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Scientific Journal “Modern Linguistic and Methodical-and-Didactic Researches” Issue 2 (25), 2019 ISSN 2587-8093

Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation

Ministry of Science and Higher Education

of the Russian Federation

Scientific Journal

“MODERN LINGUISTIC AND

METHODICAL-AND-DIDACTIC RESEARCHES”

Voronezh State Technical University

The journal has been publishing since 2012

Issue 2 (25), 2019

CONTENTS

Fedorov V.A. Introductory remarks by Editor-in-chief of the Scientific Journal «Modern

LINGUISTICS

Stepanova V.A. The use of animals’ names for descriptive characteristics of Afro-American

Lapinskaya I.P., Barkalova (Zatonskaya) A.K. Aspects of the dynamics of the system: the

Korobko L.V. Metaphorical images of music in the individual-and-author’s worldimage of

METHODS AND DIDACTICS

Kriatchko L.N. Emotional and psychological component of the process of teaching a foreign

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Scientific Journal “Modern Linguistic and Methodical-and-Didactic Researches” Issue 2 (25), 2019 ISSN 2587-8093

Introductory Remarks by Editor-in-chief of the Scientific Journal «Modern Linguistic and Methodical-and-Didactic Researches»

Issue 2 (25) of the Scientific journal contains the following sections: "Linguistics", "Methods and Didactics", "Intercultural Communication", "Theory and Practice of Translation". The twenty-fifth series of the journal presents 12 scientific articles.

Issue 2 (25), 2019 of the journal offers our honorable readers to get acquainted with the most recent and relevant theoretical and practical findings, with the results and prospects of scientific researches in the area of linguistics,

methods and didactics of foreign language teaching, international communication, the problems of theory and practice of translation, studied not only as a prosess, but also as a result. To approach to the scientific truth is a burning ambition of any linguist. The scientific works offered in this journal contribute to achieve it.

The Linguistic Section includes several works presenting the analyses on the material of the Russian, English, German and French languages. The section starts with the article about zoonyms in the Afro-American picture of thee world (by V.A. Stepanova). The research of I.P. Lapinskaya and A.K. Barkalova (Zatonskaya) concerns multy-aspect of the Russian language development. The article of A.V. Pilevtseva focuses on linguistic-and-cultural featurs of the German lexeme «Regen»/«Rain», conducted on the material of the German language. The article of I.S. Karpenko presented in this section is dedicated to the national features of Russian and English adjectives. The section is concluded by the article of L.V. Korobko about metaphorical images of music in the individual-and-author’s picture of the world of A. Burgess.

The Section “Methods and Didactics” starts with the article about the role of emotional and psychological component as a factor of increasing efficiency of foreign language teaching (by L.N. Kriatchko). Next there is the article about online training as alternative to classical training (by U.I. Nazarchuk). In the end of the section there is the article offering situational analysis in the language of advertizing (by O.K. Ilina).

The section “International Communication” presents the article about the ethnolinguistic identity of the translingual writer through the prism of the author's translation (by S.M. Kravtsov, T.L. Chernossitova, S.V. Maximets). The next publication of the section concerns the research of peculiarities of allusion in American political advertising (by L.P. Kovalchuk).

The section “Theory and Practice of Translation” contains the publication of V.A. Fedorov: the article presents the idea of using the theory of syntactic concepts in the practice of translation.

The Linguistic Section starts with the article of assistant Valentina A. Stepanova (Smolensk State Medical University, Smolensk). On the material of the novel “Tar Baby” by Tony Morrison the author identifies ethnical role of the zoomorphisms with negative and positive markers on the basis of quantitative analysis. Several features of evaluative lexemes in linguis- tic-and-cultural aspect were pointed out.

The article of Doctor of Philology, Professor Irina P. Lapinskaya and post graduate student of the Department of Foreign Languages and Translation Technology Albina K. Barkalova (Voronezh State Technical University, Voronezh) presented in the Linguistic Section concerns the dynamic system processes in the modern Russian language in three directions of the lexical system. In the result of the analysis of advertisement articles and colloquial variants of the Russian language it was found out that there are certain dynamic norms, revealed in the interaction of written and oral speech. The hypothesis of a certain direction of this interac-

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Scientific Journal “Modern Linguistic and Methodical-and-Didactic Researches” Issue 2 (25), 2019 ISSN 2587-8093

tion is stated. The study of other styles and variants of the language will hopefully contribute to understanding evolutionary processes in the system of the Russian language in future.

