Учебное пособие 1715

Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation

Ministry of Science and Higher Education

of the Russian Federation

Scientific Journal

“MODERN LINGUISTIC AND

METHODICAL-AND-DIDACTIC RESEARCHES”

Voronezh State Technical University

The journal has been publishing since 2012

Issue 2 (29), 2020

Zabrodina I.K., Gutareva N.Ju. Formation of terminological neologisms in the petroleum engineering sphere in the modern English Language: target setting and ethymological analysis 34

Khlopova A.I. Content of the basic value Glück / Happiness in the German linguistic culture.. 43

INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION

Kravtsov S.M., Chernossitova T.L., Maximets S.V. Metabola creation ways in a translingual

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Introductory Remarks by Editor-in-chief of the Scientific Journal

«Modern Linguistic and Methodical-and-Didactic Researches»

Issue 2 (29) of the scientific journal contains the following sections:

“Linguistics”, “Methods and Didactics”, “International Communication”, “Theory and Practice of Translation”. The second issue of the twenty ninth series contains 12 articles.

This issue 2 (29), 2020 of the journal offers our honorable readers to get a keen insight into the most recent and relevant theoretical and practical findings, to get a view of results and prospects of scientific research in the

field of linguistics, methods and didactics of the foreign language teaching, intercultural communication, the problems of theory and practice of translation studied not only as a process but also as a result. The articles included in this issue of the journal contribute to approach the scientific truth - that is a paramount task of any linguist.

The first article of the “Linguistics” section analyses various ways of word formation of pseudo-borrowings in contemporary German literature (by Yu.V. Kobenko, N.A. Karpova, E.S. Riabova). The second article of the section describes sociological features of language sign transformation (by O.G. Nekhaeva). The next article of the section outlines the investigation of terminology of neologisms (by I.K. Zabrodina and N.Ju. Gutareva). The section “Linguistics” is finalized by the article about language-and-cultural value of the concept Glück / Счастье

(by A.I. Khlopova). The next section “Methods and Didactics” contains three articles concerning the different aspects of education. The article concerning preschool education describes linguistic and pragmatic peculiarities of the lexeme invitation in a discourse (by I.V. Kozhukhova). The subject matter of the next article of the section is issue of professional development in the system of continuing language education for the teachers of special nonlinguistic disciplines (by G.A. Krasnoshchekova). The section “Intercultural Communication” includes two articles. The first one is devoted to linguistic analysis of a rare stylistic method, having no exact definition in linguistics, as metabola in translingual texts of fiction (by S.M. Kravtsov, T.L. Chernossitova, S.V. Maximets). The second article presents the analysis of the zoomorphic code of culture «Bear» in the aphorisms and idioms (by N. Ghezaili). The third article concerns the role of charactonyms in the onomastic space in literary works (by S.Yu. Kapkova, E.N. Miroshnichenko, V.P. Frolova). The last section of the journal “Theory and Practice of Translation” outlines the issue of hidden advertising posts in English Instagram (by Е.А. Yukhmina, N.V. Obvintseva, V.K. Tsisar), transformations in translation of cinema texts (by L.A. Borbotko), forms and functions of foreign exotic lexis in the tourist website texts (by E.I. Abramova).

The Linguistic Section introduces the article of Doctor of Philology, Professor Yuriy V. Kobenko, PhD of Philology, Associate Professor Nataliya A. Karpova (National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University), PhD of Philology, Associate Professor Elena S. Riabova (Samara National Research University named after Academician S.P. Korolev) on segments of pseudo-borrowings in contemporary literary German. A class of lexical units, having features of assimilation, hybridization, deethymologization, formed under the influence of the French and English language. The class of pseudo-borrowings is represented by seven segments, the main of which are pseudo-Gallic and pseudo-English where nouns mainly dominate. The prevailing models of word-formation of pseudo-borrowings are suffixation and word-formation. The promising analysis of language confusion is carried out that proves the number of obtained conclusions about the hybridization of lexical units of different language cultures.

The second article of the section by PhD of Philology, Associated Professor Olga G. Nekhaeva (Voronezh State Technical University) investigates different variants of language

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signs transformations (sign-icon, sign-symbol and others) considering the inner form of word. Special attention is paid to the jargon language where the motivated signs are used as symbols understood only by special social group. The conclusion of the author is verified and may be supported by the results of other researches.

