Учебное пособие 1715

UDC 811.111:622

FORMATION OF TERMINOLOGICAL NEOLOGISMS IN THE PETROLEUM ENGINEERING SPHERE IN THE MODERN ENGLISH LANGUAGE:

TARGET SETTING AND ETHYMOLOGICAL ANALYSIS

I.K. Zabrodina, N.Ju. Gutareva

____________________________________________________________________________

Tomsk State University of Architecture and Building, Department of Foreign Languages,

PhD in Pedagogy, Associate Professor Irina K. Zabrodina

e-mail: zabrodina_irina_tgasu@mail.ru

Tomsk Polytechnic University Division for Foreign Languages,

PhD in Philology, Associate Professor Nadezhda Ju. Gutareva

e-mail: gutareva@tpu.ru

____________________________________________________________________________

Problem statement. The article analyses the issue of the etymology and the definition of neologisms, and with them of terminological neologisms in the field of oil and gas industry and shows the results of our study in which their etymology is determined. The tasks of the study include the analysis of the principles of the etymology of terminological neologisms in the English language, as well as the systematization of the identified terminological neologisms in scientific articles of the oil and gas sphere according to their derivational models with the identification of the frequency of the etymological principles presented in the article. The main problems lie in the identification of terminological neologisms in a large volume of scientific and technical literature in the field of oil and gas production, as well as in the definition of their derivational models.

Research results. The article shows the results of a study in which the etymology of terminological neologisms is defined: 1) lexical and word-building neologisms (neo-lexemes), 2) lexical-semantic (neo-semes), 3) borrowings. The authors determined the conditions for the creation of the analyzed terminological neologisms (anonymous or individually-copyrighted) and the goals of creating the analyzed terminological neologisms (stylistic and nominative).

Conclusion. In the framework of the study, the authors came to the conclusion that the methods for the formation of new terms, such as abbreviation, compounding, borrowing, conversion and affixation, are found in the scientific and technical literature in the field of environmental management, namely in relevant scientific articles of the Scopus scientometric database.

Key words: etymology, neology, word formation, terminological neologisms, environmental management, neolexemes, neo-semes, borrowings.

For citation: Zabrodina I.K., Gutareva N.Ju. Formation of terminological neologisms in the petroleum engineering sphere in the modern English language: target setting and ethymological analysis / I.K. Zabrodina, N.Ju. Gutareva // Scientific Journal “Modern Linguistic and Methodical-and-didactic Researches”. – 2020. - № 2 (29). – P. 34 - 42.

Introduction.

In the lexical dictionary of world`s languages words can be observed in which the connection of form with their meaning is incomprehensible even to native speakers, and their structure can often not be logically explained on the basis of word-formation models operating in the modern language. Deep word changes obscure the primary form and meaning of the word [1].

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© Zabrodina I.K., Gutareva N.Ju., 2020

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The purpose of the etymological analysis of a word is to determine in what cases, in which language, according to which word-formation model and with what meaning a word has arisen, and also to identify which changes the meaning of this word has undergone.

Before analyzing the principles of the etymology of terminological neologisms of the English language, the origins of this branch of lexicology should be considered. The word neology appeared at the end of the 18th century, and as the term firstly it was used by a French lexicographer Louis-Sebastian Mercier. Since then until now, neology has been an industry in linguistics that studies new “lexical units that appeared in the language at a certain period of development” [2, p.243].

The sphere of interests of scientists engaged in the science of neology includes all new words that replenish the lexical stock of the language. They consider the etymology of each word, the way it is formed. Thus, neology as a science is engaged in the study of neologisms. Neology research was also carried out by: A. Darmsteter, V.Z. Kotelova, I.R. Halperin, A.M. Taylor, R. Zandworth, M. Reifer. After analysing the definitions of neologisms of the above scholars, we will use the following in the study: neologisms are “words, meanings of words or combinations of words that appeared in a certain period in a language or used once in a text or speech” [3, p.25]. In connection with the development of science, technology, industry in the vocabulary of languages, both Russian and English, there are changes that are expressed in the emergence of new words and phrases. Innovative technologies “provided beneficial sources of new terminological units” [4, p.111], of the so-called terminological neologisms.

Such industry, as the petroleum engineering, is characterized by the maximum number of neologisms, since the world is moving from technically obsolete to modernized methods of gas and oil production [5]. This process is due to the need to introduce modern technologies and conduct activities to reduce production costs. As a result, licensing authorities constantly issue patents for the most advanced equipment. To designate this equipment and its parts, terminological neologisms are required.

Methodology of the research.

