Учебное пособие 1711

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9.Fomina Z.Ye. Jemocional'nye koncepty i ih verbal'naja reprezentacija v hudozhestvennoj kartine mira (na primere russkih, nemeckih, avstrijskih i shvejcarskih literaturnyh proizvedenij) / Z.Ye. Fomina // Nauchnyj vestnik Voronezh. gos. arh.-stroit. un-ta. Sovremennye lingvisticheskie i metodiko-didakticheskie issledovanija. – 2004. – vyp. 1 – S. 46–65.

10.Zagorovskaja O.V., Fomina Z.Ye. Jekspressivnye i jemocional'no-ocenochnye komponenty znachenija slova. V sbornike: Semanticheskie processy v sisteme jazy-ka mezhvuzovskij sbornik nauchnyh trudov. Voronezhskij gosudarstvennyj universitet. Voronezh, 1984. - S. 31-40.

11.Fomina Z.Ye. Kul'turno-gastronomicheskie smysly v evropejskom i russkom jazykovom soznanii kak «mir v miniatjure» // Nauchnyj vestnik Voronezh. gos. arh.-stroit. un-ta. Sovremennye lingvisticheskie i metodiko-didakticheskie issledovanija. – 2009. – vyp. 11 – S. 11–24.

12.Opera Prokof'eva «Ognennyj angel» – Belcanto.ru. http://www.belcanto.ru/angel.html (vremja obrashhenija – 05.10.2016).

13.Druzhinina V.I., Merzlikina G.Ju. Leksicheskie sredstva reprezentacii vzaimodejstvija jemocij i prirody v proizvedenii F. Bernett «The Secret Garden» / V.I. Druzhinina,

G.Ju. Merzlikina // Nauchnyj vestnik Voronezh. gos. arh.-stroit. un-ta. Sovremennye lingvisticheskie i metodiko-didakticheskie issledovanija. – 2014. – vyp. 3 (23). – S. 80–95.

Analyzed sources

1*. Orlov V. Al'tist Danilov / V. Orlov. – URL: http://e-libra.ru/read/183317-altist- danilov.html (vremja obrashhenija – 12.11.2016).

Dictionaries used

1**. Malyj akademicheskij slovar' russkogo jazyka. – URL: http://www.classes.ru/all- russian/dictionary-russian-academ.htm (vremja obrashhenija – 14.11.2016).

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UDC 803.0 – 73:13.2

Voronezh State Technical University, Postgraduate student,

Oxana Vladislavovna Zhujkova e-mail: oxanazhujkova@mail.ru Voronezh State Technical University Doctor of Philology,

Professor, Head of the Foreign Languages Department Zinaida Yevgenjevna Fomina

e-mail: FominaSinaida@gmail.com

O.V. Zhujkova, Z.Ye. Fomina

TYPOLOGY OF THE VEGETATIVE METAPHORS OBJECTIFYING CONCEPTS

“LANGUAGE”, “HUMANE”, “REALITY”, “CIVILIZATION”

IN THE LANGUAGE CONCEPTUAL SPHERE

OF V. VON HUMBOLDT

The article is devoted to the study of the metaphorization characteristics of the emblematic phenomena (“LANGUAGE”, “HUMANE”, “REALITY”, “CIVILISATION”) through vegetative metaphors in philosophical conceptual sphere of V. von Humboldt. The cognitive structure of the vegetative metaphorical model is examined as one of the frequency metaphorical models in the Humboldt’s language picture of the world, what is conditioned by the influence of romanticism. Its basic frames and slots are studied, each of them bears certain conceptual features. The metaphorical images of language, humane, reality, civilization in the philosophical conceptual sphere of W. von Humboldt are revealed. It’s found, that the composition of cognitive vegetative metaphor’s structures includes three core frames: 1) frame “Parts of plants”; 2) frame “The life cycle of plants"; 3) frame "Cultivation of plants". The desired constructs “Language” and “Civilization” are form and content of the the spirit of the nation growing, like plants (roots, sprout, blossom). The metaphorical images of vegetative concepts "Language" and "Human" actualize the individuality each of them. However, their depth and capacitance are determined with the degree of "rooting", inherent to the world of plants. The vegetable metaphor explicates the idea of the relationship human with nature, the idea of naturalness and continuity of objectively concepts.

