Ticket 34

1) Development of pharmacology in Russia. Pharmacology and its legal significance. Treating the recipe as a legal document.

2) Sleeping pills. Classification of hypnotics by chemical structure. Mechanism of action. Side effects. Contraindications. Comparative evaluation of drugs. Possibilities for the development of addiction.

3) Antihypertensive drugs that affect the renin-angiotensin system. Classification. Mechanism of action. Side effects. Contraindications Comparative evaluation of drugs.

4) Antiviral agents. Classification. Mechanism of action. the nature of the action. Indications for use. Side effects. Contraindications Comparative characteristics of drugs.

1) Development of pharmacology in Russia. Pharmacology and its legal significance. Treating the recipe as a legal document.

It has long been treated by healers, magicians, wanderers. The monks actively collected and systematized the available knowledge. In the 11th century - the herbalist "Izbornik Svyatoslav", in the 16th century - the herbalist "Blagoprokhladny Vertograd" In the 16th century, the 1st pharmacy was opened in Moscow, in the 17th century, the Pharmaceutical Order was established. Pharmaceutical gardens appeared (cultivating medicinal plants). In 1778, the 1st State Pharmacopoeia (list of medicines) was published in Latin, in 1866 - in Russian. At the beginning of the 19th century, scientific pharmacology began to develop. Nelyubin is an exploration of the Caucasian water miner. Zabelin - founded a pharmaceutical laboratory in St. Petersburg. Pelican - studied fur-m d-i curare and strophanth preparations. Iovskiy published a textbook on pharmacology in 1835. Dogel - pharmacol-I CCC. Pirogov - research of drugs for anesthesia. Sechenov - pharmacol-I of neurotropic agents. Botkin studied cardiotropic drugs. Pavlov studied cardiac glycosides, antipyretic,

The State Pharmacopoeia contains a list of drugs produced in the country, indicating the approved nomenclature, chemical structure of the connection, as well as standards, norms and methods, on the basis of which the quality of drugs is controlled, the correct dosage.

Prescription is an important section of pharmacology that studies methods of making and prescribing medicinal forms. The most important doctor's document. Mistakes can cause irreparable damage to the patient. The doctor is legally responsible for the prescribed prescription. Often a recipe is a financial document.

2.Sleeping drugs. Classification by chemical structure. Mechanism of action. Side effects. Contraindications Comparative evaluation. Possibilities for the development of addiction.

Sleeping pills are medicinal substances that cause a person to experience a state close to natural sleep.

It is used for insomnia to facilitate falling asleep and to ensure a normal duration of sleep.

Classification:

I. hypnotics with a non-narcotic type of action:

1. Benzodiazepine receptor agonists:

1) Derivatives of benzodiazepine - short-acting triazolam,

medium duration of action-lorazepam, lorazepam, nitrazepam, long-acting-phenazepam, diazepam.

2) Preparations of different chemical structures: zopiclone, zolpidem, zaleplon.

2. Agonists of melatonin receptors (synthetic analogs of melatonin): ramelteon, melaxen.

3. Blockers of H1 - histamine receptors (ethanolamine derivative): doxylamine, donormil.

II.Sleeping drugs with a narcotic type of action:

1. Heterocyclic compounds (derivatives of barbituric acid): phenobarbital, sodium ethaminal.

2. Compounds of the aliphatic series: chloral hydrate, sodium oxybutyrate, bromized.

The mechanism of action of benzodiazepine derivatives and drugs of different chemical structure: They interact with benzodiazepine receptors, increase their sensitivity to GABA, melatonin receptor agonists are analogous to the hormone melatonin, the main function of which is the regulation of biological rhythms. The drugs stimulate melatonin receptors, histamine receptor blockers block these receptors and cholinergic receptors in the reticular formation and enhance inhibitory processes, aliphatic compounds are converted in the central nervous system into an inhibition mediator - GABA.

Indications: insomnia due to anxiety, stress; neuroses, removal of seizures, alcoholic obsession.

Side effects: drowsiness, lethargy, the phenomenon of recoil, hypoventilation, impaired coordination, decreased blood pressure, irritability, depression, allergic reactions.

Contraindications: drug addiction, myasthenia gravis, respiratory, renal failure, hepatitis, pregnancy, blood diseases. Long-term use of barbiturates causes mental and physical drug dependence.

Benzodiazepine derivatives have a sedative, hypnotic, anticonvulsant and muscle relaxant effect, in small doses they have an anti-anxiety and sedative effect, in high doses - hypnotic, anticonvulsant. shorten the phase of REM sleep, but to a lesser extent than derivatives of barbituric acid.

Preparations of different chemical structures have a selective hypnotic effect, do not cause recoil syndrome, and do not disrupt the physiological structure of sleep.

Agonists of melatonin receptors have an adaptogenic sedative hypnotic effect, normalize circadian rhythms, addiction and drug dependence do not develop, there is no recoil phenomenon, and do not disturb the physiology of sleep.

Blockers of H-histamine receptors in terms of effectiveness, the action is similar to benzodiazepine derivatives, has a daytime aftereffect, low toxicity.

Heterocyclic compounds in high doses cause anesthesia, induction of liver enzymes, material accumulation, post-somnic effect, with prolonged use - addiction, drug dependence.