The rationale of this work is due to the need to study the new vocabulary of the English language, which reflects the lexical stock of the language due to such phenomena as: computerization, globalization in all areas of the scientific and technical sectors, and especially in the field of the petroleum engineering. With the introduction of new technologies, new concepts are introduced, and during these periods of social development, questions about language changes become the most significant, since these changes are indicators of production transformations. This is the novelty of the study, since scientific and technical terminology is a dynamically developing part of the lexico-semantic system of language.

The research subject is the new terminological neologisms in the sphere of nature management, used in scientific articles of the scientometric database Scopus. The study object is not the entire basic system of terms for oil and gas production, but 350 terminological units, some of them are not included in language for specific purposes dictionaries. The study material was a list of environmental management terms in the English language compiled by a continuous sample of specialized scientific English-language journals of the scientometric database Scopus.

Purpose of the research is to conduct an etymological analysis of terminological neologisms in the field of environmental management in modern English based on the scientific and technical literature of the oil and gas industry.

In accordance with the purpose, it was necessary to solve the following issues:

1.Describing the principles of the etymology of terminological neologisms of the English language;

2.Analysing the scientific and technical literature on environmental management (relevant scientific articles of the scientometric database Scopus) for the presence of terminological neologisms in it;

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3. Systematizing the identified terminological neologisms in scientific articles in the field of oil and gas according to their derivational models with the identification of the frequency of etymological principles.

Research material is presented by specialized scientific articles in the field of oil production and refining, published in the journals of the scientometric database Scopus: Geothermal Energy[1*], Nature Communications [2*], Science of the Total Environment [3*], IOP Conference Series [4*], Resources Policy [5*], Journal of Eurasian Studies [6*], Computation and Language [7*], Hydrology and Earth System Sciences [8*].

Results of the research.

The development of the language vocabulary, including English, occurs by means of word formation, the introduction of new words. The etymology of neologisms in the English language occurs in several ways: 1) lexical and word-building neologisms (neo-lexemes), 2) lexical-semantic (neo-semes), 3) borrowings [6, p.5]. Lexical neologisms are created according to the models of productive word formation. Semantic neologisms arise from the assignment of new meanings to existing words. Neologisms are also distinguished depending on the conditions of their creation: anonymous, i.e. the occurrence of which is not associated with the name of the creator, and individually copyright [7], i.e. neologisms introduced into use by specific people.

In relation to language, neologisms can be linguistic, which are used in speech with meanings assigned to them, and occasional, which are used in a certain context only once, often in oral speech and involuntarily. This is their difference from other types of neologisms. For the purpose of creating neologisms can be divided into stylistic and nominative [8].

Nominative terminological neologisms directly entitle concepts and perform a nominative function in language [8]. The emergence of nominative neologisms is caused by the need to name a new subject, phenomenon, scientific discovery. New concepts cannot exist without a name, although the simultaneous emergence of “competing names (for instance, a cosmonaut - an astronaut) ...” [8, p.213], one of which replaces the other over time, is possible. Nominative neologisms include highly specialized terms that are stylistically neutral in an emotionally expressive sense [8]. To illustrate the etymological analysis, several indicative terminological neologisms related to the oil and gas industry were selected in accordance with the given classification.

1. Neo-lexemes include terminological neologisms formed by affixation, compounding and abbreviation [6, p.6].

a) When attaching various affixes to the root of a word, affixation serves as a way for new words to appear. In neologisms, the most common affixes are suffixes and prefixes [8]. In modern English, word-formation models of nouns with suffixes can be distinguished:

-ian (w i n d t u r b i n e t e c h n i c i a n – wind power equipment specialist) [4**].

Despite the fact that a t e c h n i c i a n is not a new word in the English language, but in this phrase denoting a new and relevant profession, it represents a terminological neologism.

-ist (A l q u i s t – authors` translation: s o c i o b o t used in the oil and gas industry). -ing (c r y s t a l l i z i n g d i sh) [4**].

-er (d r i l l e r ) [1**].

Nouns with semi-suffixes can be also distinguished:

-aholic (salt-aholic– dependent on the need to sprinkle salt on the roads in the fields (the authors performed a descriptive translation, since it is not available in the public print and online dictionaries).

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Scientific Journal “Modern Linguistic and Methodical-and-Didactic Researches” Issue 2 (29), 2020 ISSN 2587-8093

-gate (C o r r u g a t e d P l a t e S e p a r a t o r [4**]).

Within the framework of studies, adjective models with suffixes were identified:

-iferous (p e t r o l i f e r o u s a r e a )[1**].