Key words: Humboldt, vegetative metaphor, metaphor, language, reality, humane, civilization, language picture of the world, romanticism, concepts, models, culture.

One of the most frequent sources-areas, metaphorical interpretations of the fundamental realities in philosophical discourse of Wilhelm von Humboldt is world of plants, on the results of our research. The reason for special attention to the world of plants, as to the inexhaustible source of metaphorical images, is determined by the significant role of so-called vegetable metaphors using in a variety of discourse types, to explicate verbal the Outlook’s specific of the person and the world around him.

The study spectrum of the vegetative metaphor is very wide. In this regard, it should be called, the work of P. V. Kropotkina, which represents an extensive overview of modern linguistic research, dedicated to the conceptual sphere the "World of plants".

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© Zhujkova O.V., Fomina Z. Ye., 2016

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The author gives examples of different approaches to the analysis of phytonyms, she considers the advantages of studying phytometaphor in different types of discourses, including the comparative method engagement [1]. Some regularities of the natural occurrence of floral metaphors in the English language, presented in a metaphorical meanings of lexical units, nominating the objects of the vegetable world, are identified and described in the study by T. M. Pankova [2]. Some regularities of the natural occurrence of plant metaphors in the English language, presented in metaphorical meanings of lexical units, nominating the objects of the vegetative world, are identified and described in the study by T. M. Pankova [2].

A.M. Letova analyzes the vegetative metaphor from the point of view of anthropomorphic aspect, directed to detection features of functioning of paradigmatic ‘plant – man’ in folklore texts [3]. In the article of Z. Ye. Fomina the dominant constants of German national conceptual sphere, which often verbalized through vegetative metaphors, are explored on the material of the brothers Grimm fairy tales [4].

Noteworthy is the study of the specifics phyto metaphors in the individual-authorial picture of the world. For example, T. J. Yermekova analyzes the cognitive metaphors of the flora in the works of modern Kazakh writer A. Zhaksylykov, in his mind appear the original trans cultural formations, which combine organically the images of the Kazakh and Russian linguistic cultures [5]. Interesting are works on the study of phraseology, in basis of which is "plant" metaphor, which, according to opinion of M. L. Kovaleva perceived in connection with certain cultural ideas, what creates additional, cultural, semantics [6].

So, vegetative images of the world represent a rich epistemological framework for comparison of cognitive and associative parallels with human life, to express his thoughts, feelings and experiences. They are examined in different types of discourses, on the material of one language and in comparison with others, are studied from different theoretical positions and approaches.

This study analyzed the vegetative metaphor as a means of language categorization basic abstract concepts in the philosophical discourse of W. von Humboldt. This formulation of the problem will reveal, in our opinion, one of the most important facets of the national specificity of language world picture by W. von Humboldt.

The language is seen as an important method for the formation and existence of human knowledge about the world. V. A. Maslova stresses, the individual fixes in the word results of knowledge reflecting the objective world in process of operation. The combination of this knowledge, captured in linguistic form, is a language picture of the world [7]. It is important to note that Humboldt was one of the first researchers who put the problem of the language picture of the world. In his opinion, "the various languages are for the nation organs of their original thinking and perception" [8].

Linguistic picture of the world, in turn, reflects the national picture of the world, od-tion of the major components of which is the language of emotions objectified-tional continuum, the world of feelings and emotions, the world of human emotions [9; 10; 11] which clearly and delicately interpreted and described by the great German philosopher. The language picture of the world, in turn, reflects the national picture of the world and is actualized with the language means of different levels. Between the picture of the world, representing all the conceptual content of the language, and the language picture of the world as the fixation of this reflection, there is a complex relationship: the borderlines between them "seem shaky and undefined" [12].

W. von Humboldt pointed to the originality of national thinking and perception, reflected in the language. All that is in the language, is the embodiment of " the national spirit," he supposed. "The national spirit" is the driving force of the language. "The language is like an external manifestation of the spirit of the nation: the language of the nation is its spirit and the spirit of the nation is its language" [8]. The language is one of the universal basic concepts in the philosophical discourse of Humboldt, because exactly the Language becomes the primary

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means of communication and through the Language the communicative connection of any kind is.