The article of Senior Lecturer of the chair of Foreign Languages and translation technique Alla V. Pilevtseva (Voronezh State Technical University, Voronezh) is focused on enhancement of cultural aspect of language studies. The author conducts lexeme analysis of the components of the German concept «Regen/Rain». Five semantic groups, connected with meteorological signs, are identified. The dependence of language processes on cultural and everyday folk traditions is determined.

The article of teacher of English Chair for Science Departments of Voronezh State University Irina S. Karpenko, presented in the Linguistic Section (Voronezh State University, Voronezh) focuses on polyseme analysis of national peculiarities of Russian and English adjectives, the features of national conceptosphere are revealed. Parametric method, developed by the scientists of Voronezh theoretical-and-linguistic school, is used to determine the degree of frequency characteristics of adjectives. Such kind of research is of practical importance for the theory of translation and foreign language teaching.

The Section Linguistics is finalized by the article of Teacher of the Foreign Languages Department of Air Force Academy named after N.E. Zhukovsky and Yu.A. Gagarin Liudmila V. Korobko (Voronezh). It describes metaphorical images of music in the individual-and- author’s worldimage of A. Burgess. It is of special importance to note that the author presents a wide classification of the conceptual metaphors of the concept «Music» and determines the most metaphorical musical images. The research proves pragmatic importance of music as it is, reveals its constant nature penetrating in different spheres of person`s life.

The section “Methods and Didactics” starts with the article of Senior Teacher of the Chair of Foreign Languages and Technology of Translation Liliya N. Kriatchko (Voronezh State Technical University, Voronezh). It presents the research of the process of foreign language teaching considering emotional and psychological component which can increase the efficiency of teaching if applied correctly. The author determines psychological, didactic and linguistic factors that create certain creative atmosphere of the lesson and contribute to effective perception of the educational material. The importance of favourable relations, mutual respect between teacher and students, creative approach of teacher to the educational material used at the lesson are pointed out as factors that contribute to students’ interest in the studied topic. All this helps teacher to work in the atmosphere of mutual cooperation and understanding. Recently in the result of emerging and intensive development of the Internet more and more attention is paid to digital education supplementing the classical one.

In the article of PhD in Philology, Associate Professor of the Department of Foreign Languages Julia I. Nazarchuk (St. Petersburg State University of Industrial Technology and Design, St. Petersburg) various e-learning options are considered, the advantages and disadvantages are analyzed, and its effectiveness is assessed. The author notes that this type of training forms and develops the creative abilities of the students, in particular, this is facilitated by such new areas as micro-education and gamification, online courses, etc. The section "Methods and Didactics" is concluded by the article on the role of situational analysis in teaching English advertising and public relations by PhD of Philology, Associate Professor, Head of the English Language Department No. 3, Olga K. Ilina (Moscow State University of Foreign Affairs, Moscow). The author offers his own situational analysis methodology consisting of six stages and three options for solving problems. In our opinion, the methodology has a positive direction and can be effectively used in the teaching of a professional foreign language.

The section “Intercultural Communication” is opened with the article of a group of authors: Doctor of Philology, Professor of the department, acting Head of the Department of Romance Philology of the Institute of Philology, Journalism and Intercultural Communication (Southern Federal University, Rostov-on-Don), Sergey M. Kravtsov and PhDs of Sociological Sciences, Associate Professors of the department “Scientific and Technical Translation and

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Scientific Journal “Modern Linguistic and Methodical-and-Didactic Researches” Issue 2 (25), 2019 ISSN 2587-8093

Professional Communication” Tatyana L. Chernossitova and Sergey V. Maximets (Don State Technical University, Rostov-on-Don). The article is devoted to ethno-linguistic identity, which presents the cultural-linguistic result of the interference of two languages - Arabic and French. The authors hypothesize that in the works of translating writers, in particular, in the works of French-speaking writer and translator of Arabic origin R. Buger, there is a tendency to use a large number of Arabic realities in literary works in French, which contributes to the mutual enrichment of cultures. In the next article of the section “Intercultural Communication” of Associate Professor of the English language department Lidia P. Kovalchuk (Chelyabinsk State University, Chelyabinsk), some features of American political advertising are analyzed. Allusion is one of the used cognitive implicit methods of influencing the mentality of the consumer of information. It uses a variety of linguistic and non-linguistic means of presenting advertising material. In the promotional videos of election campaigns the allusion occupies a special place in shaping the political preferences of voters due to the mass character and availability of advertising and is an effective means of influence, which explains its widespread use. Undoubtedly, other digital means of influencing consumers of advertising information deserve attention. The article of PhD in Pedagogy Anna P. Avramenko is concerned with analysis of discursive request message event in interpersonal communication. The author explores the degree of categoricity of the request speech acts. Anna P. Avramenko concludes that the use of discursive markers is determined by politeness strategies with different degrees of categoricity of request. The use of discursive markers is determined unconsciously when producing statements by a native speaker.