The article of PhD of Pedagogy, Associate Professor Irina K. Zabrodina (Tomsk State University of Architecture and Building) in co-authorship with PhD of Philology, Associate Professor Nadezhda Ju. Gutareva (Tomsk Polytechnic University) analyses the methods of terminological neologisms forming in the English language in the scientific articles of the oil and gas industry. The authors specify the principles of the neologisms` etymology, determine the conditions and goals of their creation and the sphere of their use.

The final article of the section “Linguistics” of PhD of Philology, Associate Professor Anna I. Khlopova (Moscow State Linguistic University) is concerned with the significance of the concept Glück / Счастье. The author analyses dynamic aspect of lexical vocabulary items and based on the results of experiment comes to conclusion that the dynamics of the basic value is seen in phraseological units, that one must agree, and proves the idea about associative character of ‘fragility of happiness’ in the German linguistic culture, that presupposes the prospects of cultural comparative studies of the concept Glück / Счастье on the material of other languages.

The next article of the section “Methods and Didactics” by PhD of Philology, Associate Professor Irina V. Kozhukhova (Chelyabinsk State University) outlines the stages of the formation of the lexeme “invitation” with the study of the productive forms of communicative behavior of the preschool children by means of completion test. The author analyses the changes in the communicative behavior and points out their refusal of using invitations in speech and transference of this initiative to adults. This analysis will be useful for the specialists on psycholinguistics. The final article by PhD of Philology, Professor Galina A. Krasnoshchekova (Southern Federal University) of the section is focused on several aspects of professional training for the University staff teaching a professionally oriented foreign language. The author offers the model of organization of courses taking into consideration the different rational approaches to teaching. The article is useful for the specialists beginning their career of the pro- fessionally-oriented foreign language teaching.

The section «Intercultural communication» is opened with a collective article by Doctor of Philology, Professor Sergey M. Kravtsov (Southern Federal University), PhD of Sociology, Associate Professor Tatyana L. Chernositova and PhD of Philology, Associate Professor Sergey V. Maksimets (Don State Technical University), which discusses how to create a metabola in a French translingual literary text. Transferring meaning of the realias of a culture into another one and their correct interpretation is a rather complicated process, especially when it comes to a pair of languages belonging to different families. Based on their understanding of metabola, the authors believe that this is one of the techniques (trope) that contributes to the formation at a reader of new linguocultural knowledge, realized through the description and transliteration in the texts of writers-translinguists. The translingual literary text bears the footprint of a bicultural status, markers of another culture.

The article of the Doctor of Philology, Professor N. Ghezaili (Algiers University 2 named after Abu Elkassem Saad Allah) presents the research of the zoomorphic code of culture "Bear" in the idioms and aphorisms in the Russian language, conducted within the scope of communi- cative-and-pragmatic linguistics. The author reveals pragmatic value of the idioms and aphorisms verbalizing the image of the “bear”. The author determines national-and-cultural features of the idioms and aphorisms with the zoonym bear, their pragmatic function, features of the connotation of the image of bear for the representative of the Russian culture are pointed out.

In the final article of the section "Intercultural Communication" by PhD of Philology, Associate Professor Svetlana Yu. Kapkova (Voronezh State Pedagogical University), PhD of Pedagogy, Associate Professor Elena N. Miroshnichenko and PhD of Philology, Associate Profes-

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sor Vera P. Frolova (Voronezh State University of Engineering Technologies) the authors analyze the names and surnames that have become common nouns. After conducting an etymological analysis of the role of the charactonyms of the work of art according to 12 gender criteria, the authors created an onomastic classification of charactonyms and surnames in the novels of J.K. Rolling about Harry Potter.

