Арзуманян Р., Сложное мышление и сеть парадигма нелинейности и среда безопасности 21 века

ǹdzǶǮǵǶǭ ǴȃȀdzǭǵǰǭ ǰ ǹǭǺȄ: ǷǨǸǨǬǰǫǴǨ ǵǭdzǰǵǭDZǵǶǹǺǰ ǰ ǹǸǭǬǨ ǩǭǯǶǷǨǹǵǶǹǺǰ 21 ǪǭDzǨ

ȊȈȚȕȣȑ ȖȚȒȓȐȒ ȕȈ ȊȣȏȖȊȣ ȕȖȊȖȑ ȥȗȖȝȐ, ȊȒȓȦȟȈȧ Ȑ ȚȘȈȕșȜȖȘȔȈȞȐȦ ȊȖȍȕȕȖȑ șȜȍȘȣ, ȌȖȓȎȍȕ ȗȘȖȐșȝȖȌȐȚȤ ȕȈ ȖșȕȖȊȍ ȚȍȘȔȐȕȖȓȖȋȐȐ Ȑ ȗȖȕȧȚȐȑȕȖȋȖ ȈȗȗȈȘȈȚȈ ȗȈȘȈȌȐȋȔȣ ȕȍȓȐȕȍȑȕȖșȚȐ1.

ǹ ȌȘțȋȖȑ șȚȖȘȖȕȣ, ȗȘȐ ȘȍȈȓȐȏȈȞȐȐ ȘȍȒȖȔȍȕȌȈȞȐȑ Ȗ ȕȍȖȉȝȖȌȐȔȖșȚȐ ȐȏȔȍȕȍȕȐȑ Ȋ ȊȖȍȕȕȖȑ ȒțȓȤȚțȘȍ Ȑ șȜȍȘȍ ȕȈȞȐȖȕȈȓȤȕȖȑ ȉȍȏȖȗȈșȕȖșȚȐ șȓȍȌțȍȚ ȐȏȉȍȋȈȚȤ ȒȘȈȑȕȖșȚȍȑ. DzțȓȤȚțȘȈ, ȉțȌțȟȐ ȗȖ șȊȖȍȑ ȗȘȐȘȖȌȍ ȉȖȓȍȍ ȐȕȍȘȞȐȖȕȕȖȑ, ȕȍȎȍȓȐ ȗȖȓȐȚȐȒȈ, ȐșȒȓȦȟȈȍȚ ȗȘȧȔȣȍ ȊȖȏȌȍȑșȚȊȐȧ ȕȈ șȍȉȧ. ǷȘȖȍȒȚȣ ȕȍȗȖșȘȍȌșȚȊȍȕȕȖȋȖ ȊȖȏȌȍȑșȚȊȐȧ ȕȈ ȒțȓȤȚțȘț ȊȖ Ȋșȍ ȊȘȍȔȍȕȈ ȖȚȕȖșȐȓȐșȤ Ȓ țȚȖȗȐȧȔ, Ȑ, ȗȘȐȏȕȈȊȈȧ ȍȍ ȕȍșȖȖȚȊȍȚșȚȊȐȍ ȕȖȊȣȔ ȊȘȍȔȍȕȈȔ, ȕȍȖȉȝȖȌȐȔȖ ȗȖȕȐȔȈȚȤ, ȟȚȖ ȖȕȈ Ȋ ȐșȚȖȘȐȟȍșȒȐ ȖȉȖȏȘȐȔȖȍ ȊȘȍȔȧ ȖșȚȈȕȍȚșȧ ȚȈȒȖȊȖȑ. ǷȘȐȏȣȊȣ «ȚȘȈȕșȜȖȘȔȐȘȖȊȈȚȤ ȒțȓȤȚțȘț» șȓȍȌțȍȚ ȗȘȐȏȕȈȚȤ ȕȍȈȌȍȒȊȈȚȕȣȔȐ, Ȑ Ȋșȍ, ȟȚȖ ȖșȚȈȍȚșȧ, ȥȚȖ ȒȖȕșȚȈȚȐȘȖȊȈȚȤ Ȑ țȟȐȚȣȊȈȚȤ ȍȍ ȕȍșȖȖȚȊȍȚșȚȊȐȍ ȚȘȍȉȖȊȈȕȐȧȔ ȕȖȊȖȑ ȥȗȖȝȐ2. DzțȓȤȚțȘȈ Ȑ ȒțȓȤȚțȘȕȣȑ ȉȈȏȐș, ȖȚȘȈȎȈȧ ȋȓțȉȐȕȕȣȍ ȗȈȚȚȍȘȕȣ șȖȞȐȈȓȤȕȖȋȖ ȗȖȊȍȌȍȕȐȧ, ȧȊȓȧȦȚșȧ ȗȍȘȊȐȟȕȣȔȐ ȗȖ ȖȚȕȖȠȍȕȐȦ Ȓ ȗȖȓȐȚȐȒȍ Ȑ ȊȖȑȕȍ. ȅȚȖ ȖȏȕȈȟȈȍȚ, ȟȚȖ șȗȖșȖȉȕȖșȚȤ ȏȈȗȈȌȕȖȋȖ ȖȉȡȍșȚȊȈ Ȋ ȞȍȓȖȔ Ȑ șȜȍȘȣ ȕȈȞȐȖȕȈȓȤȕȖȑ ȉȍȏȖȗȈșȕȖșȚȐ Ȋ ȟȈșȚȕȖșȚȐ ȈȌȈȗȚȐȘȖȊȈȚȤșȧ Ȓ ȗȘȖȐșȝȖȌȧȡȐȔ ȐȏȔȍȕȍȕȐȧȔ Ȋ ȓȦȉȖȔ șȓțȟȈȍ ȖȒȈȏȣȊȈȍȚșȧ ȖȋȘȈȕȐȟȍȕȕȖȑ ȓȈȉȐȓȤȕȖșȚȤȦ Ȑ ȈȌȍȒȊȈȚȕȖșȚȤȦ ȒțȓȤȚțȘȣ. Ǫ ȥȚȖȔ șȔȣșȓȍ ȏȈȗȈȌȕȈȧ ȒțȓȤȚțȘȈ Ȋ ȊȣșȠȍȑ șȚȍȗȍȕȐ ȗȓȈșȚȐȟȕȈ Ȑ, șȖȝȘȈȕȧȧ ȘȧȌ ȜțȕȌȈȔȍȕȚȈȓȤȕȣȝ ȗȈȘȈȔȍȚȘȖȊ, ȘȈȏȘȍȠȈȍȚ ȠȐȘȖȒȐȑ șȗȍȒȚȘ ȏȈȐȔșȚȊȖȊȈȕȐȑ Ȑ ȊȓȐȧȕȐȑ Ȑȏ ȌȘțȋȐȝ ȒțȓȤȚțȘ3.

ǽȖȚȧ ȊȖȍȕȕȣȍ ȔȣșȓȐȚȍȓȐ Ȋșȍȝ ȊȘȍȔȍȕ Ȑ ȕȈȘȖȌȖȊ ȍȌȐȕȣ ȊȖ ȔȕȍȕȐȐ, ȟȚȖ ȗȘȐȘȖȌȈ ȊȖȑȕȣ țȕȐȊȍȘșȈȓȤȕȈ Ȑ ȕȍȐȏȔȍȕȕȈ, ȚȍȔ ȕȍ Ȕȍȕȍȍ ȒȖȕȒȘȍȚȕȈȧ ȊȖȑȕȈ ȧȊȓȧȍȚșȧ ȒțȓȤȚțȘȕȣȔ ȜȍȕȖȔȍȕȖȔ, ȏȈȊȐșȧȡȐȔ ȖȚ ȒȖȕȚȍȒșȚȈ, ȉȖȓȤȠȖȋȖ ȟȐșȓȈ ȜȈȒȚȖȘȖȊ Ȑ șȖȞȐȈȓȤȕȣȝ ȕȖȘȔ, ȗȘȐȕȧȚȣȝ Ȋ ȌȈȕȕȖȔ ȖȉȡȍșȚȊȍ. ǪȖȑȕȈ ȐȔȍȍȚ ȕȍșȒȖȓȤȒȖ ȒȖȕȚȍȒșȚȖȊ, ȊȈȎȕȍȑȠȐȔȐ Ȑȏ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȝ ȧȊȓȧȦȚșȧ ȚȍȝȕȖȓȖȋȐȟȍșȒȐȑ, ȗȖȓȐȚȐȟȍșȒȐȑ, șȖȞȐȈȓȤȕȣȑ Ȑ ȒțȓȤȚțȘȕȣȑ. ǷȘȐȟȍȔ șȍȘȤȍȏȕȣȍ ȐșșȓȍȌȖȊȈȚȍȓȐ Ȑ șȚȘȈȚȍȋȐșȚȣ ȊșȍȋȌȈ ȗȖȌȟȍȘȒȐȊȈȓȐ ȊȈȎȕȍȑȠțȦ ȘȖȓȤ ȒțȓȤȚțȘȣ, Ȋ ȚȖȔ ȟȐșȓȍ șȚȘȈȚȍȋȐȟȍșȒȖȑ ȒțȓȤȚțȘȣ4. Ǫ ȘȧȌȍ ȐșșȓȍȌȖȊȈȕȐȑ ȖȚȔȍȟȈȍȚșȧ, ȟȚȖ Ȋ ȗȖșȓȍȌȕȍȍ ȊȘȍȔȧ ȖȗȘȍȌȍȓȧȦȡȈȧ ȘȖȓȤ Ȋ ȜȖȘȔȐȘȖȊȈȕȐȐ ȊȖȍȕȕȖȑ șȚȘȈȚȍȋȐȐ ǹȀǨ, ȍȍ ȊȐȌȍȕȐȧ ȊȖȑȕȣ ȐȋȘȈȍȚ șȒȖȘȍȍ ȋȍȖȗȖȓȐȚȐȟȍșȒȐȑ ȒȖȕȚȍȒșȚ, ȕȍȎȍȓȐ ȒțȓȤȚțȘȈ. ȅȚȖ șȊȧȏȣȊȈȍȚșȧ ș ȚȍȒȚȖȕȐȟȍșȒȐȔȐ șȌȊȐȋȈȔȐ Ȋ ȔȐȘȖȊȖȑ ȗȖȓȐȚȐȟȍșȒȖȑ șȐșȚȍȔȍ, ȋȍȖȗȖȓȐȚȐȟȍșȒȖȑ ȘȍȊȖȓȦȞȐȍȑ ȗȖșȓȍȌȕȐȝ ȌȍșȧȚȐȓȍȚȐȑ Ȑ, șȓȍȌȖȊȈȚȍȓȤȕȖ, ȕȖșȐȚ ȊȘȍȔȍȕȕȣȑ ȝȈȘȈȒȚȍȘ5. ǹ ȌȘțȋȖȑ șȚȖȘȖȕȣ, țȎȍ ȖȟȍȊȐȌȕȖ, ȟȚȖ ȊȣȊȖȌȣ ȘȧȌȈ ȚȍȖȘȍȚȐȒȖȊ, țȚȊȍȘȎȌȈȊȠȐȝ, ȟȚȖ Ȋ ȐȕȜȖȘȔȈ-