In the section “Theory and Practice of Translation” the article of Doctor of Philology, Associate Professor, Head of the Department of Foreign Languages and Translation Technology Valery A. Fedorov (VSTU, Voronezh) on the basis of the French language considers the possibility of using the Theory of Syntactic Concepts in the practical translation activities of teachers and translation practitioners. This theory was proposed by the founder of the Voronezh Theoretical Linguistic School of Z.D. Popova and developed by her followers. A new approach to the translation and cognitive interpretation of French language sentences is offered. The study offers the translation to be guided by the type of the syntactic concept, on the basis of which the structural scheme of the translation language is chosen and the lexical content of the structure is determined.

The section "Scientific Review" provides information of PhD in Philology, Associate Professor Lyudmila V. Lukina (VSTU, Voronezh) on the anniversary conference of the National Association of Teachers of English, which is twenty-five years old. This scientific and methodological forum of professionals in the field of teaching English from all over Russia, as well as renowned scientists and methodologists from the USA and Europe discussed topical issues of linguistics and methods of teaching English and Russian as a foreign language.

We believe that this issue of the journal № 2 (25), 2019 will be interesting and useful for a wide number of linguists, foreign language teachers, culture experts, experts in literature, philosophers, post-graduates and students. We invite domestic and foreign scientists to publish the results of their researches in subsequent issues of our journal.

Editor-in-chief of the Scientific Journal “Modern linguistic and methodical-and-didactic researches” of Voronezh State Technical University, Doctor of Philology, Associate Professor, Head of the chair of foreign languages and translation technology

Valery A. Fedorov

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Scientific Journal “Modern Linguistic and Methodical-and-Didactic Researches” Issue 2 (25), 2019 ISSN 2587-8093

LINGUISTICS

UDC 811.111

THE USE OF ANIMALS’ NAMES FOR DESCRIPTIVE

CHARACTERISTICS OF AFRO-AMERICAN COMMUNITY

(AS EXEMPLIFIED IN THE NOVEL “TAR BABY” BY TONY MORRISON)

V.A. Stepanova

____________________________________________________________________________

Smolensk State Medical University

The Department of Foreign Languages, Assistant Valentina Andreevna Stepanova

e-mail: stepanovavalentinaandreevna@gmail.com

____________________________________________________________________________

Statement of the problem. The aim of this article is to describe constructions with zoonyms used by Tony Morrison to reflect disapproved and approved qualities and characteristics of the characters in the novel “Tar Baby”, which, being culturally marked units, give an opportunity to speak about the ethnical specificity of the discussed text. The analysis of the selected examples from the point of view of implications of their meaning with their subsequent arrangement into the groups with female, male and coinciding zoomorphic characteristics is made. In the qualitative analysis the frequency of zoomorphisms with negative and positive markers is identified, difference in frequency of wild and domestic animals’ names usage is analyzed; also several examples, which do not belong to any of the stated groups, are given.

Results. The use of animals’ names as an element of evaluative vocabulary is an integral part of the AfroAmerican worldview and its research contributes to the formation of the reader’s conception concerning the specifics of world perception of the ethnic group. The zoomorphic units describing characters of the novel not only reflect the peculiarities of the writer’s individual style but also mark the ability of Afro-Americans to draw parallels between peculiar animals and qualities, associated with them.

Conclusion. Thus, the constructions with zoonyms, found in the novel “Tar Baby” by Tony Morrison, play an important multifunctional part in the conception of Afro-American identity and contribute to the accumulation of linguistic and cultural knowledge about the cultural, social and common peculiarities of this ethnic group.

Key words: zoonym, zoomorphism, figurative comparison, zooverb, sinanimalistic element, Afro-Americans, animalism, “Tar Baby” by Toni Morrison.

For citation: Stepanova V.A. The use of animals’ names for descriptive characteristics of Afro-American community (as exemplified in the novel “Tar baby” by Tony Morrison) / V.A. Stepanova // Scientific Journal “Modern

Linguistic and Methodical-and-didactic Researches”. – 2019. - № 2 (25). – P. 9-18.

