- •Building Materials and their main characteristics
- •Введение
- •V. Put the sentences into Past и Future Simple. Use the words last, next year, month, tomorrow, yesterday. Translate them into Russian.
- •VI. Learn the new words and word combinations to the text Cement.
- •VII . Read and translate the text Cement.
- •VIII. Work in pairs. Express the same in English.
- •IX. Work in pairs. Make up sentences from the following words. Translate them into Russian:
- •X. Work in pairs. Translate the sentences into English.
- •Topic Studies at the University
- •IV. Compare Simple Active and Passive verb forms. Translate them into Russian. Give the sentences of your own. Use the phrases, given below.
- •V. Use Simple Passive in the following sentences. Translate them into Russian. Compare the results with your partner.
- •VI. Work in pairs. Translate the sentences into English in writing.
- •VII. Learn the prepositions used after the following verbs and their meanings.
- •VIII. Learn the new words and word combinations to the topic Studies at the University.
- •IX. Read and translate the topic Studies at the University.
- •X. Discuss the following questions with your partner.
- •IV. Work in pairs. Choose the correct verb form. Translate the sentences
- •Into Russian.
- •V. Change Simple verb forms into Continuous ones. Use the words now,
- •VI. Put the sentences into Past Continuous Passive. Translate them into Russian.
- •VII. Learn the new words and word combinations to the text Concrete.
- •VIII. Read and translate the text Concrete.
- •IX. Work in pairs. Say the same in English.
- •X. Work in pairs. Make up sentences from the following words:
- •XI. Translate the sentences into English in writing.
- •XII. Choose a topic about raw materials, stages in producing, concrete properties or wide application. Act the dialogue with your partner.
- •XIII. Work in pairs. Ask and answer more questions about Concrete.
- •XIV. Sum up the text about Concrete.
- •I. Review degrees of comparison of adjectives.
- •II. Form the comparative and superlative degrees from the adjectives:
- •III. Choose the right form of adjectives or adverbs.
- •IV. Read the information and entitle the text. Convert feet to metres.
- •V. Learn the new words and word compositions to the topic Building materials.
- •VI. Read and translate the topic Building materials.
- •VII. Discuss the following questions with your partner.
- •IV. Translate these sentences into Russian.
- •V. Choose the correct verb forms. Translate the sentences into Russian.
- •VI. Work in pairs. Use Perfect Passive verb forms. Translate the sentences into Russian.
- •VII. Learn the new words and word combinations to the text Plastics.
- •VIII. Read and translate the text Plastics.
- •IX. Work in pairs. Say the same in English.
- •X. Work in pairs. Make up sentences from the following words. Translate them into Russian:
- •XI. Work in pairs. Translate the sentences into English in writing.
- •XII. Choose a topic about plastics in our life, unique combination of properties, advantages or application in future. Act the dialogue with your partner.
- •XIII. Work in pairs. Ask and answer more questions about Plastics.
- •XIV. Sum up the text Plastics.
- •I. Learn the new words and word combinations to the topic My Speciality.
- •II. Read and translate the text My Speciality.
- •III. Discuss the following questions with your partner.
- •IV. Choose a topic about construction as a career, builders services in future or demand for civil engineers today. Act the dialogue with your partner.
- •V. Say the same in English.
- •Sum up the topic about Your Speciality. The texts’ review Practise your reading and translating skills.
- •I. Read and translate the following information about Cement
- •II. Say the following in English.
- •III. Give your opinion.
- •I. Read and translate the following information about Concrete
- •II. Say the following in English.
- •III. Give your opinion.
- •I. Read and translate the following information about Plastics
- •II. Say the following in English.
- •III. Give your opinion.
- •Оглавление
- •Building Materials and their main characteristics
V. Put the sentences into Past и Future Simple. Use the words last, next year, month, tomorrow, yesterday. Translate them into Russian.
a). Make the sentences negative.
b). Ask the general question. Write the answers “Yes”, “No”.
А. 1. You are late for the lecture.
2. I am very busy today.
3. He is 18 years old.
4. Your idea is very interesting.
5. I am sorry. They are not at the office at the moment.
6. Where are the keys? – In your jacket, I think.
7. He is in a regular contact with Peter.
8. What’s the time, please? – Two o’clock.
В. 1.This book has many diagrams.
2. He has good news and good luck.
3. Today they have time to go to the cinema.
4. She has a map of Great Britain.
5. Students have several exams in June.
6. I have something to tell you.
7. Peter has many interesting books on geodesy.
8. You have a reputation for business.
С. 1.There is only one interesting article in that journal.
2. There is the problem to solve.
3. There are many places to see in Moscow.
4. There is no answer to my question.
5. There are three hundred people at the meeting.
6. There are many students at the lectures.
7. There is a beautiful lake in that valley.
8. There are several good bookshops in our city.
VI. Learn the new words and word combinations to the text Cement.
cement - [si'ment] – цемент, цементировать
fine powder - ['paudə] – мелкий порошок
binding properties - ['baɪndɪŋ 'prɔpətɪz] – вяжущие свойства
raw materials - [rɔː mə'tɪərɪəlz] – сырьевые материалы
limestone - ['laɪmstəun] – известняк
chalk - [ʧɔːk] – мел
clay - [kleɪ] – глина
marl - [mɑːl] – мергель
produce -[prə'djuːs]– производить
kiln - [kɪln] - печь для обжига и сушки
mixing - ['mɪksɪŋ] – перемешивание
burning of clinkers - ['bəːnɪŋ] – обжиг клинкера
grinding - ['graɪndɪŋ] – измельчение
rotate - [rəu'teɪt] – вращаться
slurry - ['slʌrɪ] – шлам
slide down - [slaɪd] – скользить вниз
take place – происходить
constituent - [kən'stɪtjuənt] – составная часть
mortar - ['mɔːtə] – раствор
concrete - ['kɔŋkriːt] – бетон
housing - ['hauzɪŋ] – жилищное строительство
setting time – время схватывания
shrink – подвергаться усадке
cracking – образование трещин
water – cement ratio – водоцементное отношение
VII . Read and translate the text Cement.
Cement is a fine powder. It has good binding properties. Cement is usually of grey colour. There are also white and coloured cements. Cement is made of different materials. The materials for cement are: limestone, chalk, marl and clay. Those are raw materials.
There are three stages in producing cement. They are: 1) grinding and mixing the raw materials, 2) burning of clinkers, 3) grinding of clinkers. There are special kilns for burning clinkers. The temperature of the kilns is high. The kiln rotates slowly as the slurry slides down to its lower end. During the burning chemical combination takes place between the constituents, and cement clinkers come out of the kiln. A special machine makes powder from them.
Clinker composition depends on the nature of the raw materials, the proportioning, the process (wet or dry), the plant equipment and laboratory control.
The main cement types used in construction are:
Fire Cement – огнеупорный цемент
Hydraulic Cement – гидравлический цемент
Normal Portland Cement – обычный портландцемент
Special Cement – быстротвердеющий цемент
The main differences between cements are in setting time, mineralogical composition, resistance to chemical attack and colour. All cements shrink during setting. So shrinkage is one of the main characteristics of cements. It leads to much cracking in buildings and depends on water-cement ratio. The smaller the amount of water the less shrinkage will be.
Cement is widely used in all types of construction: industrial, housing, agricultural 1) for binding panels, stones, bricks and 2) for producing mortars and concretes.
Cement is the key ingredient of concrete and a key ingredient of the world’s
infrastructure.