1 Whitehead, Balancing Tyche, pp. 48-49.

2 U.S. Department of the Army. 2004 Army Transformation Roadmap. Washington, DC: Office of the Deputy Chief of Staff, U.S. Army Operations, Army Transformation Office, July 2004. 12 January 2011. <http://www.army.mil/ references/2004TransformationRoadmap/4%20ATR%202004%20low%20res.pdf>.

3 Gray, Transformation and Strategy Surprise, p. 22.

4 Gray, Colin S. Modern Strategy. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999, ch. 5.

5 Friedman, Norman. The Fifty-Year War: Conflict and Strategy in the Cold War. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 2000.

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ǸȈȟȤȧ ǨǸǯǻǴǨǵȇǵ

ȞȐȖȕȕțȦ ȥȗȖȝț ȋȍȖȋȘȈȜȐȧ Ȑ, șȖȖȚȊȍȚșȚȊȍȕȕȖ, ȋȍȖȗȖȓȐȚȐȒȈ ȗȍȘȍșȚȈȍȚ ȉȣȚȤ ȘȍȠȈȦȡȐȔ ȜȈȒȚȖȘȖȔ ȔȐȘȖȊȖȑ ȗȖȓȐȚȐȒȐ, ȖȒȈȏȈȓȐșȤ ȕȍ șȖȖȚȊȍȚșȚȊțȦȡȐȔȐ ȌȍȑșȚȊȐȚȍȓȤȕȖșȚȐ. ǺȍȘȘȐȚȖȘȐȧ, ȒȈȒ Ȑ ȗȘȍȎȌȍ, ȗȘȖȌȖȓȎȈȍȚ ȐȋȘȈȚȤ ȊȍȌțȡțȦ ȘȖȓȤ Ȋ ȐșȚȖȘȐȐ, Ȉ ȈȜȖȘȐȏȔ «ȐȕȜȖȘȔȈȞȐȖȕȕȣȍ ȚȍȝȕȖȓȖȋȐȐ ȕȍ ȊȣȘȈȡȐȊȈȦȚ ȒȈȘȚȖȜȍȓȧ» ȗȖ-ȗȘȍȎȕȍ- Ȕț ȖșȚȈȍȚșȧ șȗȘȈȊȍȌȓȐȊȣȔ, ȐșȗȖȓȕȧȧ ȘȖȓȤ ȖȉȘȈȚȕȖȑ șȚȖȘȖȕȣ ȔȖȕȍȚȣ ȋȓȖȉȈȓȤȕȖȋȖ ȐȕȜȖȘȔȈȞȐȖȕȕȖȋȖ ȖȉȡȍșȚȊȈ1.

ǷȘȍȘȣȊȈȕȐȍ ȚȘȈȌȐȞȐȑ ȈȘȔȧȕșȒȖȑ ȊȖȍȕȕȖȑ ȒțȓȤȚțȘȣ, ȉțȌțȟȐ ȉȍȏțșȓȖȊȕȖ ȖȚȘȐȞȈȚȍȓȤȕȣȔ ȜȈȒȚȖȔ, ș ȌȘțȋȖȑ șȚȖȘȖȕȣ șȖȏȌȈȓȖ țȕȐȒȈȓȤȕțȦ ȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȖșȚȤ Ȑȝ ȊȖȏȘȖȎȌȍȕȐȧ «ș ȟȐșȚȖȋȖ ȓȐșȚȈ». ǨȘȔȧȕșȒȈȧ ȋȖșțȌȈȘșȚȊȍȕȕȖșȚȤ ȐȔȍȍȚ ȘȍȌȒȐȑ ȠȈȕș, ȊȣșȚȘȈȐȊȈȧ ȊȖȍȕȕțȦ șȜȍȘț, ȕȍ ȗȘȐȕȐȔȈȚȤ ȊȖ ȊȕȐȔȈȕȐȍ ȜȈȒȚȖȘ ȐȕȍȘȞȐȖȕȕȖșȚȐ ȊȖȍȕȕȣȝ ȚȘȈȌȐȞȐȑ. ǶȟȍȊȐȌȕȖ, ȟȚȖ ȗȘȐ ȥȚȖȔ ȐȔȍȍȚșȧ ȖȗȈșȕȖșȚȤ șȊȖȍȋȖ ȘȖȌȈ «ȘȍȓȧȚȐȊȐȏȔȈ», ȒȖȋȌȈ ȖȉȡȍșȚȊȖ, ȌȍȏȖȘȐȍȕȚȐȘțȧșȤ, ȖȚȘȣȊȈȍȚșȧ ȖȚ șȖȞȐȈȓȤȕȖȋȖ, ȐșȚȖȘȐȟȍșȒȖȋȖ Ȑ ȗȘȖȟȐȝ ȒȖȕȚȍȒșȚȖȊ ȥȗȖȝȐ. Ǫ șȓțȟȈȍ ǨȘȔȍȕȐȐ ȋȈȘȈȕȚȖȔ șȚȈȉȐȓȤȕȖșȚȐ Ȑ țșȗȍȠȕȖșȚȐ ȚȈȒȖȋȖ șȚȘȖȐȚȍȓȤșȚȊȈ șȚȈȕȖȊȐȚșȧ ȈȘȔȧȕșȒȈȧ ȒțȓȤȚțȘȈ, ȍȍ ȞȍȓȖșȚȕȖșȚȤ ȐȕȍȘȈȏȘȣȊȕȖșȚȤ ȕȈȗȘȖȚȧȎȍȕȐȐ Ȋșȍȑ ȐșȚȖȘȐȐǨȘȔȧȕșȒȖȋȖȔȐȘȈ2.

ǵȖȊȈȧ ȒțȓȤȚțȘȕȈȧ ȗȈȘȈȌȐȋȔȈ ȏȈȗȈȌȕȖȋȖ ȔȐȘȈ. ǹȓȍȌșȚȊȐȍȔ ȉȍȏțșȓȖȊȕȖȑ ȗȖȉȍȌȣ ǹȀǨ Ȋ ǽȖȓȖȌȕȖȑ ȊȖȑȕȍ, Ȉ ȚȈȒȎȍ ȗȖȕȐȔȈȕȐȧ ȍȍ ȒțȓȤȚțȘȕȖȑ ȖșȕȖȊȣ șȚȈȓȈ ȕȖȊȈȧ ȔȐȘȖȊȈȧ ȗȈȘȈȌȐȋȔȈ ȏȈȗȈȌȕȖȋȖ ȗȖȓțȠȈȘȐȧ (The Western Hemisphere New World Paradigm), ȊȣșȚȘȖȍȕȕȈȧ ȕȈ ȖșȕȖȊȍ ȜȍȕȖȔȍȕȈ «ȈȔȍȘȐȒȈȕșȒȖȑ ȐșȒȓȦȟȐȚȍȓȤȕȖșȚȐ». ǰșȒȓȦȟȐȚȍȓȤȕȖșȚȤ ǹȀǨ ȖȉȖșȕȖȊȣȊȈȓȈșȤ, Ȋ ȟȈșȚȕȖșȚȐ, Ȑȝ ȔȖȘȈȓȤȕȣȔ ȗȘȍȊȖșȝȖȌșȚȊȖȔ, șȗȖșȖȉȕȖșȚȤȦ țșȗȍȠȕȖ ȘȍȠȈȚȤ ȏȈȌȈȟț șȖȏȌȈȕȐȧ ȕȖȊȖȑ ȐȌȍȕȚȐȟȕȖșȚȐ, ȕȈȞȐȐ Ȑ ȐȕȚȍȋȘȈȞȐȐ ȐȔȔȐȋȘȈȕȚȖȊ Ȋ ȈȔȍȘȐȒȈȕșȒȖȍ ȖȉȡȍșȚȊȖ3. «ǼțȕȌȈȔȍȕȚȈȓȤȕȈȧ ȊȍȘȈ ǹȀǨ Ȋ șȊȖȦ ȐșȒȓȦȟȐȚȍȓȤȕȖșȚȤ ȏȐȎȌȍȚșȧ ȕȈ Ȑȝ șȗȘȈȊȍȌȓȐȊȖșȚȐ Ȑ ȔȖȘȈȓȤȕȖȔ ȗȘȍȊȖșȝȖȌșȚȊȍ ȕȈȌ ȌȘțȋȐȔȐ ȕȈȞȐȧȔȐ»4.

