Ticket number 29

1. Dependence of the effect on the dose (concentration) of the active substance. The breadth of the therapeutic action. The value of the choice of dosage forms and methods of drug administration.

E is determined by the dose of the substance; the rate of development of the effect changes, express, continue, har-r. Usually at ↑ doses ↑ the expression and duration of the effect. Single dose - number of substances for 1 reception. There is a daily dose. Dose calculation - mg / kg, mg / m2. The minimum effective dose is the minimum dose in which a biological effect has appeared. The average therapeutic dose is the required pharmacotherapeutic dose in most patients. Higher therapeutic doses (single and daily) are given in the State Pharmacopoeia. Toxic and lethal doses. Heading dose - for antibiotics. Loading dose - for fast creation of high concentration and medicine.

2. Alpha-adrenergic blocking agents. Classification. Mechanism of action. Indications for use. Side effects. Contraindications Comparative evaluation of drugs.

Alpha-adrenergic blockers are substances that block alpha-adrenergic receptors and prevent their connection with catecholamines. Classification: I. Blocking alpha-adrenergic receptors:

1) Non-selective: fasting and presynaptic

-Phentolamine (alpha1, alpha2)

-Tropafen (alpha1, alpha2)

Nicergoline, pyrroxane, dihydroergotomin

2) Selective: postsynaptic

-Prazosin (alpha1), doxazosin, urapidil

Mechanism of action: block adrenergic receptors, disrupting interaction with mediators.

Main effects: vasodilation of the skin, mucous membranes, celiac vessels, ↓ blood pressure, improved tissue nutrition. Indications: hypertensive crises, migraines, peripheral vascular spasms, Raynaud's disease, leg ulcers, diagnosis and treatment of pheochromocytoma, peripheral circulation disorders, ischemic cerebral circulation, sympathoadrenal and diencephalic crises, neurodermatitis, withdrawal symptoms. Side effects: tachycardia, nausea, diarrhea, collapse, dizziness, vomiting. Contraindications: organic diseases of the heart and blood vessels, pregnancy, childhood, hypotension, impaired liver and kidney function.

Phentolamine - enhances gastrointestinal motility, increased secretion of gastric juice, quickly becomes addictive, acts for 10-15 minutes, improves the blood supply to organs, especially the skin, expands the pulmonary circulation, weakly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract.

Tropafen - acts for a long time, lowers blood pressure, causes a slight tachycardia.

Prazosin is 10 times more active than phentolamine, does not affect heart rate, the duration of action is 6-8 hours.

3. Drugs affecting immunity. Classification. Mechanism of action. Indications for use. Side effects. Contraindications Comparative evaluation of drugs.

I. Antiallergic drugs:

one) Drugs that prevent the release of histamine: glucocorticoids, beta-adrenomimetics-adrenaline, aminophylline.

2) Means that prevent the interaction of histamine with sensitive tissues: blockers of H1-histamine receptors-diphenhydramine.

3) Means that eliminate the manifestations of allergies such as anaphylactic shock: adrenomimetics-adrenaline, myotropic bronchodilators-euphyllin.

Indications: immediate allergy.

Side effects: tachycardia, tremors, dyspepsia, headache, convulsions.

Contraindications: myocardial infarction, pregnancy, closed coal glaucoma, thyrotoxicosis.

II. Immunosuppressants:

• Cyclosporin blocks the differentiation and activation of T-lymphocytes.

• Imuran has a cytotoxic effect at the early stages of T-lymphocyte proliferation.

Indications: autoimmune diseases.

Side effects: headache, loss of appetite, vomiting, impaired renal function, increased blood pressure, anemia.

Contraindications: hypersensitivity.

III. Antihistamines:

Mechanism of action: they block histamine H1 receptors of tissues, thus suppressing the effect of histamine on them.

one) Ethanolamines - diphenhydramine, tavegil. 2) Ethylenediamines-suprastin.

2) Indications: urticaria, angioedema, rhinitis.

Side effects: hypotension, dry mouth, drowsiness.

Contraindications: hypersensitivity.

IV. Immunostimulants:

• interferon gamma activates macrophages, T-lymphocytes, T-killers.

• interleukin-2

• taktivin-normalizes the number and function of T-lymphocytes, stimulates the production of cytokines.

Indications: viral infections, myeloma, after radiation therapy, chronic purulent processes.

Contraindications: pregnancy.

Side effects: allergic reactions.