The final section of the journal «Theory and Practice of Translation» contains three articles. The article by PhD of Philology, Associate Professor Elena A. Yukhmina (Chelyabinsk State University), PhD of Philology, Associate Professor Nadezhda V. Obvintseva (Ural Federal University) and student of the Faculty of Linguistics and Translation Viktoria K. Tsisar (Chelyabinsk State University) analyzes the features of the representation and translation of hidden advertising posts in the English-language Instagram. When creating their qualification, the authors distinguish a number of lexical and lexical-and-grammatical transformations. The specific emotive marking of the posts is noted, as well as the use of paralinguistic means in order to create expressiveness to achieve a communicative goal. In the next article by PhD of Philology, Associate Professor Liudmila A. Borbotko (Moscow City University) the author analyzes the translation texts of cinema discourse with the identification of types of transformations. The original cinema text undergoes significant changes in the process of translation, in fact, a new secondary text is created, and extralinguistic factors play an important role, taking into account the importance of documentary demonstration of the movie author intention. Undoubtedly, such films require special attention to them, since they have a strong pragmatic effect on the viewer. The final article of the section by PhD of Philology, Associate Professor Elena I. Abramova (Moscow State Regional University) turns to the study of vocabulary of tourist sites, which as a rule serve to attract potential tourists. Studying foreign inclusions and exotic vocabulary, the author comes to the conclusion that they are used for marketing purposes and advertise the local charm and attractiveness of places of interest by applying special lexical units and graphics.

The scientific overview is presented by two publications. The first one is by Doctor of Philology, Professor of the Southern Federal University Sergey M. Kravtsov about the fifth allRussian summer school of French language teachers, organized in Rostov-on-Don by the French Institute and the Embassy of France, based on the Southern Federal University with the participation of the French Alliance of the Rostov region. The second publication of the section is by PhD of Philology, Associate Professor Lyudmila V. Lukina (Voronezh State Technical University) and by Doctor of Philology, Professor Marina A. Sternina (the Voronezh State University) about international scientific-and-practical conference “Linguistic Education: Traditions and Modern Time”, held 12-13 December, 2019, in the National Research University

“High School of Economics” to the memory of Doctor of Pedagogy, Head of the Foreign Languages Department of the High School of Economics, Professor Elena N. Solovova.

The current issue of the Journal publishes relevant works of domestic scientists working in 14 Russian universities: Moscow city (Moscow State Linguistic University, Moscow City Pedagogical University, Moscow State Regional University), Samara (Samara National Research University named after S.P. Korolev), Rostov-on-Don (Rostov Federal University, Don State Technical University), Tomsk (Tomsk National Research University, Tomsk State University of Architecture and Building, Tomsk Polytechnic University), Chelyabinsk (Chelyabinsk State University), Voronezh (Voronezh State Pedagogical University, Voronezh State Technical University, Voronezh State University of Engineering Technology). The list of the authors from Russian Universities whose works are included in the issue is completed with the article of the scientist from University of Algiers (Algiers University 2 named after Abu Elkassem Saad Allah).

We believe that this issue of the Journal № 2 (29), 2020 will be interesting and useful for a wide number of specialists, taking into consideration a wide thematic range of the presented articles. We invite domestic and foreign scientists (post-graduate students, applicants, PhDs and

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Doctors of sciences, specialists) to publish the results of their researches in the following issues of our journal.

Editor-in-chief of the Scientific Journal “Modern linguistic and methodical-and-didactic researches” of Voronezh State Technical University, Doctor of Philology, Associate Professor, Head of the chair of foreign languages and translation technology

Valery A. Fedorov

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LINGUISTICS

UDC 811.112.2ʼ272ʼ373.45ʼ06

SEGMENTS OF PSEUDO-BORROWINGS

IN CONTEMPORARY LITERARY GERMAN: HISTORIC, SOCIOLINGUISTIC,

SYSTEMIC AND FUNCTIONAL ASPECTS

Yu.V. Kobenko, N.A. Karpova, E.S. Riabova

National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University DSc, Professor of the Division for Foreign Languages Yuriy Viktorovich Kobenko

e-mail: serpentis@list.ru

National Research Tomsk State University

PhD, Associate Professor of the Department of English Philology Nataliya Aleksandrovna Karpova

e-mail: nataliyak@mail.ru

Samara National Research University

Ph.D., Associate Professor of the Department of Foreign Languages and Russian as the Second Language

Elena Sergeevna Riabova e-mail: es.ryabova@mail.ru

Statement of the problem. In the system of the modern German literary language, a class of lexical units has been formed and it is traditionally denoted by pseudo-borrowings, though it is absent synchronously in donor languages. These lexical units were obtained using various ways of word formation in the recipient language from the morphological material of borrowed layers of vocabulary.