ǷȖȌȈȊȓȧȦȡȈȧ ȊȖȍȕȕȈȧ ȔȖȡȤ ǹȀǨ, ȖȗȐȘȈȦȡȈȧșȧ ȕȈ ȒțȓȤȚțȘț, Ȑ ȕȍȐȏȉȍȎȕȈȧ ȥȑȜȖȘȐȧ ȗȘȐȊȖȌȐȓȐ Ȓ ȊȣȊȖȌț Ȗ ȉȍȏțșȓȖȊȕȖȔ ȒțȓȤȚțȘȕȖȔ ȗȘȍȊȖșȝȖȌșȚȊȍ. Ǫ ȔȐȘȍ ȕȍ ȖșȚȈȓȖșȤ «ȌȖșȚȖȑȕȖȋȖ șȖȗȍȘȕȐȒȈ», Ȑ ȈȔȍȘȐȒȈȕșȒȈȧ ȒțȓȤȚțȘȈ ȗȘȖȊȖȏȋȓȈȠȈȓȈșȤ șȈȔȖȑ ȔȖȋțȡȍșȚȊȍȕȕȖȑ Ȋ ȐșȚȖȘȐȐ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȟȍșȚȊȈ. ǸȈȕȖ ȐȓȐ ȗȖȏȌȕȖ ȖȕȈ ȘȈȏȘțȠȐȚ Ȋșȍ șȖȗȍȘȕȐȟȈȦȡȐȍ ȚȘȈȌȐȞȐȖȕȕȣȍ ȒțȓȤȚțȘȣ, ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ ȕȍ Ȋ șȖșȚȖȧȕȐȐ

1 Gray, How Has War Changed Since the End of the Cold War, p. 23.

2 Ƕ ȞȍȓȖșȚȕȖșȚȐ ȗȘȖșȚȘȈȕșȚȊȈ ȈȘȔȧȕșȒȖȑ ȒțȓȤȚțȘȣ ȕȈ ȗȘȖȚȧȎȍȕȐȐ Ȋșȍȑ ȍȍ ȐșȚȖȘȐȐ șȔ. ǫȍȊȖȘȒȧȕ ǫ., ǼȐȓȖșȖȜȐȧ, ȐșȚȖȘȐȧ, ȒțȓȤȚțȘȈ. ǵǨǵ ǨȘȔȍȕȐȐ. ǰȕșȚȐȚțȚ ȜȐȓȖșȖȜȐȐ, șȖȞȐȖȓȖȋȐȐ Ȑ ȗȘȈȊȈ. ǭȘȍȊȈȕ: ǰȏȌ-ȊȖ «ǵȈțȒȈ» ǵǨǵ ǨȘȔȍȕȐȐ, 2005. – 528 ș., (ȕȈ ȈȘȔ. ȧȏ.). DzȕȐȋȈ ȧȊȓȧȍȚșȧ ȘȈȏȊȐȚȐȍȔ ȐȌȍȑ, ȖȚȘȈȎȍȕȕȣȝ Ȋ: ǫȍȊȖȘȒȧȕ ǫ., ǵȈȞȐȖȕȈȓȤȕȈȧ ȒțȓȤȚțȘȈ ș ȚȖȟȒȐ ȏȘȍȕȐȧ ȜȐȓȖșȖȜȐȐ ȐșȚȖȘȐȐ. – ǭȘȍȊȈȕ: ǰȏȌ-ȊȖ Ǩǵ ǨȘȔȍȕȐȐ, 1992. – 111 ș.

3 Stewart, Andrew W. Friction in U.S. Foreign Policy: Cultural Difficulties with the world. Carlisle Barracks, PA: Strategic Studies Institute (SSI), US Army War College, June 2006, p. 7. 12 January 2011. http://www.strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/pdffiles/PUB706.pdf .

4 Browning, Susan A. Understanding Non-Western Cultures: A Strategic Intelligence Perspective. Strategy Research Project, Carlisle Barracks, PA: U.S. Army War College, April 9, 1997, p. 8. 12 January 2011. http://oai.dtic.mil/oai/oai? verb=getRecord&metadataPrefix=html&identifier=ADA326929.

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ǹdzǶǮǵǶǭ ǴȃȀdzǭǵǰǭ ǰ ǹǭǺȄ: ǷǨǸǨǬǰǫǴǨ ǵǭdzǰǵǭDZǵǶǹǺǰ ǰ ǹǸǭǬǨ ǩǭǯǶǷǨǹǵǶǹǺǰ 21 ǪǭDzǨ

ȊȣȌȍȘȎȈȚȤ ȒȖȕȒțȘȍȕȞȐȐ. ǷȖȗȣȚȒȐ ȗȘȧȔȖȋȖ șȖȗȘȖȚȐȊȓȍȕȐȧ ȒțȓȤȚțȘȕȖȔț ȕȈȚȐșȒț ȌȖȓȎȕȣ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȗȘȐȊȍȚșȚȊȖȊȈȚȤșȧ, ȚȈȒ ȒȈȒ, ȉțȌțȟȐ ȖȉȘȍȟȍȕȣ ȕȈ ȗȘȖȊȈȓ, ȖȕȐ ȖȚȊȓȍȒȈȦȚ ȊȕȐȔȈȕȐȍ Ȑ ȥȕȍȘȋȐȦ ȖȉȡȍșȚȊ, ȕȍ ȗȖȏȊȖȓȧȧ ȐȔ șȖșȘȍȌȖȚȖȟȐȚȤșȧ ȕȈ ȜȖȘȔȐȘȖȊȈȕȐȐ ȈȌȍȒȊȈȚȕȖȋȖ ȖȚȒȓȐȒȈ ȕȈ ȈȔȍȘȐȒȈȕșȒȐȑ ȊȣȏȖȊ. ǹ ȌȈȕȕȖȑ ȚȖȟȒȐ ȏȘȍȕȐȧ, Ȋșȍ ȜțȕȌȈȔȍȕȚȈȓȐșȚșȒȐȍ, ȈȊȚȖȘȐȚȈȘȕȣȍ ȔȍȚȖȌȣ șȖȗȘȖȚȐȊȓȍȕȐȧ ȌȖȓȎȕȣ ȉȣȚȤ ȗȘȐȏȕȈȕȣ șȗȖșȖȉșȚȊțȦȡȐȔȐ țȊȍȓȐȟȍȕȐȦ ȈȔȍȘȐȒȈȕșȒȖȋȖ ȒțȓȤȚțȘȕȖȋȖ, Ȉ ȏȕȈȟȐȚ – Ȑ ȊȖȍȕȕȖȋȖ ȗȘȍȊȖșȝȖȌșȚȊȈ1. ǶȟȍȊȐȌȕȖ, ȟȚȖ ȚȈȒȈȧ ȗȘȧȔȈȧ Ȑ ȕȍȗȘȐȒȘȣȚȈȧ ȒțȓȤȚțȘȕȈȧ ȈȋȘȍșșȐȧ ǹȀǨ ȕȈȚȖȓȒȕțȓȐșȤ ȕȈ ȈȌȍȒȊȈȚȕȣȑ ȖȚȗȖȘ șȖ șȚȖȘȖȕȣ ȚȘȈȌȐȞȐȖȕȕȣȝ ȖȉȡȍșȚȊ, ȘȍȏțȓȤȚȈȚȖȔ ȟȍȋȖ șȚȈȓȖ ȘȍȏȒȖȍ ȗȈȌȍȕȐȍ ȗȘȐȚȧȋȈȚȍȓȤȕȖșȚȐ ȈȔȍȘȐȒȈȕșȒȖȑ ȒțȓȤȚțȘȣ, ȘȖșȚ ȈȕȚȐȈȔȍȘȐȒȈȕȐȏȔȈ2, Ȑ ȊȣȊȖȌ, ȟȚȖ «ȈȕȚȐȈȔȍȘȐȒȈȕȐȏȔ Ȋ ȕȈșȚȖȧȡȍȍ ȊȘȍȔȧ ȗȖȝȖȎ ȕȈ ȔȐȘȖȊțȦ ȘȍȓȐȋȐȦ»3.

