Учебное пособие 1648

Scientific Journal “Modern Linguistic and Methodical-and-Didactic Researches” Issue 2 (25), 2019 ISSN 2587-8093

2.2. Morphological word formation.

The level of morphemic functioning [12] displays high intensity both in written literary and spoken forms of speech. However, the distribution of methods and means of creating new words is far from being the same. The study of the whole complex of linguistic aspects of modern morphemic word formation still remains the scientific prospect. In this article, we will indicate and interpret the examples in which the specificity of each speech form is displayed most obviously.

At this level of the language system, the factor of a norm acts as a so-called dividing line in creating neologisms. It is manifested in the fact that the newly formed words, oriented at oral functioning, are always created from units of the literary language and must preserve their semantics. In this case, the transfers of linguistic units in the opposite direction, i.e. from colloquial to literary speech, are not detected.

The nominations of business objects use borrowings and change the morphemic status and semantics of the constituent parts of words inherent in the language. Still 70 years ago, V.Vinogradov agreed with E.Sepir, who wrote: «There are so many words that are only morphemes, and there are morphemes, which, sometimes, are still words» [13, p.14].

2.2.1. Morphemic word formation in oral speech variants.

From the multiplicity of morphological word formation types, we will single out the simplification of the morphemic word composition, the method, actively used in oral speech and not recorded by us in the advertising style. According to our data, 10% of words in various slangs are created in this way.

In linguistics, this method is presented as non-affix method or truncation. In our study, 25

(!) types of truncation have been identified. Let us note again, that, while changing the morphemic word composition in oral speech, its semantics, recorded by the literary norm, is necessarily preserved.

By the type of a morpheme or a morphemic group being truncated, it is possible to single out 4 groups of neologisms, with examples, representing 6 slang types:

А) The truncation of a suffix or a suffix group: shiroch (the latissimus dorsi); – trenya (tren-irova-t, to train), ches (ches-a-t, to scratch), montyi (mont-ir-ov-schik-i, assemblers);

B)Root truncation: replo (replik-a, utterance), spek (spektakle, spectacle); fitsy

(ofitsianty, waiters), prot (pro-tein);

C)The truncation of a prefix: osvetitel (о-svet-i-tel, a lighting electrician at a theatre).

D)The combination of truncation types: zaruba (za-rubezh-n-yi teatr, foreign theatre), trep (trepet-a-ni-e predserdiy, atrial fibrillation), gena (ledo-gener-ator, ice machine), farma (farmak-о-log-ichesk-ie preparaty, pharmacological agents).

Only 8 variants of non-affix word formation out of 25 identified are encountered more than once in the material under study. The remaining 17 ways of non-affix word formation are unique in the context of the examined material, since each of them has just a single example in any of the slangs.

The multiplicity of the analytically identified ways of transferring literary words to the class of jargon, based on changing in their morphemic composition, assumes further study of this process in the language system.

Let us draw attention to two aspects of interrelation between the literary language and its social subsystems. Firstly, truncation demonstrates fundamental multiplicity of transfers from literary word types to jargon forms. Secondly, the literary norm acts as an original form of a jargonism with any type of word formation. This testifies to the intrinsic link between the variants of colloquial speech, represented by its social sub-systems, and the literary language, as well as to the necessity of conscious or unconscious command of codified language for speakers of social dialects.

2.2.2. Morphemic word formation in the advertising style.

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In the system of proper names of business objects, morphemes frequently coexist in various statuses and meanings. This is largely caused by intensive penetration of borrowings, many of which are not widely known.

Even the sequence of morphemes within a nomination has a significant role. In a large number of neologisms, the distinctive role is played by the means, pertinent to other language levels, namely, graphics (Cyrillic or Latin) and spelling (upper or lower letter case; solid, separate or hyphenated writing). For this reason, the proper linguistic qualification of the material can not be unambiguous.

The initial word parts, –Evro and –vip, have lost their original semantics and began to denote high quality of what the subsequent part of a word names, for instance, Evrodveri, Vipsiling. Such semantic process likens them to foreign-language evaluatory prefixes: super-, hyper-. In some nominations, the use of the Latin alphabet, separate writing and uppercase letters preserves the abbreviatory meaning of a letter set (for instance, «V.I.P. ESTETIK)».