Results. The vocabulary class of pseudo-borrowings in the indicated language is represented by seven etymologically heterogeneous segments: (94), pseudo-Anglicisms (57), pseudo-Helvetisms (4), pseudo-Italianisms (9), pseudo-Latinisms (14), pseudo-Greekisms (2) and pseudo-Slavisms (5). Among the 185 fixed lexical units, the most extensive is the class of nouns (145; 78.37%); the smallest is the class of interjections (2; 1.08%). According to the onomatological (subject-thematic) feature, the dominant groups are naming units of clothes and fabric, terms from the fields of technology and sports, finance and gastronomy. The main segments are (94; 50.81%) and pseu- do-English (57; 30.81%), due to their prevalence of Galloand, accordingly, Anglo-German language contacts duration. The leading ways of word formation of pseudo-borrowings in the composition of the modern German literary language are synchronously lexical ones with prevailing models of suffixation (129; 69.72%) and word composition (31; 16.75%). The analysis did not involve onymic units (pragmatonyms, finonyms, artonyms, etc.), as well as former pseudo-borrowings, i.e. units gaining prototype words during the development of the donor language vocabulary (die Parfümerie).

Conclusion. Pseudo-borrowings are an expression of inequivalent language confusion and a tendency toward hybridization, which is common to all modern literary languages. Extralinguistic determinism is the main feature of these units that should be described using the term “aposterioric derivatives” as it tends to be terminologically more correct. Segments were formed under the influence of more prestigious languages (French, English) and stable language contacts, which are the main condition for posterior derivation. The status of the latter in a series of lexical phenomena of the modern German literary language is not fully defined and borders on such phenomena as assimilation, hybridization and de-etymologization.

Key words: contemporary literary German, pseudo-borrowing, aposterioric derivation, word formation model, lexical class, vocabulary segment, extralinguistic determinism, etymology.

For citation: Kobenko Yu.V., Karpova N.A., Riabova E.S. Segments of pseudo-borrowingsin contemporary literary German: historic, sociolinguistic, systemic and functional aspects / Yu.V. Kobenko, N.A. Karpova, E.S. Riabova // Scientific Journal “Modern Linguistic and Methodical-and-didactic Researches”. – 2020. - № 2 (29). – P. 10 - 23.

_____________________________________________

© Kobenko Yu.V., Karpova N.A., Riabova E.S., 2020

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Introduction.

German literary language is a highly heterogeneous structure, the system of which has been developing for more than one and a half thousand years under the conditions of borrowing resources of more prestigious languages. It should be noted that no terminological designation of such languages in historical linguistics and its branch – contact linguistics has been worked out. Earlier we suggested to define them as «standard languages» [1, p. 28, 34], but when translated into German the term comes across deceptive cognates «Standardsprache» and «Kultursprache», traditionally used in the western German studies as synonyms for the term «Schriftsprache». Clarification of these terms, caused by historical and resource heterogeneity of the German language, on the one hand, and by the absence of a solitary theory of literary language, on the other hand, was the catalyst for a major debate on the status of the German language in European Germanist circles in the last quarter of the 20th century. One of the most interesting interpretations of its status, taking into account the historical transformations that have taken place, should be recognized R. Muller's point of view on the existence of «a certain national language, evolving in the territory of German-speaking countries» [2, p. 425–434], which eloquently confirms the predominance of functional aspects in German linguistics over systemic ones in describing the history and evolution of the German language. In this paper, we follow the national linguistics term "literary language", defined by a number of differential features: 1) processing (selectivity), 2) polyfunctionality (polyvalence), 3) a tendency to regulation, 4) homogeneity, 5) over-dialecting [3, p. 5]. The homogeneity of the literary German language which is pointed by the soviet classics of German studies is not to be taken as a contradiction to the aforementioned resource heterogeneity, but rather as an argument in favor of the supradialectality and supra-regionality of the language, to which he is obliged by M. Luther's normative activity. The resource heterogeneity, agreed upon by a number of German and Russian Germanists, should be recognized, apparently, as its sixth differential features that allows to distinguish in its system not only its own and borrowed resources, but also to segment the borrowings by taking into account its etymological cognate.