-able (t r a d a b l e e n v i r o n m e n t a l p e r m i t ) [4**]. -y (s h a l y ) [1**].

The most productive prefixes in the analyzed sources are as follows:

de- (d e l i n k o i l r e v e n u e t r a n s f e r s ) [4**]. non- (n o n - o i l a c t i v i t i e s )[4**].

re- (p e t r o l e u m r e f i n i n g )[1**].

anti- (a n t i c l i n a l ) [1**]. Semi-prefix words:

tele- (t e l e - w e l d i n g – innovative welding method (authors` translation)). auto- (a u t o c o r r e l a t i o n ) [1**].

In this paper we analyse the following terminological neologism formed by the affixation model with a semi-prefix in more detail.

T h e r m o c o u p l e [3**] – it is an electric device designed to measure temperature, consisting of two thermoelectrodes made of different metals, connected at the ends [9]. The term thermocouple is formed by affixation. The prefix thermoin complex words means warm [4 **]. The noun is built as follows: t h e r m o + c o u p l e = t h e r m o c o u p l e .

By the method of formation, this terminological neologism is a lexical neologism, since it was created according to a productive model, calling the process, which relates it to anonymous neologisms. This neologism was created with the aim of naming the process in the oil and gas industry, therefore it is a nominative neologism used in technical fields, including the oil and gas industry, it is a linguistic neologism.

b) The word formation process, which can be traced in all eras of the existence of the English language, is the compounding. As a rule, in this phenomenon, complex words are formed by juxtaposition the basics of simple words:

l a y e r - c a k e g e o m e t r y [3**].

c) A characteristic feature of the abbreviation (abbreviation of words) is that it acts only in nouns. Syllabic abbreviations, in which one or two syllables from one or several words are remained, can often be the main type of abbreviations. There are also abbreviations - compound words, which are the adhesion of two abbreviations or one abbreviation with a full compound word. An example of such a method of formation can be the military term:

p a r a t r o o p s = p a r a c h u t e t r o o p s [4**].

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This process occurs every time a drill bit needs to be replaced, it should be noted that the entire drill string is removed from the hole, and then it returns to its original location with a new drill bit. When referring to the common vocabulary of the English language, we conclude that this terminological neologism is formed by narrowing the meaning, since roundtrip is a journey to and fro [4 **].

Depending on the conditions for the formation of the terminological neologism, it is anonymous, i.e. it is not associated with a creator name. This neologism entitles a specific process in the oil and gas industry, therefore, it is a nominative neologism.

The narrowing of the meaning can be seen in the following example:

J a c k e t p l a t f o r m – frame structure base (steel platform, such platforms are usually held in place by steel piles at the bottom-supported drilling offshore platform) [3**]. The word j a c k e t has the meaning a mantle [4**], the word p l a t f o r m is a basis [4**].

According to the method of education, neologism is lexical, since this phrase has not been used before. Literally, this phrase can be translated as a corpus base, which is very close to the meaning of this neologism (the base of the frame structure). Depending on the conditions of creation, this is an anonymous neologism, since the concept is not connected with the names of the creators. The neologism is a nominative one; in this case, it entitles the subject. Neologism is used in the oil and gas industry, i.e. it is linguistic, as it is constantly used in this sphere.

An additional example is the following neologisms:

- s o l i d b e d s can be translated into Russian as hard formation; rock in place [1**].

Evidently, in Russian the motivation for this phrase consists in the words “strong”, “whole”. If we consider each word of the English phrases separately, we can notice the following: solid means not only “hard”, but also “massive”, and the word bed (s) in geology is considered to mean “layer, shelf”. Thus, we can conclude that in the English version of this phrase, the motivating attribute is not the word “breed” (which is absent in the phrase under consideration), but the word “layer”. Therefore, we can say that in the English language “strong rocks” are considered only those that are in a solid layer of rocks.

- f i x e d c a r b o n has the meaning carbide carbon [1**].

In English, the emphasis is on the "stillness" of carbon (fixed – stationary, fastened

[4**]), while in Russian the motivating word is “connected”, which, on the one hand, is not polar opposition in meaning, but still has a slightly different connotation.

- c u t t e r t e e t h – these are the so-called cone teeth [1**], a rock cutting element.

This word combination is quite interesting from the point of view of the study and comparison of its motivation in English and Russian. The English word teeth is absolutely identical in meaning to the Russian word, however, the second part of the phrase is strikingly different in meaning.