By its position within a whole, the second root of a compound word suggests the possibility of transfer to the class of suffixes. This tendency is maintained by its spatial meaning:

«Dzhins Lend», «Biznes-park», «Biznes-tsentr», «Lyustrograd», «Vkusvill». The borrowed roots are easily thought as suffixes, especially because the pre-root component in the structure of the genuine Russian word conveys the qualitative characteristics of an object (e.g. prekrasny

– very beautiful), while the post-root one renders the spatial meaning (сompare: domische – a very large house.)

The spelling variants are viewed by namers as those individualizing the design capacities and are not correlated with orphographic rules, which have already been enacted as laws in 1956.

The search in word design result in the fact that the same morpheme can be interpreted either as a root or as a prefix (either as a root or as a suffix). Combining the statuses of word components certainly results in ambiguity within a style.

On the one hand, this is the way how the associative activity of potential customers is urged, which can stimulate the purchase. On the other hand, an extremely long search for a productive association due to vagueness of a business object name can turn away from actions, expected by a seller.

Thus, the morphemic word formation acts as a relevant way of expanding the vocabulary of a language. It characterizes each sphere of using new words without violating the systemic character of the process.

3. Borrowings as a way of adding nominations of the PNBO class and the vocabulary in oral speech variants.

The third way of supplementing the lexical system of the Russian language is actuated by incorporating foreign systemic elements into it. With qualitative and quantitative differences in the nature of borrowings in various types of oral and written forms of the Russian language, this process possesses the integrity, consistent with the unity of the system itself.

The borrowed language units are, in a certain way, «adapted» to properties of primordial lexical nominations.

In materials of the advertising style, as shown above, they modify their proper lexical and morphemic semantics, carried by them in the source language (a grocery «VkusVill», a design shop «V.I.P. ESTETIK»). For this reason, they are not used without being accompanied by Russian elements of the system.

Oral spoken language is enriched with borrowings in a somewhat different way. They are all regulated by the literary norm, however, having been tested by it, they acquire truly Russian characteristics.

For example, the names of foreign car models assume the features of personal male names, acceptable in informal communication: thus, Ford, Audi or BMV are converted into

Fedya, Avdyukha and Bekha, respectively (by comparison, Lekha, Andryuka, Kiryukha). 25

Scientific Journal “Modern Linguistic and Methodical-and-Didactic Researches” Issue 2 (25), 2019 ISSN 2587-8093

As shown by the survey, in the youth slang there are 48 forms of greetings when meeting and 60 forms of saying goodbye when parting. The overwhelming majority of variants are genuinely Russian. Only 15 units of greetings and 10 forms of saying goodbye reproduce the foreign language etiquette forms, for example, Аlоhа, Helllo, Welcome, Shalom– Аsta la Vista, auf Wiedersehen, Adios Amigos, Goodbye. These neologisms have been selected on the basis of the literary norm, since they were perceived from oral speech of film characters, TV presenters, etc.

It is worth drawing attention to the ability of these units to be «Russified» by adding the original lexical or morphological elements.

Let us give some examples. The greeting hi possesses such variants as Khayushki, Khaiki; Chao is able to assume the form of chao-kakao. This is the way, passed by primordial etiquette forms. In youth speech, the greeting zdravstvuite numbers 14 variations, while the farewell do svidaniya comprises 10 forms.

Therefore, the material displays the integrity of the reaction of the language system to borrowing, whatever form of functioning they occur in. The foreign systemic elements necessarily penetrate the Russian language, while mastering is always accompanied by their adaptation, i.e. a change in semantics, the status of word components, and the addition of primordial system elements.

Conclusion

The analysis of the three ways of enriching the lexical system of the Russian language in the 21st century demonstrates the unity of the processes in various forms of its existence and the dynamic state of the system as a whole.

The interaction between the written literary and spoken language also manifests itself in the unidirectional transfer from the literary norm to spoken language, in the absence of facts of intralingual borrowing of elements from oral speech to written language.

The perspectives of studying this object of linguistics can be seen in theoretical understanding and innovations in other styles of literary writing and the units of different spoken language variants.

The scientific understanding of the multiplicity of realia, still insufficiently studied by linguistics, will not only help to streamline the terminological system of linguists, but will also definitely clarify the vectors of the Russian language evolution.