As follows from the analysis, the vegetable metaphor objectifies in Humboldt’s language picture of the world not only the concept "Language", but it also can to represent other basic concepts: "Human", "Reality" and "Civilization". The widespread use of the vegetable metaphor in philosophical texts of the great German thinker due to the national code of culture, and the influence of romanticism. It is known that Humboldt’s language picture of the world was influenced by the movement of romanticism, since the German romantic - writers and philosophers - had the task to formulate the main philosophical and aesthetic installations of the entire movement [13]. Romanticism is the time of unprecedented prosperity lyrics, the era, with its cult of the human person. The merit of the romantics was in the opening the complexity of human consciousness, the experience of life associated with the sense of the infinity of the universe, the inner unity of the man and the nature [13]. Besides, the world was perceived as an infinite and diverse in its manifestations phenomenon. Not only the man, but the nature in her boundless greatness was for the romantics the world, or as they liked to say, the universe [13]. Therefore, Humboldt’s language picture of the world is characterized by a high degree of metaphoric, one of the ways to create it is the vegetative metaphor.

The term "vegetation" refers to the biological sphere, means: "The growth and development of plants"[2**]. All these phenomena are reflected in the metaphor, giving the key meanings g r o w t h and d e v e l o p m e n t objectified thru plant metaphors concepts.

The purpose of the study is to analyze the specifics of the vegetative metaphors using in Humboldt’s philosophical discourse in order to explicate the dominant abstract concepts, describing by the German thinker; to identify varieties of vegetative metaphors and to determine the features of the cognitive structure and the originality of conceptual features of the objectifying concepts.

As the source of the study was the main work of Humboldt: "On Language: On the Diversity of human language construction of and its influence on the mental development of the human Species". (Über die Verschiedenheit des menschlichen Sprachbaues und ihren Einfluss auf die geistige Entwicklung des Menschengeschlechts», 1836) [1*:2*].

In the process of semantic-cognitive, contextual analysis of verbal expression’s means of the basic concepts in Humboldt’s philosophical discourse was found 6 metaphorical models: "Physiological" (24), "Phytomorphic" (17), "Artifact" (15), "Light" (15), "Hydromorphic" (6), "Terramina" (6). The basis for the classification of metaphorical models was adopted the conceptual sphere-sources for the metaphorization of the basic concepts by Humboldt’s philosophical conceptual sphere. These models were determined by comparing the initial conceptual field (source) and a new area of knowledge (target). So, to the spheres-sources metaphor basic concepts in the Humboldt’s language pictures of the world belong the realities:

•physiological sphere: (Organ);

•flora (verpflanzt);

•human activities (Werkzeuge);

•physical (light) sphere (Licht);

•hydromorphic sphere (Quelle);

•universum (element "Earth») (der Gipfel).

The area "target" of the metaphorical transfer forms the following key mental constructs: “Language”, “Human”, “Nation”, “Spirit”, etc. The name of these models is due to the peculiarities of the initial conceptual sphere (sphere-source). That is the source objects have known features, which are transformed to a less known area - area of the target [14].

The plant metaphor has a wider range objectified it concepts (cf.: "Language", "Human", "Reality", "Civilization"), in comparison with the physiological metaphor we discussed in previous articles [15, 16]. The semantic-cognitive composition of the plant metaphors is characterized by a multiplicity of its verbal representatives: roots, sprouts, flowers, reproduction, wilt-

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ing, and transplantation, as reflected in the cognitive structure of the vegetative metaphor in Humboldt’s philosophical discourse, which is presented in table 1.

Table 1 The cognitive structure of the vegetative metaphor in the philosophical discourse of V.

von Humboldt

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The results of the study prove the conceptual versatility of the architectonics phytomorphic metaphor and its metaphorical model, which is constituted by the three base frames:

1."Parts of plants", 2."The vegetation", 3."Cultivation of plants".

This frames received its name based on the fact that in Humboldt’s language picture of the world basic concepts (Language, Human, Reality, Civilization), in their metaphorical representations, are identified with the plant and its life cycles.

1 . F r a m e " P a r t s o f p l a n t s " includes 3 dominant slots defined through metaphorical projection of plant’s parts on the phenomena Language, Human, Reality: 1.1."Roots"; 1.2. "Sprouts"; 1.3. "Flowers" and their conceptual features characterizing the defined phenomena.

