4. Anti-spirochete drugs. Classification. Mechanism of action. Indications for use. Side effects. Comparative characteristics.

Anti-spirochetes are a group of drugs used to treat diseases caused by spirochetes.

Classification: short-acting (benzylpenicillin sodium or potassium salt)

Long-acting: (novocaine benzylpenicillin salt, bicillins)

Mechanism: block thiol enzymes containing sulfhydryl groups.

Indications: Used for spirochetosis and syphilis.

Side effects: headache, vomiting, fainting, collapse, dermatitis, erythema, fever, euphoria, convulsions, liver damage.

Organic bismuth preparations: biloquinol, bismoverol, pentabismol. Only for syphilis. Cumulate in parenchymal organs, in the central nervous system. Mechanism: block sulfhydryl groups of thiol enzymes. The nature of the action: treponemostatic. Side effects - gingivitis, stomatitis, nephropathy. Contraindications: liver, kidney, oral cavity diseases.

Ticket 18.

1. Pharmacological work of domestic physiologists and clinicians (im Sechenov, ip Pavlov, sp Botkin, ni Pirogov)

Sechenov - pharmacology of neurotropic drugs. In 1866, "Reflexes of the head of the brain."

Pavlov - the founder of psychopharmacology, began his activity in the field of pharmacology in the clinic of S.P. Botkin, where he headed the experimental laboratory for 11 years. There, under the leadership of Pavlov, cardiac glycosides, antipyretics, and a number of ions were studied. For the first time in the history of science, Pavlov and his colleagues studied the effect of substances (bromides, caffeine) on higher nervous activity in healthy animals and in experimentally induced neuroses. Pavlov also studied the effects of various substances - acids, alkalis, ethyl alcohol, bitterness - on digestion.

Botkin - studied cardiotropic drugs. In 1860 he founded a clinical experimental laboratory, where the first Russian studies on clinical pharmacology and a therapy experiment were carried out.

Pirogov - research of drugs for anesthesia. The first operation under anesthesia in 1847 on the battlefield.

2. Beta-adrenergic agonists. Classification. Mechanism of action. Indications for use. Side effects. Contraindications Comparative evaluation of drugs.

Beta-adrenergic agonists are biological or synthetic substances that stimulate beta-adrenergic receptors and have a significant effect on the basic functions of the body.

Classification:

I. Stimulating predominantly Beta1-adrenergic receptors:

Dobutamine

Beta2-adrenergic receptors:

-Salbutamol

-Terbutaline (bricanil)

-Phenoterol (Berotec, Partusisten)

-Salmeterol (Servent)

-Formoterol

Beta1 Beta2-adrenergic receptors:

-Izadrin

Beta2 Beta1-adrenergic receptors:

-Orciprenaline (Alupent, Asthmopent)

Izadrin - Stimulation of Beta1 receptors: increased strength and heart rate, improved atrioventricular conduction, systolic blood pressure increases, diastolic blood pressure decreases, mean blood pressure decreases.

At the same time, the need for oxygen in the heart sharply increases; it cannot be used parenterally in order to avoid the development of microinfarctions.

Stimulation of β2-receptors leads to a decrease in the tone of the bronchi, blood vessels, uterus.

Indications for use:

- atriventricular block (sublingual tablets);

- bronchial asthma, pulmonary emphysema.

- to facilitate bronchoscopy and bronchography.

Side effects: tachycardia, arrhythmias, nausea, hand tremors.

Contraindications: ischemic heart disease, hypertension, severe atherosclerosis, hyperthyroidism, diabetes mellitus.

Salbutamol - dilates the bronchi, there is no tachycardia, blood pressure does not change, the effect on the heart is insignificant. The main therapeutic effects are bronchodilatory and tocolytic (relax the uterus).

Terbutaline is a drug of medium duration of action (up to 4 - 6 hours). Available in aerosol, tablet and ampoule form. They are used for broncho-obstructive diseases, with the threat of termination of pregnancy due to increased uterine tone.