References

[1]Lapinskaya I.P. Stil' reklamy: navigacii sociuma i potencial kul'tury //Aktual'nye problemy professional'nogo obrazovaniya: celi, zadachi i perspektivy razvitiya [Tekst]: sbornik nauchnyh statej po materialam 15-oj vserossijskoj zaochnoj nauchno-prakticheskoj konferencii.

–Voronezh: Izdatel'sko-poligraficheskij centr «Nauchnaya kniga», 2017. – 250 s. (v soavtorstve s M.A. Denisovoj, s. 130 - 134).

[2]Stil' reklamy: Rechevye formy. Kollektivnaya monografiya. Pod red. I.P.

Lapinskoj. Voronezh, «Voronezhskij gosudarstvennyj tekhnicheskij universitet», 2016 – 161 s.

[3]Zatonskaya A.K. Sistemnyj analiz v lingvistike // Innovacionnye processy v lingvodidaktike: sbornik nauchnyh trudov. Voronezh: FGBOU VPO «Voronezhskij gosudarstvennyj tekhnicheskij universitet», Vyp.13. 2015. S. 77-85.

[4]Zatonskaya A.K. Teoriya podsistem, kak instrument opisaniya yazyka // Innovacionnye processy v lingvodidaktike: sbornik nauchnyh trudov. Voronezh: FGBOU VPO

«Voronezhskij gosudarstvennyj tekhnicheskij universitet», Vyp.12. 2014. S. 32-37.

[5]Lapinskaya I.P. Denisova M.A. Social'nye podsistemy yazyka kak ob"ekt lingvistiki // Innovacionnye processy v lingvodidaktike: sb. nauch. tr. Voronezh: FGBOU VPO

«Voronezhskij gosudarstvennyj tekhnicheskij universitet», vypusk 11. 2013. S. 10-16.

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[6]Lapinskaya I.P. Zatonskaya A.K. Vzaimodejstvie social'nyh podsistem v russkom yazyke.// Filologicheskie nauki. Voprosy teorii i praktiki (Vhodit v perechen' VAK). Tambov:

Gramota, 2016. № 3, ch1, s.139 – 141.

[7]Lapinskaya I.P. Zatonskaya A.K. Dinamika social'noj podsistemy yazyka (na primere zhargona vozhatyh) // Aktual'nye problemy i sovremennye tekhnologii prepodavaniya inostrannyh yazykov v nespecial'nyh vuzah: materialy 6-oj Vserossijskoj s mezhdunarodnym uchastiem nauchno-prakticheskoj konferencii neyazykovyh vuzov na baze VGIFK. Voronezh:

«Nauchnaya kniga», 2013. S. 101-104.

[8]Lapinskaya I.P. Uchebnik «Russkij yazyk dlya nejmerov»: prospekt. // Innovacionnye processy v lingvodidaktike: sb. nauch. tr. Voronezh: FGBU VO «Voronezhskij gosudarstvennyj tekhnicheskij universitet», 2018. Vyp. 15. 178 s. S. 76 – 81. (v soavtorstve s M.A.Denisovoj).

[9]Lapinskaya I.P. Denisova M.A. Rechevye svojstva zhargonizmov (na materiale molodezhnogo slenga) // Voprosy sovremennoj lingvistiki. Mezhdunarodnyj sbornik nauchnyh statej. Voronezh, 2008. S. 18 – 20.

[10]Lapinskaya I.P. Social'nye podsistemy v yazyke: dinamika molodezhnogo slenga//

Innovacionnye processy v lingvodidaktike: sb. nauch. tr. Voronezh: FGBU VO «Voronezhskij gosudarstvennyj tekhnicheskij universitet», 2017. Vyp. 14. 164 s. S. 22 -28. (v soavtorstve s M.A. Denisovoj).

[11]Lapinskaya I.P. Dinamika semanticheskih processov v stile reklamy (na materiale ISBO) // Innovacionnye processy v lingvodidaktike: sb. nauch. tr. Voronezh: FGBU VO

«Voronezhskij gosudarstvennyj tekhnicheskij universitet», 2018. Vyp. 15. 178 s. S. 36 - 42.(v soavtorstv s M.N.Manukovskoj).