ǵȈȌȖ ȖȚȌȈȚȤ ȌȖȓȎȕȖȍ ȈȔȍȘȐȒȈȕșȒȖȑ ȥȓȐȚȍ, ȌȖșȚȈȚȖȟȕȖ ȉȣșȚȘȖ ȖȞȍȕȐȊȠȍȑ, ȟȚȖ ȐșȚȖȟȕȐȒȖȔ ȊȘȈȎȌȍȉȕȖșȚȐ ȧȊȓȧȦȚșȧ ȗȖȗȣȚȒȐ ȗȘȧȔȖȑ ȚȘȈȕșȗȓȈȕȚȈȞȐȐ Ȋ ȋȓȖȉȈȓȤȕȖȔ ȔȈșȠȚȈȉȍ ȈȔȍȘȐȒȈȕșȒȖȑ ȒțȓȤȚțȘȣ Ȋ ȌȘțȋȐȍ ȖȉȡȍșȚȊȈ. Ǫ ȕȈșȚȖȧȡȍȍ ȊȘȍȔȧ ȕȈȉȓȦȌȈȦȚșȧ ȗȖȗȣȚȒȐ ȗȍȘȍȖȘȐȍȕȚȈȞȐȐ ǹȀǨ ȕȈ ȐșȗȖȓȤȏȖȊȈȕȐȍ ȕȍȗȘȧȔȣȝ șȚȘȈȚȍȋȐȑ, ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ, ȖȌȕȈȒȖ, ȊșȚțȗȈȦȚ Ȋ ȗȘȖȚȐȊȖȘȍȟȐȍ ș ȋȓțȉȐȕȕȣȔȐ ȗȈȚȚȍȘȕȈȔȐ Ȑ «ȐȕșȚȐȕȒȚȈȔȐ» ȈȔȍȘȐȒȈȕșȒȖȑ ȒțȓȤȚțȘȣ4. ǹȀǨ ȗȣȚȈȦȚșȧ ȘȈȏȘȈȉȖȚȈȚȤ Ȑ ȊȕȍȌȘȧȚȤ ȕȖȊȣȍ ȔȍȚȖȌȣ ȒțȓȤȚțȘȕȖȑ ȥȒșȗȈȕșȐȐ, ȖȗȐȘȈȦȡȐȍșȧ ȕȈ Ȍțȝ Ȑ ȔȈȒșȐȔț ȗȖȓȒȖȊȕȐȒȈ dzȖțȘȍȕșȈ: «ǵȍ ȌȍȓȈȑ Ȑ ȕȍ șȚȈȘȈȑșȧ ȌȍȓȈȚȤ ȔȕȖȋȖ șȖȉșȚȊȍȕȕȣȔȐ ȘțȒȈȔȐ. dzțȟȠȍ ȈȘȈȉȣ șȌȍȓȈȦȚ ȥȚȖ șȕȖșȕȖ, ȕȍȎȍȓȐ Țȣ ȉȓȍșȚȧȡȍ. ȅȚȖ Ȑȝ ȊȖȑȕȈ, Ȑ Țȣ ȗȖȔȖȋȈȍȠȤ ȐȔ ȖȌȍȘȎȈȚȤ ȗȖȉȍȌț, Ȉ ȕȍ ȊȣȐȋȘȣȊȈȍȠȤ ȍȍ ȏȈ ȕȐȝ»5. ǺȈȒȐȔ ȖȉȘȈȏȖȔ, ȒȓȦȟȍȊȣȔ ȥȓȍȔȍȕȚȖȔ ȒȖȕșȚȘțȒȚȐȊȕȖȑ ȕȈȞȐȖȕȈȓȤȕȖȑ șȚȘȈȚȍȋȐȐ ȖȉȢȧȊȓȧȍȚșȧ ȊȐȌȍȕȐȍ «ȔȐȘȈ ȚȈȒȐȔ, ȒȈȒȖȊ Ȗȕ ȍșȚȤ, Ȉ ȕȍ ȚȈȒȐȔ, ȒȈȒȐȔ Ȗȕ ȌȖȓȎȍȕ ȉȣȚȤ, ȐȓȐ ȚȈȒȐȔ, ȒȈȒȐȔ Ȕȣ ȍȋȖ ȝȖȚȐȔ ȊȐȌȍȚȤ»6. ȅȚȖ ȖȏȕȈȟȈȍȚ, ȟȚȖ ȏȈȗȈȌȕȈȧ ȊȖȍȕȕȈȧ Ȑ șȚȘȈȚȍȋȐȟȍșȒȈȧ ȔȣșȓȤ ȕȈ ȖȟȍȘȍȌȕȖȔ ȊȐȚȒȍ șȊȖȍȋȖ ȘȈȏȊȐȚȐȧ ȊȕȖȊȤ ȗȘȐȠȓȈ Ȓ ȗȖȕȐȔȈȕȐȦ ȒȘȐȚȐȟȍșȒȖȑ ȊȈȎȕȖșȚȐ ȒțȓȤȚțȘȣ Ȑ ȒțȓȤȚțȘȕȖȋȖ ȒȖȕȚȍȒșȚȈ, ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ ȕȍ ȍșȚȤ ȕȍȟȚȖ ȈȉșȚȘȈȒȚȕȖȍ ȐȓȐ ȕȍȑȚȘȈȓȤȕȖȍ ȗȘȐ ȘȈșșȔȖȚȘȍȕȐȐ ȗȘȖȉȓȍȔ ȊȖȑȕȣ7.

1 Peters, Ralph. “Constant Conflict,” Parameters, U.S. Army War College Quarterly, Vol. 27, No. 2, Summer 1997, pp. 4-14. 12 January 2011. http://www.carlisle.army.mil/USAWC/parameters/97summer/peters.htm.

2 Stewart, Friction in U.S. Foreign Policy, p. 1.

3 Levy, Bernard Henri. “American Vertigo, Traveling America in the Footsteps of Tocqueville,” interview on live national television by Fox News, March 6, 2006/1745hrs EST.

4 Kurth, James. “The American Way of Victory,” The National Interest, No. 60, Summer 2000, p. 5-16. 12 January 2011. <http://nationalinterest.org/article/the-american-way-of-victory-359>.

5 Lawrence, Ǻ. ǭ. “The 27 Articles of T.E. Lawrence,” The Arab Bulletin, 20 August, 1917.

6 Wunderle, William. “Through the Lens of Cultural Awareness; Planning Requirements in Wielding the Instruments of National Power,” in a Microsoft Power Point presentation with scripted commentary, April 21, 2005, slide 15. ǾȐȚȐȘțȍȚșȧ ȗȖ: Stewart, Friction in U.S. Foreign Policy, p. 2.

7 Gray, Colin S. “Strategy in the Nuclear Age: The United States, 1945-1991,” in Williamson Murray, MacGregor Knox, and Alvin Berstein, eds. The Making of Strategy: Rulers, States and War. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1994, p. 588.

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2.ǪȐȌȍȕȐȍ, ȓȖȋȐȒȈ Ȑ ȋȘȈȔȔȈȚȐȒȈ ȊȖȑȕȣ