Blending the research vocabulary of contact linguistics and etymology has led to the need to clarify the terms «donor language» и «standard-language» and their separation from the terms «source language» and «interlanguage». Contactual antinomy «donor language vs. recipient language» is only used in the context of a specific language situation where there is a nonequivalent mix of languages and status heterogeneity of contact idioms, one of which functions as a rule as an exoglossic idiom (metalect), cf. (American) English in the language situation in Germany since 1945 including so-called "zero years" till the founding of Republic.The term «source language» means a language that completes a retrospective analysis of the etymology.

For instance Arabic is the «source language» for the borrowing «der Admiral» while French is an «auxiliary language» that brings the word into German. A standard language can be any donor or interlanguage that has been serving for a certain period of time, often exceeding even the formation of a literary language, as a model for the creation and development of new vocabulary resources.

Standard languages, which during their history more or less intensively (wavely or disperse) served for the literary German language as the communication tools donor languages, had left in its system traces such as relatively isolated adstrata that form a kind of historical layer language variant – historialects: Latin adstratum as an imprint of the Golden and Silver period of Latinization, Gallic adstratum as that one of the near millennial Gallization, English as an heritage of Anglization and a later Americanization of the vocabulary of the German literary language. This finding corresponds to the conclusions of N.V. Vasilyeva: «different periods of time are marked by the different types of (phonetic) motivation: «Roman» names that call for pleasant associations with old borrowings like espresso; «Latin» (cf. Hexal), associate with science; during the Third Reich, there was a trend towards pseudolatinisms, which were associated with science, as wartime and dominant propaganda did not allow other positive as-

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sociations (e.g. with luxury or exoticism)» [4, p. 179]. Of course, the division of these layers is relative: it is better to state that borrowed resources form vocabulary layers, in the process of aggregation of which the vocabulary and expressive possibilities of the German literary language system are improving, cf. lexical unit «die Disponibilität», resulting from the complexity of the borrowed material: Latin → French → German.

Research methodology.

The object of this study are units formed from the vocabulary of donor languages but unknown for the native speakers at least in their dictionary meaning. Unfortunately in the recent works of both Russian and foreign German researchers a tradition of treating such units merely in a typological way has developed. They are described as a phenomenon that is juxtaposed and equivalent to the borrowings, as reflected in their denomination - "pseudo borrowings". It should be pointed out that the main difference between pseudo borrowings and ordinary borrowed lexical units is that pseudo borrowings are formed, they are not borrowed from a donor language [5, p. 33], which clearly establishes their genesis for word formation. In this regard, the term "a posterior derivatives" should be recognized as more appropriate in terminological sense, highlighting their secondary nature to the borrowing itself. In the linguistics the term posterior (Lat. a posteriori – late, secondary) designate formations from already borrowed material with a broken principle of reversibility, i.e. the impossibility of establishing either synchronously or diachronically such correlations in the donor language [6, p. 57]. Like any other new formations, pseudo borrowings are not devoid of extra-linguistic determinism but they are apparently the most influenced units in this case. As the main extralinguistic feature of the units under study tends to be the manipulative nature of their formation derived from the undeniable prestige of the standard language for speakers of the recipient language. The high standard language status leads to the situation of no choice left and causes the conscious and forced manipulation with borrowed resources. The linguistic situation in which the recipient language is, so to say, "in the shadow" of the donor language and is neologized mainly through its resources, in sociolinguistics is commonly referred to as exoglossal [1, p. 8]. Thus, the subject of the study are extraand intralinguistic features of pseudo borrowings in the modern German literary language.

Objective of this paper is the diverse (extraand intralinguistic) description of the lexical system class of the abovementioned language – the pseudo-borrowings represented by seven heterogenous units morphologically derived from the material of certain vocabulary adstrata: pseudo-Gallicisms, pseudo-Anglicisms, pseudo-Helvetisms, pseudo-Italianisms, pseudoLatinisms, pseudo-Greekisms, pseudo-Slavisms. It is reasonable to highlight that the locus of such units in the system of the German literary language can be further clarified, supported by quantitative data of a larger onomatological vocabulary composition study. Extralinguistic aspects of the description are historical and sociolinguistic ones, as intralinguistic – systemic and functional ones. Systemic aspects include onomatological (subject-thematic), part-of-speech and word-forming, functional – stylistic. The system and function are opposed in this paper in the Baudouin sense: as compositional and combinatorial properties of vocabulary sets elements.