[12]Lapinskaya I.P. Slovoobrazovanie kak sfera dinamiki yazykovoj sistemy //Antropocentricheskie nauki: innovacionnyj vzglyad na obrazovanie i razvitie lichnosti. Materialy P-oj Mezhdunarodnoj nauchno-prakticheskoj konferencii 27fevralya - 28 fevralya 2015 g.: v dvuh chastyah. CHast' 1. Voronezh, Nauchnaya kniga, 2015, 283 s.(v soavtorstve s M.A.Denisovoj) s.140-141.

[13]Vinogradov V.V. Russkij yazyk (grammaticheskoe uchenie o slove) / V.V.Vinogradov. – M.: Vysshaya shkola, 1972. – 614 s.

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UDC 801.3:803.0

COMPONENT REGEN / RAIN IN GERMAN WEATHER WISDOMS

A.V. Pilevtseva

___________________________________________________________________________

Voronezh State Technical University,

Senior lecturer of the chair of Foreign Languages and translation technique Alla Viacheslavovna Pilevtseva

e-mail:pilevceva-210486@mail.ru

___________________________________________________________________________

Statement of the problem. The focus of this article is on the analysis of the German weather wisdoms, predicting rain, as well as identifying and describing the components that correlate with the component “Regen”, identifying ethnic and cultural specifics in the explication of this concept.

Results. During the analysis, five groups of correlation of the lexeme “Regen” with different realities were identified in accordance with their semantic meaning (temporal, theological, natural, cosmic, zoonymic). The proverbs of the temporal and theomorphic groups, which are the most numerous, are subjected to a detailed analysis.

Conclusion. German meteorological signs with the component "rain" occupy a special place in the corps of agricultural signs. The results of the study showed that out of 644 proverbs of the case under study, 215 are associated with the prediction of rain. The study revealed that the temporal group is the most numerous one. The dominant group is the one correlating with the month, namely with August (13 units). In the structure of many signs, seasons and months of the year are compared and form oppositions. 71 signs contain a sacred name. 11 of these names are ethnoculturally connotated, i.e. especially revered in Germany and German-speaking countries. The prevalence of male names over female ones is traced (29 and 6 respectively).

Key words: meteorological sign, theomorphic name, phenological indicator, semantic analysis, “icy saints”, linguocultural specifics, “oracular days” / “Lostage”.

For citation: Pilevtseva A.V. Component regen / rain in German weather wisdoms / A.V. Pilevtseva // Scientific

Journal “Modern Linguistic and Methodical-and-didactic Researches”. – 2019. - № 2 (25). – P. 28-36.

Introduction

Recently, the trend of linguistic science is not only a complex study of the language system as a whole, but also a detailed study of each of its components. The lexeme “rain”, relating to meteorological concepts that reflect natural phenomena, is one of the universal categories of the conceptual picture of the world. Over the centuries of observations of the weather, farmers have learned to predict the weather according to the nature and duration of rain. Therefore, the

“Regen” component is quite widely represented in folk signs that reflect the person’s direct sensual experience, his substantive activity. In this regard, folk signs are of great interest for research as linguocultural texts and as an object of linguoculturological study. It is this approach that makes it possible to reveal the lexeme as an element of language and culture [1].

Research Methodology

The object of this work is the German meteorological and agricultural signs with the “Regen” component, the selection of which was made on the basis of German weather calendars. The subject of the research is the correlations of the Regen lexeme with various realities (temporal, theological, natural, cosmic, zoonymic).

The descriptive, structural-semantic method, the method of quantitative counting served as the methods used in the work [2].

The results of the research

The symbolism of rain is multivalued. On the one hand, rain clouds cover the sun, extinguish paint, because rain is associated with sadness, loneliness, lingering rain - even with

_____________________

© Pilevtseva A.V., 2019

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depression, frustration. On the other hand, rain is the source of life: the filling of rivers that give us and animals water, plant growth, soil fertility, therefore it is associated with renewal, the rebirth of life. In the religious sense, rain pours down from heaven, therefore it carries the truth, the spiritual impact. Waiting for the rain is considered similar to the expectation of mercy from God [3].

The study found that the attitude of the farmer to the rain in the paremiological foundation of the German language is realized by correlating the Regen lexeme with different realities (temporal, theological, natural, cosmic, zoonymic), which, in turn, serve as phenological indicators.