ȊȏȈȗȈȌȕȖȑ ȊȖȍȕȕȖȑ ȒțȓȤȚțȘȍ

ǪȐȌȍȕȐȍ ȊȖȑȕȣ. ǷȖȕȧȚȐȍ «ȊȐȌȍȕȐȍ ȊȖȑȕȣ» (way of war) Ȋ ȏȈȗȈȌȕȖȑ ȊȖȍȕȕȖȑ ȒțȓȤȚțȘȍ ȊȒȓȦȟȈȍȚ Ȋ șȍȉȧ ȖȉȡȐȍ ȚȍȕȌȍȕȞȐȐ Ȋ ȖȘȋȈȕȐȏȈȞȐȐ Ȑ ȗȘȖȊȍȌȍȕȐȐ ȊȖȑȕȣ, Ȉ ȚȈȒȎȍ ȖșȕȖȊȕȣȍ ȗȖȓȖȎȍȕȐȧ ȊȖȍȕȕȖȑ ȔȣșȓȐ, șȊȖȑșȚȊȍȕȕȣȍ ȚȖȔț ȐȓȐ ȐȕȖȔț ȖȉȡȍșȚȊț. ǪȐȌȍȕȐȍ ȊȖȑȕȣ ȖȗȘȍȌȍȓȧȍȚ Țȍ ȜțȕȌȈȔȍȕȚȈȓȤȕȣȍ ȐȌȍȐ ȊȖȍȕȕȣȝ Ȑ ȗȖȓȐȚȐȟȍșȒȐȝ ȓȐȌȍȘȖȊ Ȗ ȊȖȑȕȍ, ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ, Ȋ ȒȖȕȍȟȕȖȔ șȟȍȚȍ, ȖȗȘȍȌȍȓȧȦȚ șȚȘȈȚȍȋȐȟȍșȒȖȍ ȗȓȈȕȐȘȖȊȈȕȐȍ, ȊȖȍȕȕȣȍ ȘȈșȝȖȌȣ, ȒȖȕȞȍȗȞȐȐ Ȑ ȌȖȒȚȘȐȕȣ ȘȈȏȊȐȚȐȧ ȊȖȖȘțȎȍȕȕȣȝ șȐȓ1. ǶȟȍȊȐȌȕȖ, ȟȚȖ ȊȐȌȍȕȐȍ ȊȖȑȕȣ ȚȖȋȖ ȐȓȐ ȐȕȖȋȖ ȋȖșțȌȈȘșȚȊȈ ȧȊȓȧȍȚșȧ ȥȓȍȔȍȕȚȖȔ ȉȖȓȍȍ ȠȐȘȖȒȖȑ ȗȈȘȈȌȐȋȔȣ – Ȋ ȌȈȕȕȖȔ șȓțȟȈȍ ȏȈȗȈȌȕȖȋȖ ȊȐȌȍȕȐȧ ȊȖȑȕȣ Ȑ ȏȈȗȈȌȕȖȑ ȊȖȍȕȕȖȑ ȒțȓȤȚțȘȣ. ǪȐȒȚȖȘ ǫȈȕșȖȕ Ȋ ȔȖȕȖȋȘȈȜȐȐ «Ǹȍȏȕȧ Ȑ ȒțȓȤȚțȘȈ» (Carnage and Culture) ȋȖȊȖȘȐȚ, ȟȚȖ ȘȧȌ ȉȈȏȐșȕȣȝ ȞȍȕȕȖșȚȍȑ ȏȈȗȈȌȕȖȑ ȒțȓȤȚțȘȣ, ȚȈȒȐȝ ȒȈȒ ȚȘȈȌȐȞȐȐ ȘȈȞȐȖȕȈȓȐȏȔȈ, ȐȕȌȐȊȐȌțȈȓȐȏȔ, ȋȘȈȎȌȈȕșȒȐȑ ȌȖȓȋ, ȗȘȐȊȖȌȧȚ Ȓ ȉȍȏțșȓȖȊȕȖȔț ȗȘȍȊȖșȝȖȌșȚȊț ǯȈȗȈȌȈ Ȋ ȊȖȍȕȕȖȑ «ȖȘȋȈȕȐȏȈȞȐȐ, ȌȐșȞȐȗȓȐȕȍ, ȔȖȘȈȓȐ, ȐȕȚțȐȞȐȐ, ȋȐȉȒȖșȚȐ Ȑ ȒȖȔȈȕȌȖȊȈȕȐȐ». ǵȍ țȚȊȍȘȎȌȈȧ, ȟȚȖ ȏȈȗȈȌȕȈȧ ȊȖȍȕȕȈȧ ȒțȓȤȚțȘȈ ȐȔȍȍȚ ȗȘȍȐȔțȡȍșȚȊȖ ȗȍȘȍȌ ȗȘȖȟȐȔȐ, Ȗȕ ȒȖȕșȚȈȚȐȘțȍȚ, ȟȚȖ ȕȈ ȗȘȖȚȧȎȍȕȐȐ ȗȖșȓȍȌȕȐȝ ȗȧȚȐ ȊȍȒȖȊ ȗȘȐ șȚȖȓȒȕȖȊȍȕȐȐ ȈȘȔȐȑ ȘȈȏȓȐȟȕȣȝ ȒțȓȤȚțȘ ȗȖȉȍȌȈ ȖșȚȈȊȈȓȈșȤ ȏȈ ǯȈȗȈȌȖȔ2. ǸȧȌ ȐșșȓȍȌȖȊȈȚȍȓȍȑ, ȕȈȗȘȐȔȍȘ, ǨȕȚțȓȐȖ ȅȟȍȊȈȘȘȐȧ (Antulio Echevarria), ȘȈșșȔȈȚȘȐȊȈȧ ȗȘȖȉȓȍȔȣ ȈȔȍȘȐȒȈȕșȒȖȋȖ ȊȐȌȍȕȐȧ ȊȖȑȕȣ, ȗȘȐȝȖȌȧȚ Ȓ ȊȣȊȖȌț, ȟȚȖ ȌȈȕȕȣȑ ȚȍȘȔȐȕ Ȋ ȊȖȍȕȕȖȔ ȐșȚȍȉȓȐȠȔȍȕȚȍ ǹȀǨ ȚȘȈȒȚțȍȚșȧ șȓȐȠȒȖȔ țȏȒȖ, Ȑ Ȋ ȕȈșȚȖȧȡȍȍ ȊȘȍȔȧ ȕȈȌȖ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȚȤ șȒȖȘȍȍ Ȗȉ ȈȔȍȘȐȒȈȕșȒȖȔ «ȊȐȌȍȕȐȐ șȘȈȎȍȕȐȧ», ȕȍȎȍȓȐ «ȊȐȌȍȕȐȐȊȖȑȕȣ»3.

ǸȍȠȈȧ ȏȈȌȈȟț ȜȖȘȔȐȘȖȊȈȕȐȧ ȕȖȊȖȋȖ ȊȐȌȍȕȐȧ ȊȖȑȕȣ, ȈȔȍȘȐȒȈȕșȒȈȧ ȊȖȍȕȕȈȧ ȔȣșȓȤ șȚȈȓȒȐȊȈȍȚșȧ ș ȌȊțȔȧ ȉȖȓȤȠȐȔȐ Ȑ ȊȏȈȐȔȖșȊȧȏȈȕȕȣȔȐ ȗȘȖȉȓȍȔȈȔȐ. ǪȖ-ȗȍȘȊȣȝ, ȖȕȈ ȖȉȧȏȈȕȈ ȟȍȚȒȖ ȖȗȘȍȌȍȓȐȚȤ ȖȉȓȈșȚȤ ȗȘȐȔȍȕȍȕȐȧ, ȜțȕȒȞȐȦ Ȑ ȘȖȓȤ ȘȈȏȔȣȚȣȝ Ȑ ȕȍȖȗȘȍȌȍȓȍȕȕȣȝ ȕȈ șȍȋȖȌȕȧȠȕȐȑ ȌȍȕȤ ȗȖȕȧȚȐȑ ȓȖȋȐȒȐ Ȑ ȋȘȈȔȔȈȚȐȒȐ ȊȖȑȕȣ. ȅȚȖ ȌȖȓȎȕȖ țȔȍȕȤȠȐȚȤ ȉȐȜțȘȒȈȞȐȦ Ȋ șȚȘȈȚȍȋȐȟȍșȒȖȔ ȔȣȠȓȍȕȐȐ, ȧȊȓȧȦȡțȦșȧ, ȒȈȒ ȗȐȠȍȚ ȖȌȐȕ Ȑȏ ȊȍȌțȡȐȝ ȚȍȖȘȍȚȐȒȖȊ ȖȋȘȈȕȐȟȍȕȕȖȑ ȊȖȑȕȣ ǸȖȉȍȘȚ ǶșȋțȌ (Robert Osgood), șȓȍȌșȚȊȐȍȔ șȖȏȌȈȕȕȖȑ ȌȐșȚȈȕȞȐȐ ȔȍȎȌț ȊȖȍȕȕȖȑ șȐȓȖȑ Ȑ ȗȖȓȐȚȐȒȖȑ4. ǽȈȘȈȒȚȍȘȕȖȑ ȟȍȘȚȖȑ ȚȘȈȌȐȞȐȖȕȕȖȋȖ ȈȔȍȘȐȒȈȕșȒȖȋȖ ȊȐȌȍȕȐȧ ȊȖȑȕȣ ȧȊȓȧȍȚșȧ ȖȠȐȉȖȟȕȈȧ ȕȍȌȖȖȞȍȕȒȈ ȗȖȓȐȚȐȟȍșȒȖȑ șȐȓȣ, «ȌȖȓȋȈȧ» ȈȕȚȐȊȖȍȕȕȈȧ ȚȘȈȌȐȞȐȧ Ȑ ȕȍȌȖșȚȈȚȖȟȕȣȑ ȖȗȣȚ ȒȖȔȉȐȕȐȘȖȊȈȕȐȧ ȊȖȍȕȕȖȑ șȐȓȣ Ȑ ȊȕȍȠȕȍȑ ȗȖȓȐȚȐȒȐ5. ǰșȚȖȘȐȧ ȗȖȒȈȏȣȊȈȍȚ, ȟȚȖ, ȝȖȚȧ ȊȖ ȊȘȍȔȧ ȊȖȑȕȣ ȊȖȍȕȕȣȍ Ȑ ȗȖȓȐȚȐȒȐ ȘȈȉȖȚȈȦȚ ȊȔȍșȚȍ, ȕȈ țȘȖȊȕȍ ȓȐȟȕȖșȚȍȑ ȊȖȏȕȐȒȈȍȚ ȖȗȘȍȌȍȓȍȕȕȈȧ ȌȐș-

1 Hoffman, Frank G. Decisive Force: The New American Way of War. Westport, CT: Praeger. 1996, p. 1. 2Hanson, Carnage and Culture, pp. 20-22.

3 Echevarria, Toward an American Way of War, p. 1.

4 Osgood, Robert E. Limited War: The Challenge to American Strategy. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1957. 5 Ibid, pp. 28-42.