Cutter means “blade”, which in itself is a very ambiguous word. As we see, in Russian this phrase is much more precise: cone is a term in the nature management sphere, which may not be understood by ordinary people.

c) During transmutation, there is a process of transition of a word from one part of speech to another in the absence of changes in its external form. The terminological neologism is considered as follows:

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P a c k e r [3**]. This loan was borrowed into the Russian language by transcribing the English word to simplify terminology. There is also the full name of this device in Russian “a device for separation of individual zones in wells” [3**].

D o o d l e b u g g e r [3**]. The method of borrowing is transcription. The semantic meaning of borrowing is the worker of the seismic crew [8].

The motivation for this word transcription is justified by the convenience of using working rigs in speech, while the examples below show the need to use these terms in the scientific and technical field, since they are used not only in the vocabulary of specialists in the oil refining industry, but also in scientific articles of the oil and gas industry:

O v e r s h o t [1**]. The borrowing method is transliteration. The semantic meaning of the word is a bell-shaped device used to capture detached drill pipes in a borehole.

R e t o r t [1**]. The borrowing method is calquing. The semantic meaning of the word is a vessel used for distillation.

S o n a r [1**]. The method of borrowing is transcription. The semantic meaning of the word is an ultrasonic device.

Conclusion.

As a result of the study it was noted that semantic and lexical neologisms in the scientific and technical literature on environmental management, namely in relevant scientific articles of the Scopus scientometric database, are found with different frequencies.

The English language in its modern form has many ways of forming neologisms, such as abbreviation, compounding, borrowing, conversion and affixation.

The methods listed above, however, are used to varying degrees: among the neologisms that we have analysed, neologisms formed by affixation (33%), as well as neologisms formed by compounding (34%), occupy a larger number. Less popular are words borrowed from other languages, they make up 20%. New words formed by initial abbreviations occupy 13% of the neologisms we have studied, while the terminological neologisms in the form of abridgements (abbreviations) have not been identified in the framework of this study, which represents a prospect for further analysis.

References

[1]Moskaleva M.V. Neologizmy i problemaihizucheniya v sovremennomrusskomyazyke // IzvestiyaRossijskogogosudarstvennogopedagogicheskogouniversitetaim. A. I. Gercena.

2008. № 80. S. 246–250.

[2]Kotelova N.Z. Neologiya i neografiya // Izbrannyeraboty. – SPb.: Nestor-Istoriya, 2015. S. 169–254.

[3]Vendina T.I. Vvedenie v yazykoznanie. M.: YUrajt, 2015. 333 s.

[4]Gavrilova I.A. K voprosuklassifikaciiterminov-neologizmov (naprimereanglijskojterminologiipoligraficheskogoproizvodstva) // Omskijnauchnyjvestnik. 2011.

№6 (102). S. 110–113.

[5]Zabrodina I.K., YAkovleva E.A. Istoriyarazvitiyazarubezhnojneologii (naprimerenemeckogo, francuzskogo, kitajskogoyazykov) // Filologicheskienauki. Voprosyteorii i praktiki. 2014. № 3. S. 303–309.

[6]Amer M.A. Nauchno-tekhnicheskieterminy-neologizmy v sovremennomrusskomliteraturnomyazyke: avtoref. dis. ... kand. filol. nauk : 10.02.01 / M.A. Amer ; Mosk. gos. un-t. im. M.V. Lomonosova. Moskva, 1994. 23 s.

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[7]Zabrodina I.K., Yakovleva E.A., Nikiforov V.P., Demina A.V. Motivirovannost' terminovsovremennogoanglijskogoyazyka (namaterialegazetnyhstatejsferyprirodopol'zovaniya) // Kommunikativnyeaspektyyazyka i kul'tury: materialy XIV mezhdunar. nauch.-praktich. konf. studentov i molodyhuchenyh (21–23 maya 2014 g.). Tomsk: NI TPU, 2014. S. 13–15.

[8]Vedyushenko A.A., Edyushenko A.A., Galanzovskij A.A. Osobennostiperevodaanglijskihtekhnicheskihterminovnaprimereneftegazovojotrasli // YAzyknauki i tekhniki v sovremennom mire: materialy IV mezhdunar. nauch.-praktich. konf. (16 aprelya 2015 g.). Omsk: OGTU, 2015. S. 50–53.

[9]Termopary. Tipy, harakteristiki, konstrukcii, proizvodstvo [Electronic resource]. URL:https://www.metotech.ru/art_termopary_4.htm (accessed at: 24.03.2020).

[10]Reverso Context: poiskovayasistemadlyaperevodov v kontekste[Electronic resource]. URL:https://context.reverso.net/ (accessed at: 06.04.2020).