Introduction

The application of the animals’ names with the aim of figurative representation of objects of surrounding reality and their own kind is quite natural, because animals have always occupied a special place in the daily and religious life of people. Drawing parallels with the animal world representatives, people tried to reflect all the diversity and contradictory nature of human qualities, to understand and describe different aspects of their lives.

Yu.L. Lassota (1954) was the first of Russian linguists, who analyzed the productivity of metaphorization of zoosemic type words (those which have a zoonym in their structure) in the English language. Significant semantic studies of zoomorphic vocabulary include works of L.S. Voitik (1975) and O.A. Ryzhkina (1979), who made an attempt to describe the semantic structure of zoomorphisms. Such scientists as E.A. Katsitadze (1985), V.P. Korsalova (1981), I.A. Kudryavtseva (1979) in their thesis analyzed the semantic structure of individual zoomorphisms and also studied their microgroups.

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© Stepanova V.A., 2019

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Our objectives are to study the hierarchy of terms related to the research (the usage of animals’ names (zoonyms) for people characterization), as well as existing classifications of zoonyms, and to create a selection of zoonyms that form the basis of descriptive vocabulary as exemplified in Afro-American writers’ works. Nowadays in national linguistics lexical units with the names of animals in their basis that are used for the descriptive characteristics of people are actively and thoroughly studied. The topicality of our work is determined by the lack of research of this issue in relation to the Afro-American ethnic group, which, of course, is of great interest from the point of view of cultural and linguistic features. The study of zoonyms within the framework of a separate ethnic group reveals the specifics of the world perception, thinking, internal organization of the life of this group, as well as the typical qualities of a linguistic identity.

Our work is based on research of such scholars and lexicologists as V.V. Katermina, A.A. Kipriyanova, T.V. Pisanova, S.V. Sviontkovskaya, N.V. Solntseva, D.A. Tishkina, as well as theoretical studies in the field of history and culture of Afro-Americans by S.I. Chugunova, E.L. Nitoburg, Yu.L. Sapozhnikova, I.V. Vakorina.

Research methodology

Our aim is to identify and describe the structures with zoonyms used by T. Morrison for characters’ description in her novel “Tar Baby”, which mark the national specifics of the associative and figurative thinking of Afro-Americans.

The object of the research is both zoonyms and constructions, containing the names of animals representing the language and cultural code of the Afro-American ethnic group. The subject of the research is 25 constructions with zoonyms used in the novel “Tar Baby” by T.

Morrison and the connotation reflected by them.

The study material is the novel by T. Morrison “Tar Baby” (1981) in which the author shows the relationship between the black and white people of America based on the AfroAmerican folklore tale of the same name.

Complex research methodology includes a complete selection of zoonyms, as well as constructions containing the animals’ names, contextual analysis, the method of component definitional analysis, and qualitative method.

The appearance of Afro-American ethnic group is connected first of all with the development of slavery in the New World. Representatives of various African tribes were captured or bought, separated from their families and taken to the plantations in America, where they were forced to start a new life. And if the first wave of slaves was composed mostly of strong and enduring men, later all Africans without exception were exposed to subsequent relocation. Finding themselves in a new place, confronted with slave life Africans suffered inhuman treatment, the purpose of which was undoubtedly to suppress their desire to preserve their own identity [1]. Slave owners tried to eradicate all sources of self-identification, deprived slaves of the name, destroyed any opportunity to keep family ties, downgraded black people to the level of animals. So, often the owners put the representatives of both sexes in equal working conditions, thereby erasing the border between men and women, destroying in female slaves such qualities as weakness and femininity. This practice (in addition to the separation of families and sending fathers to other plantations) led to the fact that step-by-step men lost the role of the head of the family and the so-called “black matriarchy” appeared [2], a family model dominated by a strong and willed woman. This feature of social organization appeared as a result of the process of Africans’ assimilation into a new cultural and social environment. In addition, the influence of the white colonizers was so strong that some slaves began to adopt their model of behavior and project it on their former tribesmen. For example, servants who worked in houses, not on plantations, did not identify themselves as slaves. They openly expressed their dislike for the less fortunate tribesmen, humiliated and set them up, conspired and denounced them to their masters [12]. It should also be noted that the distinctive features of the newly formed group were as follows: they spoke their own version of the English language, created their own

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unique music, reconsidered the religious and cultural traditions of the ancestors taking into account the new experience [7]. Living in communities Afro-Americans passed from generation to generation customs, peculiarities of everyday life, family organization, as well as oral folk art, one of the characteristics of which was belief in the magical power of nature, spirits and the other world.