To describe and elaborate the conceptual features identified on the basis of the metaphorical comparison of the phenomenon "Language" with a plant, it was carried out the semanticcognitive analysis of the lexemes, verbalizes the entity data (language, plant).

The semantic-cognitive analysis of lexemes which are nominate the source-sphere and the target-sphere of metaphorical comparison (cf.: the primary metaphor "The language is a plant"), showed that the source-sphere of this metaphor – parts of a plant, explicitly lexemes Wurzel, Keime, Blume/ Blühte and target-sphere (Sprache) show a range of semantic parallels.

The dictionary definition of the lexeme Wurzel reveals the following signs, forming its semantics:

W u r z e l (корень), die Wortart: Substantiv, feminin; im Boden befindlicher, oft fein verästelter Teil der Pflanze, mit dem sie Halt findet und der zugleich Organ der

Nahrungsaufnahme ist (in the soil, often finely branched part of the plant, which is the support and at the same time the body for food taken )[1**].

According to dictionary definitions, the basic characteristics of the semantic structure of the lexeme Wurzel are: 1) perform specific functions, 2) belonging to a certain, more complex structure, 3) support vitality.

Let’s consider the dictionary interpretation of tokens Sprache, verbalized the concept "Language", the purpose-area metaphorical comparison:

S p r a c h e , die (the L a n g u a g e ) . Wortart: Substantiv, feminine. – Part of speech: Noun, feminine.1.Fähigkeit des Menschen zu sprechen; das Sprechen als Anlage, als Möglichkeit des Menschen sich auszudrücken. - a person's ability to speak; speaking as an ability, as the ability to express oneself; 2.das Sprechen; Rede (speech); (a) Art des Spre-

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chens; Stimme, Redeweise. – Type of speech, voice, manner of speaking; (b) Ausdrucksweise, Stil. – Expression, style; (c) historisch entstandenes und sich entwickelndes System von Zeichen und Regeln, das einer Sprachgemeinschaft als Verständigungsmittel dient; Sprachsystem. - Historically developed and developing a system of symbols and rules, linguistic community, which serves as a means of communication; language system; (c’)

System von Zeichen (das der Kommunikation o. Ä. dient). – System of sings (which is used for communication, etc.) [1**].

From the dictionary definitions tokens Sprache follows that its denotative signs are: 1) the language is capable of expressing meaning; 2) capable of communication; 3) historically formed the phenomenon; 4) consistency, 5) interdependence.

So, based on the analysis of semantic structure lexemes Wurzel and Sprache, we can conclude that among their common cognitive feathers include the following: "systemic internal structure", "certain functions" and others.

Refer to the description of the slot 1.1. "R o o t s "

"Language is the essence having the roots" of frame "T h e l a n g u a g e i s a p l a n t " by the cognitive structure of the concept "Language".

The root is an important part of the plant organism, which performs two main functions: anchoring plants in a place of growth and supply plants with useful nutrients. Both of these functions realize by the metaphorical reinterpretation.

Die Sprache … s c h l ä g t daher alle f e i n s t e F i e b e r n i h r e r W u r z e l in die nationale Geisterkraft; und je angemessener diese auf sie zurückwirkt, desto gesetzmäßiger und reicher ist ihre Entwicklung [1*, S.2]. - The language ... therefore proposes all the f i n e s t f e v e r s o f i t s r o o t into the national spirit; And the more appropriately this affects them, the more lawful and richer its development [2*].

The language is compared to a plant, which is rooted and not just fused, but pervade its strands, fibers in the adjacent phenomena, in particular the national spirit. The language “powered” by the spirit, receiving its influence, like a plant, obtaining nutrients, grows faster with increasing their impact.

Thus, the comparison the language with the essence with the roots, common features that make up the basis of metaphorical projections, are: to perform certain functions, the penetration in depth. In this example, identify the following cognitive features of the language:

Language is an evolving essence;

Language is an essence obeying to the spirit.

The cognitive basis for the metaphorical transfer characteristics of such phenomena as the root to the phenomenon "Language" was the feature of the language functioning (a fusion with the national spirit).

Consider another example, characterizing the language as a rooted entity.