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ǹdzǶǮǵǶǭ ǴȃȀdzǭǵǰǭ ǰ ǹǭǺȄ: ǷǨǸǨǬǰǫǴǨ ǵǭdzǰǵǭDZǵǶǹǺǰ ǰ ǹǸǭǬǨ ǩǭǯǶǷǨǹǵǶǹǺǰ 21 ǪǭDzǨ

ȚȈȕȞȐȧ Ȑ ȒȖȕȒțȘȍȕȞȐȧ ȔȍȎȌț ȕȐȔȐ, șȚȈȕȖȊȧȡȈȧșȧ ȕȍȏȕȈȟȐȚȍȓȤȕȖȑ ȓȐȠȤ ȗȘȐ ȊȍȌȍȕȐȐ ȚȖȚȈȓȤȕȖȑ ȊȖȑȕȣ.

ǪȚȖȘȈȧ ȉȖȓȤȠȈȧ ȗȘȖȉȓȍȔȈ, ȒȖȚȖȘȈȧ ȌȖȓȎȕȈ ȉȣȚȤ ȘȍȠȍȕȈ Ȋ ȘȈȔȒȈȝ ȕȖȊȖȋȖ ȊȐȌȍȕȐȧ ȊȖȑȕȣ, șȊȧȏȈȕȈ ș ȕȍțȔȍȕȐȍȔ ȊȖȍȕȕȣȝ Ȑ ȗȖȓȐȚȐȟȍșȒȐȝ ȓȐȌȍȘȖȊ șȔȖȚȘȍȚȤ ȕȈ ȊȖȑȕț ȒȈȒ ȕȈ ȞȍȓȖșȚȕȖȍ ȧȊȓȍȕȐȍ Ȑ, șȖȖȚȊȍȚșȚȊȍȕȕȖ, ȏȈȌțȔȣȊȈȚȤșȧ ȕȈȌ ȚȍȔ, ȒȈȒ ȚȘȈȕșȜȖȘȔȐȘȖȊȈȚȤ ȊȖȍȕȕțȦ ȗȖȉȍȌț Ȋ șȚȘȈȚȍȋȐȟȍșȒȐȑ Ȑ ȗȖȓȐȚȐȟȍșȒȐȑ țșȗȍȝ. ǹțȡȍșȚȊȖȊȈȕȐȍ ȗȘȖȉȓȍȔȣ ȘȈȏȘȣȊȖȊ Ȋ ȊȖȍȕȕȖȔ Ȑ ȗȖȓȐȚȐȟȍșȒȖȔ șȖȏȕȈȕȐȐ ȉȣȓȖ ȏȈȜȐȒșȐȘȖȊȈȕȖ ȌȖșȚȈȚȖȟȕȖ ȌȈȊȕȖ – ȍȡȍ Ȋ ȕȈȟȈȓȍ 70-ȝ ȋȖȌȖȊ 20 ȊȍȒȈ, ȖȌȕȈȒȖ ȌȖ șȐȝ ȗȖȘ ȕȍȓȤȏȧ șȒȈȏȈȚȤ, ȟȚȖ ȖȕȈ ȗȖȓțȟȐȓȈ șȊȖȍ ȘȍȠȍȕȐȍ, Ȑ ȞȍȓȖșȚȕȣȑ ȊȏȋȓȧȌ ȕȈ ȊȖȑȕț șȚȈȓ ȖȉȡȍȗȘȐȕȧȚȣȔ Ȑ ȗȘȐȊȣȟȕȣȔ1. ǩȖȓȍȍ ȚȖȋȖ, țȎȍ ȍșȚȤ ȗȖȕȐȔȈȕȐȍ ȚȖȋȖ, ȟȚȖ ȐȔȍȕȕȖ ȘȈȏȘȣȊȣ Ȋ șȖȏȕȈȕȐȐ șȚȈȓȐ ȖȌȕȐȔ Ȑȏ ȜȈȒȚȖȘȖȊ, ȗȖȔȍȠȈȊȠȐȝ ǹȀǨ ȚȘȈȕșȜȖȘȔȐȘȖȊȈȚȤ ȊȖȍȕȕȣȍ ȗȖȉȍȌȣ Ȋ ǨȜȋȈȕȐșȚȈȕȍ Ȑ ǰȘȈȒȍ Ȋ șȚȘȈȚȍȋȐȟȍșȒȐȑ, Ȉ ȏȈȚȍȔ Ȑ ȗȖȓȐȚȐȟȍșȒȐȑ țșȗȍȝ2. ǸȍȠȍȕȐȍ ȌȈȕȕȖȑ ȗȘȖȉȓȍȔȣ ȕȍȐȏȉȍȎȕȖ ȗȖȚȘȍȉțȍȚ ȗȍȘȍșȔȖȚȘȈ ȕȍȒȖȚȖȘȣȝ ȜțȕȌȈȔȍȕȚȈȓȤȕȣȝ ȖȚȕȖȠȍȕȐȑ ȔȍȎȌț ȊȖȍȕȕȖȑ Ȑ ȋȘȈȎȌȈȕșȒȖȑ ȟȈșȚȧȔȐ ȖȉȡȍșȚȊȈ3, Ȉ ȚȈȒȎȍ țȚȖȟȕȍȕȐȧ ȚȖȋȖ, ș ȗȘȐȊȓȍȟȍȕȐȍȔ ȒȈȒȐȝ ȘȍșțȘșȖȊ ȘȍȠȈȍȚșȧ ȏȈȌȈȟȈ, ȕȈȏȊȈȕȕȈȧ ȅȕȚȖȕȐ DzȖȘȌșȔȈȕȖȔ (Anthony Cordesman) «șȚȘȖȐȚȍȓȤșȚȊȖȔ ȊȖȖȘțȎȍȕȕȖȑ ȕȈȞȐȐ»4.

ǺȍȔ ȕȍ Ȕȍȕȍȍ ȈȔȍȘȐȒȈȕșȒȖȍ ȊȐȌȍȕȐȍ ȊȖȑȕȣ, ȒȈȒ Ȑ ȗȘȍȎȌȍ, ȜȖȒțșȐȘțȍȚșȧ șȒȖȘȍȍ ȕȈ ȉȣșȚȘȖȔ ȘȈȏȋȘȖȔȍ ȗȘȖȚȐȊȕȐȒȈ Ȋ șȘȈȎȍȕȐȐ, ȕȍȎȍȓȐ ȕȈ ȗȖȐșȒȍ ȗțȚȍȑ ȗȘȐȔȍȕȍȕȐȧ ȊȖȍȕȕȖȑ șȐȓȣ Ȍȓȧ ȌȖșȚȐȎȍȕȐȧ ȉȖȓȍȍ ȠȐȘȖȒȐȝ șȚȘȈȚȍȋȐȟȍșȒȐȝ Ȑ ȗȖȓȐȚȐȟȍșȒȐȝ Ȟȍȓȍȑ5. DzȈȒ ȏȈȔȍȟȈȍȚ ȋȍȕȍȘȈȓ Ȋ ȖȚșȚȈȊȒȍ ȅȕȚȖȕȐ ǯȐȕȕȐ (Anthony Zinni), ȊȖȍȕȕȣȍ ǹȀǨ șȚȈȕȖȊȧȚșȧ Ȋșȍ ȉȖȓȍȍ ȥȜȜȍȒȚȐȊȕȣȔȐ Ȋ «țȉȐȊȈȕȐȐ Ȑ ȘȈȏȘțȠȍȕȐȐ», ȟȚȖ ȖȉȍșȗȍȟȐȊȈȍȚ ȗȖȉȍȌț Ȋ șȘȈȎȍȕȐȐ, ȕȖ ȕȍ ȕȈ ȊȖȑȕȍ6. ǫȈȘȘȐ ǹȈȔȔȍȘș (Harry Summers) ȗȘȐȊȖȌȐȚ ȧȘȒȐȑ ȗȘȐȔȍȘ, ȌȍȔȖȕșȚȘȐȘțȦȡȐȑ ȈȒȚțȈȓȤȕȖșȚȤ Ȍȓȧ ȈȔȍȘȐȒȈȕșȒȖȋȖ ȊȖȍȕȕȖȋȖ ȔȣȠȓȍȕȐȧ ȘȈșșȔȈȚȘȐȊȈȍȔȖȑ ȗȘȖȉȓȍȔȣ. ǪȖ ȊȘȍȔȧ ȌȐșȒțșșȐȐ ș ȗȖȓȒȖȊȕȐȒȖȔ ǹȍȊȍȘȕȖȋȖ ǪȤȍȚȕȈȔȈ Ȗȕ ȌȖȒȈȏȣȊȈȓ, ȟȚȖ ȊȖȖȘțȎȍȕȕȣȍ șȐȓȣ ǹȀǨ ȕȍ ȗȘȖȐȋȘȈȓȐ ȕȐ ȖȌȕȖȋȖ șȘȈȎȍȕȐȧ, ȕȈ ȟȚȖ ȗȖșȓȍȌȕȐȑ ȖȚȊȍȚȐȓ: «ǪȖȏȔȖȎȕȖ ȥȚȖ ȚȈȒ, ȕȖ ȥȚȖ ȕȍ ȐȔȍȍȚ ȏȕȈȟȍȕȐȧ»7. ǬȘțȋȐȔȐ șȓȖȊȈȔȐ, șȖȋȓȈșȕȖ ǹȈȔȔȍȘșț, ȈȔȍȘȐȒȈȕșȒȐȍ ȊȖȍȕȕȣȍ ȊȣȗȖȓȕȐȓȐ Ȋșȍ șȚȈȊȧȡȐȍșȧ ȗȍȘȍȌ ȕȐȔȐ ȏȈȌȈȟȐ, Ȑ

1 Iklé, Fred Charles. Every War Must End. New York: Columbia University Press, 1971.

2 Schadlow, Nadia. “War and the Art of Governance,” Parameters, Vol. 33, No. 3, U.S. Army War College Quarterly, Autumn 2003, pp. 85-94. 12 January 2011. http://www.carlisle.army.mil/USAWC/parameters/Articles/03autumn/ schadlow.pdf.

