- •Summary Contents
- •Detailed Contents
- •Figures
- •Tables
- •Preface
- •The Disciplinary Players
- •Broad Perspectives
- •Some Key Guiding Principles
- •Why Did Agriculture Develop in the First Place?
- •The Significance of Agriculture vis-a-vis Hunting and Gathering
- •Group 1: The "niche" hunter-gatherers of Africa and Asia
- •Group 3: Hunter-gatherers who descend from former agriculturalists
- •To the Archaeological Record
- •The Hunter-Gatherer Background in the Levant, 19,000 to 9500 ac (Figure 3.3)
- •The Pre-Pottery Neolithic A (ca. 9500 to 8500 Bc)
- •The Pre-Pottery Neolithic B (ca. 8500 to 7000 Bc)
- •The Spread of the Neolithic Economy through Europe
- •Southern and Mediterranean Europe
- •Cyprus, Turkey, and Greece
- •The Balkans
- •The Mediterranean
- •Temperate and Northern Europe
- •The Danubians and the northern Mesolithic
- •The TRB and the Baltic
- •The British Isles
- •Hunters and farmers in prehistoric Europe
- •Agricultural Dispersals from Southwest Asia to the East
- •Central Asia
- •The Indian Subcontinent
- •The domesticated crops of the Indian subcontinent
- •The consequences of Mehrgarh
- •Western India: Balathal to jorwe
- •Southern India
- •The Ganges Basin and northeastern India
- •Europe and South Asia in a Nutshell
- •The Origins of the Native African Domesticates
- •The Archaeology of Early Agriculture in China
- •Later Developments (post-5000 ec) in the Chinese Neolithic
- •South of the Yangzi - Hemudu and Majiabang
- •The spread of agriculture south of Zhejiang
- •The Background to Agricultural Dispersal in Southeast Asia
- •Early Farmers in Mainland Southeast Asia
- •Early farmers in the Pacific
- •Some Necessary Background
- •Current Opinion on Agricultural Origins in the Americas
- •The Domesticated Crops
- •Maize
- •The other crops
- •Early Pottery in the Americas (Figure 8.3)
- •Early Farmers in the Americas
- •The Andes (Figure 8.4)
- •Amazonia
- •Middle America (with Mesoamerica)
- •The Southwest
- •Thank the Lord for the freeway (and the pipeline)
- •Immigrant Mesoamerican farmers in the Southwest?
- •Issues of Phylogeny and Reticulation
- •Introducing the Players
- •How Do Languages Change Through Time?
- •Macrofamilies, and more on the time factor
- •Languages in Competition - Language Shift
- •Languages in competition - contact-induced change
- •Indo-European
- •Indo-European from the Pontic steppes?
- •Where did PIE really originate and what can we know about it?
- •Colin Renfrew's contribution to the Indo-European debate
- •Afroasiatic
- •Elamite and Dravidian, and the Inds-Aryans
- •A multidisciplinary scenario for South Asian prehistory
- •Nilo-Saharan
- •Niger-Congo, with Bantu
- •East and Southeast Asia, and the Pacific
- •The Chinese and Mainland Southeast Asian language families
- •Austronesian
- •Piecing it together for East Asia
- •"Altaic, " and some difficult issues
- •The Trans New Guinea Phylum
- •The Americas - South and Central
- •South America
- •Middle America, Mesoamerica, and the Southwest
- •Uto-Aztecan
- •Eastern North America
- •Algonquian and Muskogean
- •Iroquoian, Siouan, and Caddoan
- •Did the First Farmers Spread Their Languages?
- •Do genes record history?
- •Southwest Asia and Europe
- •South Asia
- •Africa
- •East Asia
- •The Americas
- •Did Early Farmers Spread through Processes of Demic Diffusion?
- •Homeland, Spread, and Friction Zones, plus Overshoot
- •Notes
- •References
- •Index
Figures
0.1 Map of some major geographical trends in the spreads of agricultural systems and language families during the past 11,000 years.