The diagram below demonstrates the distribution of the correlation of the “Regen” with the aforementioned realities.

Figure 1. Distribution of the correlation of the lexeme “Regen” with realities classified by semantic criterion

The characteristic of rain in German weather signs, depends primarily on the correlation with the time period: with the time of year, month, time of day. Depending on the membership in a specific time interval, the temporal group will be represented by three subgroups:

a) correlation with the time of year:

The correlation of the lexeme “Regen” with the time of year is implemented in 4 signs. In 3 signs, the lexeme is represented by composites (Frühlingsregen (spring rain), Sommerregen

(summer rain)), specifying the temporality. Proverbs of this subgroup, primarily associated with the summer. All signs of the subgroup have a positive - estimated value and demonstrate the importance of warm abundant rains for the maturation of crops.

Regnet's im Sommer kaum, bleiben die Äpfel nicht am Baum [1*]. - Lack of precipitation in the summer will lead to a poor harvest of fruit crops (our translation).

Signs associated with the spring rain:

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Frühlingsregen bringt Segen [2*].- Spring rain is good (our translation).

b) correlation with a specific month

This subgroup is the most numerous, it includes 77 signs.

The largest number will be associated with the summer months (27 units), namely August (13 units), when harvest is close. Temporality in proverbs is realized by complex nouns (Oktoberregen, Mairegen) and by means of circumstances.

Regen im April, jeder Bauer will [3*]. - The rain in April is necessary for the farmer (our translation).

It should be noted that the attitude of peasants to the rain depends on the season. So, for the warm months, from April to August, the overwhelming majority will take a positiveestimated value, since it is during this period that the main agricultural work is carried out, and the rains are important for the future harvest. The ameliorative estimated value is expressed, for example, in such a comparison as Regen-Segen (rain - grace, blessing):

Warmer Aprilregen - großer Segen [4*]. -Warm April rain is a great blessing (our translation).

Signs, correlated with the winter months, have mainly pejorative connotation. According to folk observations, if December was rainy, then the winter this year will be harsh, and the coming year - a bad harvest. Thaws in January will turn into a cold lingering spring.

Im Januar viel Regen und wenig Schnee, tut Saaten, Wiesen und Bäumen weh [4]. - The abundance of rain and little snow in January will harm crops, land and trees (our translation).

The attitude to rain in the same time period also depends on the type of agricultural work. For example,

Septemberregen - dem Bauern Segen, dem Winzer ein Gift, wenn ihn trifft [4*]. - September rain to the farmer is good, but to the winemaker is harm (our translation).

It is important to note that for more convenient systematization of meteorological observations, the seasons are constantly contrasted, and also mutually influence each other, therefore, in the weather calendar there are many comparisons of winter with summer, autumn with spring. The nature of the weather of one season can be determined by opposing it, and each month of the first half of the year represents the contrast to the opposite month of the second half of the year.

Regen im Februar, Schnee im Mai [3*]. -In February - rain, snow - in May (our translation).

c) Relation to time of day

The correlation of rain with the time of day is represented by 2 signs that are associated with night.

Nachts Regen, Tages Sonne füllet Scheuer, Sack und Tonne [4*]. -Rain at night and the sun in the afternoon will fill the farmer’s barn with bags of grain (our translation).

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Further, our study is devoted to the analysis of signs associated with the so-called

“oracular days” / “Lostage ”. The name comes from the verb "losen", which means "asking the spirits or the oracle." These are significant dates in the agricultural calendar, based on centuries-old observations of weather conditions, especially weather phenomena. “oracular days” were very important for farmers, because thanks to meteorological observations these days it was possible to predict the weather for a long period (weeks, and even months) and determine the appropriate time for various types of agricultural work. Favorable dates for weather forecasting, first of all, are holy days, church holidays, as well as natural phenomena such as

Schafskӓlte (Sheep's Cold), Hundstage (literally Dog’s Days),

Altweibersommer (Indian summer).

Let us turn to a more detailed description of “oracular days,” as well as an analysis of meteorological signs associated with them.