Die unzähligen Einzelnheiten, welche der Gebrauch der Sprache nothwendig macht, müssen, wie ich im Vorigen wiederholt angedeutet habe, wo und wie immer gesprochen

individuelle sein [1*, S.411]. - The innumerable singularities which the use of the language necessitates makes, as I have pointed out in the preceding, wherever and whenever they are to be spoken, must be united into a unity, and the language can be r o o t e d i n a l l t h e f i b e r s o f t h e h u m a n s p i r i t , only an individual be [2*].

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The language, in communication, is due to a number of particulars, which should be unity. Language is closely connected with the human spirit, what reflects the individuality of its use.

The basis of the metaphorical transfer in this example is "consistency", "penetration to another phenomenon."

The metaphor "Language - roots" in this example, objectifies such language ability as: to retain, to deep development, to penetrate into the human spirit.

The conceptual features, which reveal the essence of language as plants: a) Language – communication with the spirit of human; b) Language – structure; c) Language – individuality.

In these examples, we see a relationship between the vegetative metaphors roots (Wurzel) with the somatic constant fibers (Fiebern), which reflects the deep penetration of the language into the human spirit and conversely. The close correlation of these entities, describes the inextricable link of the language with the human spirit. Humboldt repeatedly wrote about the identity of the language and the human spirit: «a language of a nation is its spirit, and a spirit of a nation is its language» [8].

For the philosophical discourse of Humboldt is characteristic the metaphor "Human - roots", constituted the slot "Roots" of the frame "Parts of plants".

The human, like the plant in the soil, is putting forth its roots in reality. And its individuality with its characteristics depends on the depth of penetration into reality.

In this example, the metaphor "Human - roots" objectifies these features of a human such as: ability to penetrate (into another phenomenon), ability to strength.

The cognitive features of the concept "Human" objectuiname in this example are: a) Human is an individual; b) Human is a touch with reality.

Analyze the next example of the metaphor "Human - roots".

Beide, die poetische und prosaische Stimmung müssen sich zu dem Gemeinsamen ergänzen, d e n M e n s c h e n t i e f i n d i e W i r k l i c h k e i t W u r z e l s c h l a g e n zu lassen, aber nur, damit sein Wuchs sich desto fröhlicher über sie in ein freieres Element erheben kann [1*, S.314]. - Both the poetic and the prosaic sentiments must be complementary to one another, to let the human be d e e p l y r o o t e d in reality, but only so that his growth can be raised happierly to a freer element [2*].

The prose and the poetry, such as irrigation or fertilizer help the plant – the human to take root, to gain a foothold and to develop better in the reality . But evolving the human must move to a more free elements, i.e. to improve.

The metaphor "Human - roots" represents the following human abilities: ability to penetrate (into another phenomenon)/ to attach; ability for growth and development.

The cognitive features of the concept "Human" objecting in this example: a) Human – an improving phenomenon; b)Human – the touch with reality.

The concept "Reality" also refers to the anthropological concepts, represented by the vegetative metaphor "R e a l i t y - r o o t s ".

Die Prosa sucht in d e r W i r k l i c h k e i t g e r a d e d i e W u r z e l n , durch welche sie am Dasein haftet, und d i e F ä d e n ihrer Verbindungen mit demselben [1*, S.312]. – In

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the reality, the prose searches precisely t h e r o o t s by which it is attached to existence, and t h e t h r e a d s of its connections with it [2*].

The reality bound thru roots, i.e., the origin with the being. The prose considers and reflects these relationships.

The analysis of this example revealed the cognitive basis of the concept "Reality":

Reality - existential phenomenon.

The metaphor "Reality - roots" reflects the ability of deep penetration. In this example, it is correlated with the artifact metaphor "Reality - thread", which represented the ability of the connection.

Thus, the slot 1.1. "Roots" of the frame 1. "Parts of plants" constitutes such metaphors as

"Language - roots", "Human - roots", "Reality - roots".

The metaphors "Human – roots" and "Reality - roots" are in inseparable interaction, reflecting the relationship between the human and the reality.

Humboldt compares the language to a plant, but any plant grows up from a sprout. Move on to the next slot of the frame "Parts of plants":

1 . 2 . S p r o u t s

The dictionary definition of the lexeme Keim reveal the following features, forming its

entsteht (the first escape occurring from a seed or root of a plant, from which arises a new plant) [1**].