A skillful combination of folk elements, animal and fairy tales is the main feature of T.

Morrison’s “Tar Baby” [11]. The novel presents the history of the relationship of an uneducated young man, named Son (a bearer of Afro-American culture) and dark-skinned beauty Jadine Childs (an Afro-American who has lost contact with her ancestors). The image structure of the work is built according to the conventional scheme of the fairy tale of the same name where Brother Rabbit (Son) is “glued” to the Tar Baby (Jadine). The rich patron Valerian Street acts as Brother Fox. As for the content of the novel, it is somewhat different from the plot of the fairy tale. Made in the similitude to a representative of European culture, Jadine lost touch with her people, lost her ancient knowledge that could allow her to become a steady place for Son to let down his defenses because of the feeling of independence instilled in her. She is not ready to bind someone to herself and turn from a Tar Baby into a “Tar woman”. According to T. Morrison, a tar baby personifies for her a black woman who is able to “glue” everything together

[14], but due to the values and orientations imposed on her by the white society, Jadine could not do it.

The problem of self-identification, the conflict between servants and masters, black and white, are reflected in the characters’ speech, filled with zoomorphisms, because of all living creatures only animals have their own habits, type of behavior and therefore it is easy to draw parallels between them and people. The frequent application of animals’ names for the figurative characteristics of objects by the blacks is accounted for by their power of observation.

To describe the specifics of the units used for the descriptive characteristics of the characters more accurately it is necessary to refer to the hierarchy of terms with which the names of animals are studied. In our study the basic terminology includes the following concepts:

“zoonym” – “all nominations related to the animal world, including signs of creatures of living nature” (donkey) [10, p. 3], “zoomorphism” – “metaphorical derivative of animal names, used for the purpose of figurative characteristics of A man” (what a donkey) [6, p. 18], "animalism"

– "nominative and nominative-derived animal name" (fox character) [9, p. 13], “sinanimalistic elements” – i.e. words accompanying animalisms (moo, cowshed, milked) [5, p. 21],

“zooverbs” – “verbs containing in their meaning an indication of one of the characteristic features of an animal” (to duck) [9, p. 126]. Consequently, a zoonym is in the root of a zooverbs, whereas sinanimalistic elements deal with actions, sounds, and related characteristics of the animal.

Speaking about the classification of zoomorphisms, we should note that modern linguists did not reach agreement on this issue. So, V.V. Katermina proposes to classify zoomorphisms by origin (biblicalexpressions, units of ancient Greek and ancient Roman origin, loantranslations), by semantic-structural organization (zoomorphisms-oxymorons, and pleonastic zoomorphisms (in which the value of the zoomorphic component itself can be increased)), by structure (noun + noun, adjective + noun, participle of active voice + noun, passive voice participle + noun) [4]. S.V. Sviontkovskaya divides the units of this class of emotive vocabulary into two groups: specifically personal zoomorphic characteristics (which qualify private qualitative signs of a person) and social-role ones (which call a person by his / her professional, social group, national ethnicity) [8]. While N.V. Solntseva conventionally splits zoomorphisms into three groups:

• matching animal characteristics, used both in relation to a woman and in relation to a

man;

•“female” characteristics;

•“male” characteristics [9, p. 110].

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Within the framework of this classification, the author considers such parameters as “appearance”, “moral character”, “intellectual qualities”, “social and communicative capabilities”.

In our study, we will follow the classification of N.V. Solntseva, because it fully reflects the division that takes place in the description of the representatives of both sexes. We are going to go into details when analyzing the three main aspects of the zoomorphic characteristics within the following groups: 1) appearance; 2) age; 3) manner of behavior.

The results of the study

The total number of constructions with zoonyms selected during the contextual sampling is 25 units, of which 10 examples describe women, 10– men, 3 –the representatives of both sexes, and 2 of the presented examples do not describe the character, but a situation. During the examination of these contexts on the basis of three aspects of zoomorphic characteristics, it was found that within the group with female characteristics, 3 units indicate the appearance of the heroines, 5 – the manner of their behavior, 1 – age, and 1 is an example of injective vocabulary. In the group with masculine characteristics, 3 examples describe appearance, 4 – manner of behavior, 1 – age and 2 examples also refer to injective vocabulary. Matching characteristics are presented by 2 examples reflecting the behavior of the characters, and 1 – marking the age. The group of 2 constructions with zoonyms stands apart, because these examples throw light not on the character, but on his attitude to the situation.