The theomorphic group will take about rain associated with sacred names and biblical events. Depending on the cultural universal contained in the structure, the theomorphic signs are divided into two subgroups. The proverbs of one of them are confined to the holy days and contain a sacred name in the structure. The Regen + agioanthroponim group includes 60 signs, in which 35 sacred names are mentioned. Of these, 11 are ethnoculturally connotated, i.e. contain the names of saints, especially revered in Germany and German-speaking countries.

The so-called “icy saints” / “Eisheilige” belong to the ethnoculturally-marked universals. In Germany, they believed that the harsh "icy saints", Mummertius, Pankraty, Bonifaty, and Servanty, punish people for their sins by sending them spring morning frosts and killing crops. These last frosty days from 11 to 15 May are known as “icy holy days”. Earlier these days, fires were usually kindled to protect tender crops.

Pankratius, Servatius, Bonifatius, der Winzer sie beachten muss: Geh'n sie vorüber ohne

Regen, bringt's dem Weine großen Segen [5*]. –Winemaker should follow the "icy saints." If icy holy days are without rain, then the grape harvest will be rich (our translation).

The most revered German saints mentioned in the signs of rain also include St. Sophia. She is also often called “cold Sophia” or “icy wife”. Sofia also belongs to the "icy saints."

The day of her worship completes the period of spring cold.

It should be noted that all signs correlating with the “icy saints” explicate a negative emotional and evaluative coloring. In folk wisdom, they are called "stern gentlemen," "villains," "evil brothers." With the passage of time, it is noticed that the warm weather is finally established after the holy days of “icy” Sofia, i.e. after May 15th. Farmers are trying to take into account these observations, since this date serves as a starting point for planting crops that are sensitive to frost.

On the occasion of the worship of Afra of Augsburg (August 7), the patron saint of Augsburg, whose worship is common in Bavaria, the following observations are related:

An Sankt Afra Regen fällt, den Bauern es noch lange quält [5*]. - Rain on the day of St. Afra will bring a lot of trouble (our translation).

One of the most controversial saints, Valpurgy, is also mentioned in the German sign of

rain.

Walpurgis Night, among the ancient Germans, a pagan festival of early spring on the night of May 1st; according to German folk beliefs that took shape in the 8th century, the festival of witches (“the great sabbath”) on Mount Brocken. Witches, as it was believed, tried to prevent the arrival of spring, sent damage to people and cattle. To protect themselves, people on the eve of Walpurgis Night held a symbolic ceremony of expelling witches: they lit bonfires

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(sometimes they burned effigies of witches), walked around houses with torches, rang church bells, etc. It was believed that the grasses on Walpurgis Night acquire a miraculous power, so many sorceress-herbalists went out for picking up on that day. [5]

Walpurgisnacht Regen oder Tau - auf ein gutes Jahr bau [5*]. - Rain or dew on the day of holy Walpurgia - to a good year (our translation).

The greatest number will take about the rain associated with the day of worship of St. Apostles Peter and Paul . (8 units). The holiday was considered an important date in the agricultural calendar. This holiday also marked an important type of agricultural work. Usually, after Peter and Paul holy days, the peasants went to harvest. In Germany they said: “On the day of Peter the peasant stands with a sickle at the ready.” “A hare runs into the cabbage on Peter and Paul”, i.e. while on some fields there is a harvest, and on the other plowing, a frightened hare hides in vegetable gardens, where there is still something to profit from.

In Germany, on the day of Peter and Paul was not allowed to work. Peasants burned fires and cooked healing broths. In Germany, it was common belief that these saints needed human sacrifices, such as drowned men, suicides and killed by lightning.

The German peasant had an ambiguous attitude towards St. Peter. He was called the master of the weather, believed that he commands the rain and thunderstorm, which was undesirable during the harvest period. Therefore, all signs associated with this saint manifest fear that the saint will become angry and send rain. At the same time, it was believed that Peter protects livestock from predators.

Regnet's an Peter und Paul, wird des Winzers Ernte faul [1*]. - The rain on Peter and Paul will ruin the harvest for the winemaker (our translation).

It is interesting to note that the group with the theomorphic component will take the

“masculine” beginning, since out of the 35 sacral names mentioned in the proverbs of the corpus we are studying, only 6 are female. You can also select one-, two-, three-name proverbs. The majority of signs will accept (27 units) contains the name of one saint. The two-name proverbs are associated with the holy day of the Apostles Peter and Paul. Three-name proverbs correlate with the aforementioned “icy saints”.

