differ, to ignite, to produce, to warm, to apply, to separate, to resemble, to cut, to boil, to oxidize, to slow, to store, to accept, to modify, to administer, to participate, to supply, to direct, to change, to appear, to dissolve.

III.FORM ADVERBS FROM THE FOLLOWING ADJECTIVES:

rapid, slow, soft, free, especial, commercial, rough, direct, chief, similar, internal, warm, possible, like, brittle.

IV. ARRANGE THE FOLLOWING WORDS IN PAIRS OF SYNONYMS:

rapidly, store, freely, to resemble, strength, to isolate, readily, to be like, to separate, supply, production, application, to modify, matter, manufacture, to change, administration, slowly, content.

V. GIVE ANTONYMS OF THE FOLLOWING WORDS:

slowly, soft, direct, possible, internal, warm, heat, unlike, pale, to appear.

VI. DEFINE WHAT PART OF SPEECH THE UNDERLINED WORD IS AND TRANSLATE THE SENTENCES INTO RUSSIAN:

1. We must store this chemical preparation with great care. 2. Liquid ammonia has been applied for cooling store houses in refrigeration engineering. 3. Careless usage of sulphuric acid may result in systemic poisoning. 4. What is the result of this experiment? 5. Sulphuric acid like chromic acid must be used with great care. 6. I like all kinds of chemistry, but my favourite subject is inorganic chemistry. 7. The conductivity of carbon vapour is used in the electric arc. 8. When graphite is heated to the temperature of the electric arc it vaporizes without melting.

VII. TRANSLATE THE FOLLOWING GROUPS OF WORDS:

1. to dissolve, dissolvent 2. to store, storage 3. to ignite, ignition 4. vapour, vaporize, vaporizer 5. content, contents 6. to wax, wax, waxen, waxy 7. to yellow, yellow, yellowish.

VIII. ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS:

1. Where is phosphorus contained? 2. When was free phosphorus isolated for the first time? 3. What is the specific gravity of white phosphorus? 4. When does red phosphorus oxidize? 5. How is black phosphorus formed? 6. What is the chief field of application of phosphorus?

IX. TRANSLATE THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES INTO ENGLISH:

1. Фосфор не встречается в природе в свободном состоянии. 2. Установлено, что фосфор был впервые получен из мочи в XVII веке. 3. В настоящее время фосфор получают из фосфата кальция. 4. Красный фосфор сильно отличается по свойствам от белого. 5. Чёрный фосфор получают из красного, если последний нагреть до 350 °С.

X.TRANSLATE WITH A DICTIONARY:

The birthplace of digitalis

Dr. Withering practiced medicine in Shropshire, England, and it was there that he made his important studies on the foxglove. The plant has been known for centuries, but as a heart tonic, clinically evaluated, the work of Withering made it available to the medical profession in 1785. A century and a half has passed since then. During most of those years physicians and pharmacists have been troubled by the problem of producing digitalis in more stable forms.

The famous work of the research laboratories of Hoffmann-La Roche led to the development of Digalen Roche. From the clinical standpoint, this work has received great acceptance. Many clinicians consider Digalen their digitalis of choice. One reason for this preference is the firm adherence to standard potencies.

XI. TRANSLATE WITHOUT A DICTIONARY

Free phosphorus is very active. It combines directly with many simple substances, isolating a large amount of heat. Phosphorus combines most readily with oxygen, then with halogens, sulphur and many metals, forming phosphides. All these properties are especially seen in white phosphorus, red phosphorus reacts less rapidly, while black phosphorus generally enters into chemical reactions with great difficulty. White phosphorus is insoluble in water, but freely soluble in carbon disulphide. It is very poisonous, glows in the dark as the result of a slow combustion.

The element has been known for centuries. It was formerly prepared from bone ash or soft mineral phosphates. These were decomposed by hot sulphuric acid, so as to form insoluble calcium sulphate and phosphorus acid.

Practically all the phosphorus is now made in the electric furnace.

L E S S O N 2

MODEL 2

ANALYZE THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES AND TRANSLATE THEM INTO RUSSIAN:

1. Copper sulphate is a blue crystalline powder slowly efflorescent when exposed to air. 2. The addition of 1 per cent of carbon dioxide to oxygen stimulates the respiratory centre, producing deeper breathing. 3. In the south of England there is an all American complete field hospital with nine wards, an equipped kitchen, a pathologic laboratory and medical staff consisting of American volunteers. 4. A committee consisting of 5 students has been formed to hold the meeting. 5. A chemical group, called an acetyl group, is transferred from the aspirin molecule to the protein. 6. Chromic acid if not used with great care may produce poisoning.