[11]Myakshin K.A. YAvleniemetaforizacii v terminologii (naprimereanglijskojfoneticheskojterminologii) // Molodojuchenyj. 2013. №7. S. 490-494. [Electronic resource]. URL: https://moluch.ru/archive/54/7343/ (accessed at: 04.03.2020).

[12]D'yachkova E.S. Polusuffiksy i obrazovaniya s nimi v sovremennomanglijskomyazyke : dis. ... kand. filol. nauk : 10.02.04 / E.S. D'yachkova; Barnaul. gos. ped. un-t. Barnaul, 2011. 169 s.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/ (accessed at – 15.03.20).

[4*] IOP Conference Series [Electronic resource].URL: https://iopscience.iop.org/article/

https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1016/j.euras.2011.03.007(accessed at – 02.04.20).

Dictionaries used

[1**] Anglo-russkij slovar' dlya prirodopol'zovatelej [Electronic resource]. URL: https://english-grammar.biz/dictionary-nature-users.html (accessed at: 20.03.2020).

[2**] Bol'shoj latinsko-russkij slovar' [Electronic resource]. URL: http://linguaeterna.com/vocabula/ (accessed at: 03.04.2020).

[3**] Bulatov A.I. Anglo-russkij i russko-anglijskij neftegazopromyslovyj slovar'. Rostov: Severo-Kavkazskoeotdelenieinzh. Akademii, 1999. 837 s.

[4**] Mul'titran. Elektronnyj anglo-russkij slovar' [Electronic resource]. URL: https://www.multitran.com/ (accessed at: 24.03.2020).

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UDC 81’139

CONTENT OF THE BASIC VALUE GLÜCK / HAPPINESS IN THE GERMAN

LINGUOCULTURE

A.I. Khlopova

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Moscow State Linguistic University

Candidate of philological science, associate professor of the Department of Lexicology and Stylistics of the German Language, Faculty of the German Language

Anna Igorevna Khlopova e-mail: chlopova_anna@mail.ru

____________________________________________________________________________

Statement of the problem. The article is devoted to establishing the content of the basic value Glück / happiness in the German linguoculture. We understand the basic values as attitude towards life and the ideals that the members of the ethnos themselves consider to be important and that are implemented by them. It should be highlighted that basic values fulfil a protective function which is extremely important for society: people are used to acting according to the value system that has developed in society and is approved by it, which determines their social comfort. In order to establish the psychologically relevant content of the basic value Glück / happiness, the data of etymological, explanatory and phraseological dictionaries is compared with the data of a free associative experiment conducted in Vechta, Berlin, Freiburg and Baden-Baden in 2019.

Results. In the German linguoculture the notion Glück / happiness initially meant fate, dexterity and completion of any activity (both good and bad). However, it was found out that the meaning of the word Glück / happiness has expanded over time and now includes such components as: ‘good luck’, ‘lucky circumstance’, ‘success’, ‘desire’, ‘fate’, ‘happiness as a reward’, ‘fragility of happiness’.

Conclusion. The components defined in etymology, in phraseology, in the semantic field and in the associative field of the word Glück / happiness partially coincide. Thus, we point out that the content of the basic value Glück

/ happiness is sustainable. The dynamics of the basic value reveals itself, because the new component ‘fragility of happiness’ is to be seen both in phraseological units and in the associative field.

Key words: basic value, semantic field, associative field, free associative experiment, etymology, phraseological units, German linguoculture, components of the basic value.

For citation: Khlopova A.I. Content of the basic value GLÜCK / HAPPINESS in the German linguoculture / A.I. Khlopova // Scientific Journal “Modern Linguistic and Methodical-and-didactic Researches”. – 2020. - № 2 (29).

– P. 43 - 50.

Introduction.

Nowadays many scientists are dealing with defining basic values and their content. The concept “value” was first introduced by Rudolf Hermann Lotze in the 60s. of the XIXth century [1]. However, Plato had also spoken about value by that time. Moreover, such values as blessing, goodness, meaning of life, happiness, virtue were mentioned by Aurelius Ambrosius, Aurelius Augustinus and Thomas Aquinas in the Middle Ages. The very concept “value” did not exist in the ancient times and in the Middle Ages. During the Renaissance and the Age of the Enlightenment the religious consciousness was destroyed, which inevitably led to a change in the entire value system as a whole [2]. Therefore, philosophers of the Age of the Enlightenment had the greatest influence on the whole science of values. In the XVIIIth century I. Kant and his followers W. Windelband, H. Rickert and others were engaged in the study of values. I. Kant considered values to be the requirements addressed to the will, the goals that a person sets themself [3]. M. Scheler and N. Hartmann declared the concept “value” as a purely philosophical category later.

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