Describing the appearance of the characters, the writer often focuses on such features intrinsic to Afro-Americans as bulging eyes, curly dark hair, brown or black skin, wide lips and nose [1]. So, speaking of Son, Jadine compares him with a “GORILLA”, hinting at the external similarity with the primate:

“Oh God, he scared the shit out of me. He looked like a g o r i l l a ! ” [1 *, P. 129].

While portraying Son's hair, the writer draws a parallel with the wriggling body of a snake, obviously, trying to depict their structure more accurately:

“His hair was cut and his nails filed, but <…> underneath the light cologne was a man with hair like s n a k e s ” [1 *, P. 174].

In the description of the gardener Gideon, the author uses animalism “bug-eyed” to emphasize the traditionally coal-black “bulging eyes”:

“And later that day a b u g - e y e d Gideon crept over to her under the lime tree…” [1 *,

P. 105].

Describing Teresa’s partial blindness (one of the heroines of the novel), the writer uses the idiomatic expression “blind as a bat”, which is based on the assumption that bats do not see well. Most likely, people came to this conclusion because of the twisty pattern of the animals’ flight [1]:

“You not tacking him nowhere. You b l i n d a s a b a t ” [1 *, P. 302].

It is worth mentioning that in the description of the eyes of another heroine of the novel (Alma Esther), two main characters (Jadine and Son) immediately point out their external similarity to the eyes of such hoofed animals like “DEER” and “ANTELOPE”. Long ago people noticed prudent caution in alert manner of these animals [3], which, perhaps, caused the association of young Alma with them, because she used to study all the people around her with cautious curiosity always remaining in the background and trying not to reveal her interest:

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“.A deer, thought Jadine. She has the eyes of a curious d e e r …» [1*, P. 289]; «Oh, baby, baby, baby…, he said, and went to her to take off the wig, to lift it, tear it, throw it far from her midnight skin and a n t e l o p e eyes” [1 *, S. 299].

It should be noted that in the above examples zoomorphic constructions are based on the names of wild animals which, of course, refers to the peculiarities of the formation of this ethnic group. Careful attitude to the world, the desire not to conquer, but to know and understand all the living creatures is a hallmark of the African people. The animal world occupied a special place in the daily, spiritual and religious life of people in Africa. Being in slavery in the New World slaves largely relied on African traditions [1].

When describing the appearance of the characters the author takes into account what kind of relationship develops between the speakers. So, Jadine’s dislike for Son is reflected in the use of negative-rated zoomorphisms and in the case of Alma Esther the characters use zoomorphisms with neutral connotation.

Describing the behavior of characters T. Morrison quite often applies constructions with zooverbs and sinаnimalistic elements (in this novel – verbs).

Thus, the author uses the verb “to coo” when servants discuss the truce between Valerian and Margaret, emphasizing that the masters “cooed” all morning. The named association is not accidental, since usually a pair of cooing doves personifies family happiness and harmony [3].

“Don’t you believe it. They been c o o i n g all morning” [1 *, P. 190].

While Jadine’s behavior during the quarrel with Son is conveyed by the verb “to bark”:

“She kept b a r k i n g at him about equality...” [1 *, P. 268].

In another example the author describes the behavior of Thérèse, a good-natured black woman, using the verb “to cackle” to show her joy when meeting Son:

“Thérèse shrieked and c a c k l e d with happiness” [1 *, P. 153].

A zooverb can be found only in two contexts. Son's attempt to hide in Margaret’s closet is described by the writer with the help of the zooverb TO DUCK which indicates that Son’s actions are similar to the maneuvers of a diving duck:

The author uses the same zooverb to characterize Son’s walk on the ship:

“Then, after a leisurely look around, he d u c k e d through the passageway and returned to the top deck” [1 *, P. 1].

From the above examples it can be seen that the same zooverb has different shades and expresses different connotations. So, in the first case it conveys fear experienced by the main character whereas in the second example we see his manner of quickly moving around the deck. In the case of sinanimalistic elements the interpretation of the characteristics and actions of the personages is quite evident since they convey the direct meaning of the corresponding verb.

Along with the above-mentioned means (zooverbs and sinanimalistic elements) the writer frequently uses zoomorphisms to express the peculiarities of the behavior of the characters.

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