1.1 Map of the major language families of the Old World.
1.2 Map of the major language families of the New World.
1.3 The origins and approximate directions of expansion of agricultural systems and early farming cultural complexes.
2.1 Two examples of internally fueled population growth in frontier situations.
2.2 The significance of agriculture in New Zealand Maori prehistory.
2.3 Synthetic diagram to show the rapid changes in world climate after the peak of the last glaciation.
2.4 The percentages of produced food in the diets of samples of Old World and New World societies.
2.5 Locations of existing and recent hunter-gatherer groups.
3.1 Natufian / Epipaleolithic, PPNA, and PPNB site distributions.
3.2 Ear, spikelet, and grain of wild and domesticated einkorn wheat.
3.3 The basic archaeological chronology of the Middle East, 15,000 to 5000 ac.
3.4 Abu Hureyra 2B: a large village of rectangular houses during the PPNB phase.
3.5 Stone tools of the PPNA and PPNB phases.
4.1 The earliest Neolithic cultures of Europe.
4.2 The saltatory Neolithic colonization in Greece.
4.3 The overlap in radiocarbon dates between Mesolithic and Neolithic sites in Iberia.
4.4 An undefended Bandkeramik settlement on a Meuse River terrace.
4.5 The non-overlapping distributions of Mesolithic and LBK sites in a section of the Meuse Valley.
4.6 The genesis of megalithic monuments from interaction between the LBK and Mesolithic traditions.
4.7 The early farming cultures of South Asia.
5.1 The major present-day vegetational regions of Africa.
5.2 Archaeological sites of northern Africa discussed in the text.
5.3 Dated sites with evidence for early domesticated cattle in Africa.
5.4 Sites of the Chifumbaze complex in eastern and southern Africa.
6.1 The major rice-growing areas of South, East, and Southeast Asia today.
6.2 South, East, and Southeast Asia, showing zones of low, medium, and high dry season stress.
6.3 The locations of major Chinese archaeological sites.
6.4 Trends in rice exploitation in Diaotonghuan cave, northern Jiangxi.
6.5 The distributions of archaeological cultures in China between 5000 and 3000 BC.
7.1 Major archaeological regions of Southeast Asia and Oceania.
7.2 Sites that have yielded Neolithic red-slipped pottery in Island Southeast Asia.
7.3 Dentate-stamped and related pottery from Island Southeast Asia and
Melanesia.
7.4 The distribution of Austronesian languages, together with archaeological dates for the spread of Neolithic cultures.
8.1 The major early agricultural zones of the Americas, together with probable source regions for early domesticated plants.
8.2 Cultural chronologies for the regions of early agricultural development in the Americas.
8.3 Archaeological sites that have early pottery in the Americas.
8.4 Andean Late Preceramic, Initial Period, and Early Horizon archaeological sites and complexes.
8.5 The ceremonial areas of Caral and La Galgada during the Late Preceramic Period, ca. 2500 BC.
8.6 Mesoamerican archaeological sites discussed in the text.
8.7 Map of the US Southwest showing early sites with maize, and the subsequent Hohokam, Mogollon, Anasazi, Patayan, and Fremont cultural regions.
8.8 A reconstruction of the Las Capas site through time.
8.9 Trajectories for the domestication of sunflower, sumpweed, squash, and goosefoot in the Eastern Woodlands.
9.1 Strong and weak family trees.
10.1 The distributions of the major subgroups of the Indo-European and Dravidian language families.
10.2 A reconstruction of the Indo-European homeland in central Anatolia and the first expansions of Indo-European languages into Europe.
10.3 The distributions of the major subgroups of the Afroasiatic and NiloSaharan language families.
10.4 Suggested language family movements in South Asia.
10.5 The major subgroups of the Niger-Congo family.
10.6 A maximum-parsimony tree of 75 Bantoid and Bantu languages.
10.7 The distributions of the Austroasiatic (Munda and Mon-Khmer), HmongMien, and Tai language families and their major subgroups.
10.8 The distributions of the major subgroups of the Sino-Tibetan language family, and suggested homelands for the major language families of China and Southeast Asia.
10.9 A phylogenetic tree of 77 Austronesian languages.
10.10 Postulated centers of dispersal for the Tupian, Panoan, Arawak, and Carib language families.
10.11 Reconstructed language family homelands for Mesoamerica.
10.12 The distribution of the Uto-Aztecan language family.
10.13 Reconstructed language family homelands for the Eastern Woodlands.
11.1 Models for Mesolithic-Neolithic genetic admixture in Europe.
11.2 Diagram of relationships between Asian and Oceanic populations.