3 Snider, Don M. “America’s Postmodern Military,” World Policy Journal, Vol. 17, No. 1, Spring 2000, pp. 47-54. 12 January 2011. http://www.jstor.org/stable/40209676.

4 Cordesman, Anthony. What is Next in Iraq? Military Developments, Military Requirements and Armed Nation Building. Washington, DC: Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS), August 2003, p. 5. 12 January 2011. http://www.csis.org/media/csis/pubs/iraq_whatsnext.pdf.

5 Echevarria, Toward an American Way of War, p. 16.

6 Zinni, Anthony General (Ret.). “How Do We Overhaul the Nation’s Defense to Win the Next War?” Special transcript of a presentation delivered at the U.S. Naval Institute, September 4, 2003.

7 Summers, On Strategy, p. 1.

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ǸȈȟȤȧ ǨǸǯǻǴǨǵȇǵ

ȗȘȖȐȋȘȣȠ ȊȖ ȊȤȍȚȕȈȔșȒȖȑ ȊȖȑȕȍ ȍșȚȤ ȘȍȏțȓȤȚȈȚ ȗȖȘȈȎȍȕȐȧ ȗȖȓȐȚȐȟȍșȒȖȋȖ ȘțȒȖȊȖȌșȚȊȈ Ȑ ȗȘȐȔȍȘ ȚȖȋȖ, ȒȈȒ ȗȘȐ ȗȘȈȊȐȓȤȕȖȑ ȋȘȈȔȔȈȚȐȒȍ ȖȠȐȉȖȟȕȈȧ ȓȖȋȐȒȈ ȊȖȑȕȣ ȕȍȐȏȉȍȎȕȖ ȗȘȐȊȖȌȐȚ Ȓ ȗȖȘȈȎȍȕȐȦ.

dzȖȋȐȒȈ Ȑ ȋȘȈȔȔȈȚȐȒȈ ȊȖȑȕȣ. ǯȈȗȈȌȕȈȧ ȊȖȍȕȕȈȧ ȔȣșȓȤ ȐșȗȖȓȤȏțȍȚ ȚȍȘȔȐȕȣ «ȋȘȈȔȔȈȚȐȒȈ Ȑ ȓȖȋȐȒȈ ȊȖȑȕȣ» ș 19 ȊȍȒȈ. ǶȕȐ ȈȒȚȐȊȕȖ ȐșȗȖȓȤȏȖȊȈȓȐșȤ DzȓȈțȏȍȊȐȞȍȔ Ȑ ǴȖȓȤȚȒȍ, ȊșȚȘȍȟȈȦȚșȧ Ȋ ȊȖȍȕȕȖȑ ȓȐȚȍȘȈȚțȘȍ ǼȘȈȕȞȐȐ Ȑ ǨȕȋȓȐȐ ȚȖȋȖ ȊȘȍȔȍȕȐ Ȑ ȊȕȖȊȤ șȚȈȓȐ ȈȒȚțȈȓȤȕȣ țȎȍ Ȋ ȒȖȕȞȍ 20 ȊȍȒȈ1. ǴȖȓȤȚȒȍ, ȗȘȐȏȕȈȊȈȧ ȉȍȏțșȓȖȊȕțȦ ȊȈȎȕȖșȚȤ ȓȖȋȐȒȐ ȊȖȑȕȣ, ȕȈșȚȈȐȊȈȓ ȕȈ ȚȖȔ, ȟȚȖ ș ȕȈȟȈȓȖȔ ȉȖȍȊȣȝ ȌȍȑșȚȊȐȑ ȐȔȍȕȕȖ ȋȘȈȔȔȈȚȐȒȈ ȊȖȑȕȣ ȗȘȐȖȉȘȍȚȈȍȚ ȋȓȈȊȍȕșȚȊțȦȡțȦ ȘȖȓȤ Ȑ ȌȖȓȎȕȈ ȖȗȘȍȌȍȓȧȚȤ ȝȖȌ ȊȖȑȕȣ. ǨȔȍȘȐȒȈȕșȒȖȔț Ȑ, ȠȐȘȍ, ȏȈȗȈȌȕȖȔț ȊȐȌȍȕȐȦ ȊȖȑȕȣ, ȏȈ ȕȍȒȖȚȖȘȣȔȐ ȐșȒȓȦȟȍȕȐȧȔȐ, ȋȖȘȈȏȌȖ ȉȓȐȎȍ «ȋȘȈȔȔȈȚȐȟȍșȒȐȑ» ȗȖȌȝȖȌ ǴȖȓȤȚȒȍ, ȕȍȎȍȓȐ ȚȖȟȒȈ ȏȘȍȕȐȧ DzȓȈțȏȍȊȐȞȈ ȕȈ ȗȖȓȐȚȐȒț Ȑ ȊȖȑȕț ȒȈȒ ȍȌȐȕȣȑ ȓȖȋȐȟȍșȒȐȑ ȒȖȕȚȐȕțțȔ2.

ǸȖȉȍȘȚ ǶșȋțȌ țȚȊȍȘȎȌȈȍȚ, ȟȚȖ ȌȈȎȍ Ȋ țșȓȖȊȐȧȝ ȋȓȖȉȈȓȤȕȖȋȖ ȧȌȍȘȕȖȋȖ ȗȘȖȚȐȊȖșȚȖȧȕȐȧ ȐșȗȖȓȤȏȖȊȈȕȐȍ ȊȖȍȕȕȖȑ șȐȓȣ ȖșȚȈȊȈȓȖșȤ ȘȈȞȐȖȕȈȓȤȕȣȔ ȗȘȖȌȖȓȎȍȕȐȍȔ ȗȖȓȐȚȐȒȐ, ȖȉȍșȗȍȟȐȊȈȧ ȖȡțȚȐȔȣȑ țșȗȍȝ «ȚȖȓȤȒȖ Ȋ ȗȖȓȐȚȐȟȍșȒȐȝ ȚȍȘȔȐȕȈȝ, ȕȖ ȕȍ Ȋ ȚȍȘȔȐȕȈȝ țȕȐȟȚȖȎȍȕȐȧ ȗȘȖȚȐȊȕȐȒȈ»3. ǶȌȕȈȒȖ ȚȖȚ Ȏȍ ǶșȋțȌ ȒȖȕșȚȈȚȐȘțȍȚ, ȟȚȖ ȚȈȒȖȑ ȗȖȌȝȖȌ Ȓ ȊȖȍȕȕȖȑ șȐȓȍ ȧȊȓȧȍȚșȧ ȕȍȚȐȗȐȟȕȣȔ Ȍȓȧ ȈȔȍȘȐȒȈȕșȒȖȋȖ ȊȐȌȍȕȐȧ ȊȖȑȕȣ, ȒȖȚȖȘȖȔț șȊȖȑșȚȊȍȕȕȖ ȘȈȏȌȍȓȧȚȤ șȜȍȘȣ ȗȖȓȐȚȐȒȐ Ȑ ȊȖȍȕȕȖȑ șȐȓȣ. ǪȍȌțȡȐȑ ȚȍȖȘȍȚȐȒ ȒȖȕȞȍȗȞȐȐ ȌȐȗȓȖȔȈȚȐȐ ȗȘȐȕțȎȌȍȕȐȧ (coercive diplomacy) ǺȖȔȈș ȀȍȓȓȐȕȋ (Thomas Schelling) ȋȖȊȖȘȐȚ, ȟȚȖ ȞȍȓȐ ȗȘȐȔȍȕȍȕȐȧ ȊȖȖȘțȎȍȕȕȣȝ șȐȓ ȌȖȓȎȕȣ ȉȣȚȤ ȉȖȓȍȍ ȖȋȘȈȕȐȟȍȕȕȣȔȐ Ȑ ȏȈȒȓȦȟȈȚȤșȧ Ȋ șȌȍȘȎȐȊȈȕȐȐ, ȏȈȗțȋȐȊȈȕȐȐ, ȗȘȐȕțȎȌȍȕȐȐ ȗȘȖȚȐȊȕȐȒȈ. Ǫ ȉȖȓȤȠȐȕșȚȊȍ șȓțȟȈȍȊ ȚȈȒȖȍ ȐșȗȖȓȤȏȖȊȈȕȐȍ șȐȓȣ, ȗȖȏȊȖȓȧȦȡȍȍ ȌȖșȚȐȟȤ ȗȘȖȔȍȎțȚȖȟȕȣȝ Ȟȍȓȍȑ, ȖȒȈȏȣȊȈȍȚșȧ ȉȖȓȍȍ ȥȜȜȍȒȚȐȊȕȣȔ, ȕȍȎȍȓȐ ȗȖȓȕȣȑ ȘȈȏȋȘȖȔ Ȑ ȖȒȖȕȟȈȚȍȓȤȕȈȧ ȊȖȍȕȕȈȧ ȗȖȉȍȌȈ4. ǶșȋțȌ Ȑ ȀȍȓȓȐȕȋ, ȉțȌțȟȐ șȚȖȘȖȕȕȐȒȈȔȐ ȗȖșȚȈȕȖȊȒȐ Ȑ ȘȍȠȍȕȐȧ ȏȈȌȈȟȐ ȌȖșȚȐȎȍȕȐȧ șȚȘȈȚȍȋȐȟȍșȒȖȋȖ țșȗȍȝȈ, Ȉ ȕȍ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȊȖȍȕȕȖȑ ȗȖȉȍȌȣ, ȗȣȚȈȓȐșȤ ȐȏȔȍȕȐȚȤ șțȡȍșȚȊțȦȡȍȍ ȊȐȌȍȕȐȍ ȊȖȑȕȣ Ȋ ȈȔȍȘȐȒȈȕșȒȖȔ ȊȖȍȕȕȖȔ ȐșȚȍȉȓȐȠȔȍȕȚȍ, șȔȍȡȈȧ ȜȖȒțș Ȑ ȈȒȞȍȕȚȣ ș ȋȘȈȔȔȈȚȐȒȐ ȊȖȑȕȣ ȕȈ ȍȍ ȓȖȋȐȒț.