The second subgroup of the theomorphic signs is associated with church holidays . Meteorological observations of the weather at Easter and on Easter week were in the zone

of special attention of the peasants, since this most important church holiday marked the awakening of nature from winter sleep. That is why a large number of signs will be associated with the above-mentioned holidays (8 units). It was believed that the water that the heavens bestow on Easter have on special powers.

Wenn's Ostern regnet, ist die Erde den ganzen Sommer überdurstig [6*]. - If it is rainy at Easter, then all summer will be dry (our translation).

The Trinity is considered to be one of the significant holidays; therefore the observation of the weather on the Trinity was of great importance for the farmer. In 8 proverbs, the rain component is associated with this great holiday. It is noticed that rain on the Trinity is grace for the harvest. In addition, this weather will last for another seven weeks.

Regnet΄s am Pfingstsonntag so regnet΄s noch sieben Sonntag [2*]. - The rain on Sunday of Pentecost will last another 7 Sundays (our translation).

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In Germany, there were many traditions and rituals at Trinity, since the holiday symbolizes the coming of summer. First of all, they drove livestock to the meadows. For this, they organized a procession headed by the largest bull decorated with colorful ribbons. To protect it from spirits, the house was decorated with birch branches, one of the symbols of the Trinity. Also, the day was spent in prayer for a rich harvest, bathed, made wreaths, arranged cockfights.

It is interesting to note that the majority of signs in this group contains the opposition of one church holiday with another and allow to predict the weather in the future, which helps the farmer to adapt and plan in future the timing of certain field work. For example, if the New Year is rainy, then the snow will not come until Easter.

An important milestone in the German calendar of the farmer was considered the socalled "Siebenschläf ertag" ("Day of the seven sleeping saints"). First of all, this day is associated with rain, damp, bad weather. In Russian, this church holiday is called Senognoy and is defined as “wet weather during mowing”. According to the German folk sign, the weather on this day determines the further weather conditions for seven weeks ahead, so if it started to rain on June 27, then you shouldn’t wait for good weather in the coming weeks.

However, if the sun still appears through heavy clouds on this day, then there is a chance that dry weather will be established by the end of summer, and the peasant will be able to harvest hay for the winter.

The “Regen” + natural phenomenon group is represented by 13 signs.

It seems interesting to mention such a weather phenomenon as “Schafsk ӓlte” (the socalled Sheep’s Cold). This phenomenon, characteristic of the weather in Germany and Central

Europe, falls on the period between 4 and 20 June. Sheep's Cold reaches its peak by June 11, on the day of veneration of the holy Apostle Barnabas. That is why the holy of the apostles are primarily associated with rainy weather. Barnabas patronizes winemakers. There was a belief that rain on Barnabas will bring the winemaker a rich harvest. For the period of Sheep’s Cold characterized by a significant decrease in temperature, the abundance of precipitation. The holiday owes its name to the sheep, which were sheared immediately before this period, and the sudden cold could threaten the lives of animals without fur.

Of particular interest to us are signs, which contain in their structure the cultural-specific reality “Hundstage” (literally Dog’s Days), the hottest days of the year (from July 24 to August 23), which has no equivalent in Russian. This name comes from the constellation Big Dog. It is noted that observations of the weather during the ascent of Sirius allow us to predict whether the year will be fruitful. And if the so-called Dog’s Days are rainy, then in the near future good weather will not be established, and the coming winter will be harsh.

Hundstage hell und klar deuten auf ein gutes Jahr, werden Regen sie bereiten, kommen nicht die besten Zeiten [6]. - Clear and hot Dog’s Days foreshadow a good year; if it is raining, do not expect good weather in the near future (our translation).

"Foggy" predictions also occupy a certain niche in the corpus of the signs, predicting rain (4 units). By the nature of the fog you can see the weather in the near future.

Nebel, wenn er steigend sich verhält, bringt Regen, doch klar Wetter wenn er fällt [6*]. - If the fog rises, it will soon rain. If the fog goes down, it will be clear weather (our translation).

Fog in winter is rare, but this natural phenomenon allows us to make a long-term meteorological forecast.

Viel Nebel im Februar, viel Regen das ganze Jahr [6*]. - Frequent fogs in February foreshadow a rainy year (our translation).

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