The actual corpus of the research material includes samples of the synchronous literary German language selected from the electronic and printed journalistic texts for the period 20002020 (temporal boundaries of contamporeinity), lexicographical data (Duden Universalwörterbuch, DWDS electronic card file, electronic dictionary Urban Dictionary and Le Grand Robert de la Langue Française corpora to exclude the reversibility principle) as well as publications of the leading researchers in the field of borrowing in the German literary language (H.Baeskow, T. Gruber, P.Katelhön, D.Schümer, L.A. Mitrofanova, G. Kalivada and other). The selected material is in no way exhaustive, mainly of empirical value, and the data obtained may vary according to trends in neologization and archaization of the German literary vocabulary system.

The actual corpus of the research material includes 26 pairs of causative verbs in modern German in the amount of 52 lexical units selected and semantically conjugated empirically. Et-

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ymological analysis was conducted using the universal explanatory dictionary of the German language “Duden. Universalwörterbuch” (2015) and the lemmatical articles of the DWDS electronic card file (Das Wortauskunftssystem zur deutschen Sprache in Geschichte und Gegenwart) of the Berlin-Brandenburg Academy of Science (Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften).

In the work the corpus of public and private scientific methods is used, which provides reproducibility and reliability of the received data. General scientific methods are methods of logic (synthesis, analysis, generalization, concretization, analogy, comparison, etc.), statistics (grouping method, dialectical method); private scientific (linguistic) methods include: compara- tive-historical, oppositional, descriptive, formal-grammatical and traditional complex methods, method of component analysis and direct components. As mentioned above, the phenomenon of pseudo borrowings cannot be fully interpreted without taking into account extralinguistic factors, and therefore, for the sake of completeness of the analysis it is advisable to combine intraand extra-linguistic textures of the object of research. The enlarged (intra-extralinguistic) approach provides an opportunity for the holistic description of the phenomenon under consideration and serves as a guarantee of fixation of its dynamic properties in the diachronic perspective. Specific approaches of mainly intralinguistic specialization are: systemic-structural, which permits to present the selected class as a set of onomasiologically connected elements, which connection is understood through their belonging to a certain historical and cultural (ex- tra-linguistic) formation, and system-functional, in which the system of connected elements is interpreted in its historical (synchronous-diachronistic) functioning.

The results of the research.

In the linguistics the term «class» is traditionally assigned to grammar. Thus in «The dictionary of linguistic terms» T.V. Zherebilo the grammar class will be interpreted as «a set of lexemes united by common grammatical meaning, morphological (systems of word change and word formation) and syntactic features (preferential distribution)» [1**, p. 80]. The vocabulary classes have not only own word-formation, but also semiotic, semantic and etymological regularities. In onomatology, one of the lexicology section for instance as class (subclass) is considered a group of onyms, signifying a particular genus or kind of surrounding reality (plants, stars, settlements and so on) [7, p. 13]. Therefore, from the point of view of lexicology, a class can be understood as a community of vocabulary elements united by one lexico-semantic feature. But to allocate the whole class of the lexical units from the borrowed layer as for instance part of speech or an onyms group connected by the common denotation is only possible if they are endowed with a common lexical or grammatical feature, and the etymological criterion here should obviously be of secondary importance. Such a feature in this case is a posteriori derivation of an allocated set of lexical units it means that the grammatical (word-formative) aspect of the synthesis of units of a given class is the main one. Secondly the class of pseudo borrowings is divided into segments according to the etymological belonging of units to a certain adstratum (borrowed vocabulary layer).

Segment division of the vocabulary a procedure of analysis carried out on specific differential principles that enables the stratification of heterogeneous and heterochronically formed layers of vocabulary. Language Vocabulary Segmentation is a procedure of analysis carried out on specific differential bases that allows to stratify heterogeneous and heterochronically formed layers of vocabulary. Often segmentation is limited to a set of introspective bases, applied without taking into account extra-linguistic data on the formation of vocabulary sets and their components. Since segments of pseudo borrowings in the German literary language cannot be distinguished on the basis of the etymological commonality of elements that have never been borrowed, a more acceptable denomination would be "word formation segments".

The etymological segmentation of the vocabulary class of pseudo borrowings within the German literary language is significantly hampered by the above mentioned hybridity of its system units. Thus, for example, a pseudo-borrowing "die Humoreske" (a small humorous sto-

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