From the dictionary definitions of the lexemes Keim suggests that its denotative signs are: 1) the ability to growth and development, 2) the transformation into a more complex structure.

In this slot, only the concept "Language" objectified and by analyzing the semantic structure of lexemes Keim and Sprache it can be concluded that among their common cognitive features are the following: having a certain potential, the origin.

Refer to the example, which reflects these features:

D e r K e i m zur Griechischen Prosa lag, wieder zur Poesie, schon ursprünglich im Griechischen Geiste, durch dessen Individualität auch beide, ihrem Wesen unbeschadet, einander in ihrem eigenthümlichen Gepräge entsprechen [1*, S.318]. -

T h e s p r o u t of the Greek prose was, again, to the poetry, already originally in the Greek spirit, by whose individuality, both of them, without prejudice to their essence, corresponded each other in their peculiar form [2*].

The poetry and the prose are forms of a language, Humboldt represents the language in general and its forms (the poetry and the prose) like a plant with the sprouts being in the spirit of the nation develop and grow along with it. So the language reflects the individuality of the nation in its forms.

The cognitive features constituting the structure of the metaphor "Language –Sprouts"

are:

Language – communication with the spirit of the nation;

Language - development;

Language – individuality.

The basis of the metaphorical transfer in this example is "the ability to growth and development."

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In the following example, Humboldt describes the structure of language, its character as a stem with sprouts:

Es ist dies der höchste G i p f e l , den die Sprache in der Ausbildung ihres Charakters zu erreichen vermag und der daher, von den e r s t e n K e i m e n ihrer äusseren Form an, der breitesten und sichersten Grundlagen bedarf [1*, S.329]. - This is the highest top which the language can attain in the formation of its character, and which, from the f i r s t s p r o u t of its external form, therefore needs the widest and most secure foundation [2*].

The language cultivates its character as the stem is for the sprout, satisfying its needs and helping to him.

By comparing the language with the sprouts, a common feature of constituting the basis of metaphorical projection, is: transformation. The cognitive features, which constitute the structure of the metaphor "Language – Sprouts", are: a) Language is an essence having the character; b) Language is an essence having the structure; c) Language is a generating essence.

In this example, it is also found the terramine metaphor "Language - top" objectivity the ability of language to move up, growth and development to the highest point.

Let turn to the example characterizing the language as a sprout of development:

Aber in andrer Beziehung kann man, wie es mir scheint, nicht umhin, ein solches A u f - b l ü h e n der Völker zueiner höheren geistigen Thätigkeit aus einem Zustande abzuleiten, in welchem sowohl in ihren geistigen Anlagen, als in ihrer Sprache selbst d i e K e i m e der kräftigen Entwicklung schon gleichsam schlummernd und präformirt lagen

[1*, S.399]. - But, as it seems to me, it is not possible to deduce such a blossoming of the nation from a higher intellectual activity from a state in which t h e s p r o u t o f vigorous development are asleep, both preformed in their intellectual faculties and in their language [2*].

The language like a soil, in which the sprouts of development break, from them, subsequently, a whole nation can appear and blossom.

Thus, when the language compares with a sprout, the common feature constituting the basis of the metaphorical projection is: the ability to the growth and the development. The features, which constitute the structure of the metaphor "Language – Sprout" are:

Language is an evolving essence;

Language is a bonded with the spirit of the nation essence.

S l o t 1 . 3 " F l o w e r s " of the frame “parts of plants”.

An important part of the plant is flowers. The seeds for the continued existence of this plant species appear from the flowers. In his work, Humboldt identifies the language with a plant with flowers that characterizes it as a living, developing phenomenon. The reference to the flowers is not accidental, as it was noted above: a great influence on the philosophy of Humboldt had the era of romanticism. A symbol of romanticism is the blue flower. So, the blue flower in the novel of Novalis (“Heinrich von Ofterdingen”) is a sign, a pointer to the deeper meanings lurking behind him, it's a metaphorical, artistic image, on the basis of which the symbol creates. The blue flower is the symbol of German romantic poetry, in other words – of the pure poetry and the perfect life [17].

Consider the dictionary interpretation of the lexeme B l u m e t o highlight the forming its semantics features:

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