ǨȌȔȐȘȈȓ ǬȎȖȏȍȜ ǻȈȑȓȐ (Joseph Wylie) țȚȊȍȘȎȌȈȍȚ, ȟȚȖ ȊȖȑȕȈ, ȐȕȐȞȐȐȘțȧ ȕȖȊțȦ ȗȖȓȐȚȐȟȍșȒțȦ ȌȐȕȈȔȐȒț, ȘȈȌȐȒȈȓȤȕȖ ȔȍȕȧȍȚ ȗȘȍȌȊȖȍȕȕțȦ ȗȖȓȐȚȐȒț, ȒȖȚȖȘȈȧ ȗȍȘȍșȚȈȍȚ șȖȖȚȊȍȚșȚȊȖȊȈȚȤ ȕȖȊȣȔ ȘȍȈȓȐȧȔ, șȚȈȕȖȊȐȚșȧ «ȕȍȋȖȌȕȖȑ». Ǫ ȒȕȐȋȍ «ǪȖȍȕȕȈȧ șȚȘȈȚȍȋȐȧ» Ȗȕ ȗȘȖȊȖȌȐȚ ȘȈȏȕȐȞț ȔȍȎȌț ȚȍȘȔȐȕȈȔȐ «ȗȖȓȐȚȐȒȈ» Ȑ «ȗȖȓȐȚȐȟȍșȒȈȧ ȎȐȏȕȤ» («policy» and «politics»). ǻȈȑȓȐ țȚȊȍȘȎȌȈȍȚ, ȟȚȖ DzȓȈțȏȍ-

1 Echevarria II, Antulio J. After Clausewitz: German Military Thinkers before the Great War. Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas, 2000.

2 Echevarria, Toward an American Way of War, p. 2. 3 Osgood, Limited War, p. 22.

4Schelling, Thomas C. Arms and Influence. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1966, pp. 16, 34. Ǩ ȚȈȒȎȍ Weigley, American Way of War, pp. 474-475.

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ǹdzǶǮǵǶǭ ǴȃȀdzǭǵǰǭ ǰ ǹǭǺȄ: ǷǨǸǨǬǰǫǴǨ ǵǭdzǰǵǭDZǵǶǹǺǰ ǰ ǹǸǭǬǨ ǩǭǯǶǷǨǹǵǶǹǺǰ 21 ǪǭDzǨ

ȊȐȞ Ȋ șȊȖȍȑ ȏȕȈȔȍȕȐȚȖȑ ȜȖȘȔțȓȍ Ȗ ȗȘȐȔȈȚȍ ȗȖȓȐȚȐȒȐ ȕȈȌ ȊȖȑȕȖȑ Ȑ ȊȖȑȕȍ ȒȈȒ «ȗȘȖȌȖȓȎȍȕȐȐ ȗȖȓȐȚȐȒȐ» ȐȔȍȓ Ȋ ȊȐȌț ȗȖȓȐȚȐȟȍșȒțȦ ȎȐȏȕȤ, ȗȘȖȞȍșș ȕȍȗȘȍȘȣȊȕȖȑ ȉȖȘȤȉȣ ȏȈ ȊȓȈșȚȤ, Ȉ ȕȍ ȗȖȓȐȚȐȒț. ǰ ȍșȓȐ ȊȖȑȕȈ ȗȘȖȐȋȘȣȊȈȍȚșȧ, ȚȖ ȥȚȖ ȖȏȕȈȟȈȍȚ, ȟȚȖ ȘȍȈȓȐȏțȍȔȈȧ ȗȖȓȐȚȐȒȈ ȖȒȈȏȈȓȈșȤ ȕȍșȖșȚȖȧȚȍȓȤȕȖȑ, Ȑ ȍȍ ȔȍșȚȖ ȌȖȓȎȕȈ ȏȈȕȧȚȤ ȌȘțȋȈȧ. ǷȖȗȣȚȒȐ Ȑ ȌȈȓȍȍ ȗȘȐȔȍȕȧȚȤ Ȓ ȐȏȔȍȕȐȊȠȐȔșȧ țșȓȖȊȐȧȔ ȕȍȈȌȍȒȊȈȚȕțȦ șȚȈȘțȦ ȗȖȓȐȚȐȒț ȔȖȋțȚ ȗȘȐȊȍșȚȐ Ȓ ȜȈȚȈȓȤȕȣȔ ȗȖșȓȍȌșȚȊȐȧȔ1. ǺȍȔ șȈȔȣȔ ȞȍȕȚȘȈȓȤȕȣȔ ȊȖȗȘȖșȖȔ ȊȖȑȕȣ șȚȈȕȖȊȐȚșȧ ȕȍ ȚȖȟȕȖȍ șȖȉȓȦȌȍȕȐȍ Ȑ ȈȌȍȒȊȈȚȕȖȍ ȐșȗȖȓȤȏȖȊȈȕȐȍ ȋȘȈȔȔȈȚȐȒȐ, ȕȖ ȚȖ, ȕȈșȒȖȓȤȒȖ ȝȖȘȖȠȖ ȉȣȓȈ ȗȘȖȘȈȉȖȚȈȕȈ Ȑ ȖȉȍșȗȍȟȍȕȈ ȍȍ ȓȖȋȐȒȈ.

ǬȖȒȚȘȐȕȈ ǷȈțȥȓȓȈ, ȗȖȧȊȐȊȠȈȧșȧ ȕȈ șȊȍȚ Ȋ 1991-92ȋȋ. Ȑ ȧȊȓȧȦȡȈȧșȧ ȗȘȖȌȖȓȎȍȕȐȍȔ ȌȖȒȚȘȐȕȣ DzȈșȗȍȘȈ ǻȈȑȕȉȍȘȋȈ (Casper Weinberger)2, ȗȣȚȈȍȚșȧ ȖȋȘȈȕȐȟȐȚȤ Ȑ ȟȍȚȒȖ ȖȗȘȍȌȍȓȐȚȤ, ȒȖȋȌȈ Ȑ ȗȘȐ ȒȈȒȐȝ țșȓȖȊȐȧȝ ȗȖȓȐȚȐȟȍșȒȐȍ ȓȐȌȍȘȣ ȔȖȋțȚ ȗȘȐȔȍȕȧȚȤ ȊȖȍȕȕțȦ șȐȓț3. ǸȧȌ ȐșșȓȍȌȖȊȈȚȍȓȍȑ ȋȖȊȖȘȧȚ, ȟȚȖ ȚȍȔ șȈȔȣȔ ȋȘȈȔȔȈȚȐȒȈ ȊȖȑȕȣ ȕȈȟȐȕȈȍȚ ȌȐȒȚȖȊȈȚȤ șȊȖȦ șȖȉșȚȊȍȕȕțȦ ȓȖȋȐȒț. ȅȚȖ ȊȝȖȌȐȚ Ȋ ȗȘȖȚȐȊȖȘȍȟȐȍ șȖ șȜȖȘȔțȓȐȘȖȊȈȕȕȣȔ ȍȡȍ DzȓȈțȏȍȊȐȞȍȔ Ȑ șȚȈȊȠȐȔ ȒȓȈșșȐȟȍșȒȐȔ ȏȈȗȈȌȕȣȔ ȗȖȌȝȖȌȖȔ, ȒȖȋȌȈ ȊȖ ȊȏȈȐȔȖȖȚȕȖȠȍȕȐȧȝ ȔȍȎȌț ȊȖȍȕȕȖȑ șȜȍȘȖȑ Ȑ ȗȖȓȐȚȐȒȖȑ ȖȗȘȍȌȍȓȧȦȡȈȧ ȘȖȓȤ ȗȘȐȕȈȌȓȍȎȐȚ ȗȖșȓȍȌȕȍȑ. ǶȌȕȈȒȖ ȗȘȐȊȍȘȎȍȕȞȣ ȌȖȒȚȘȐȕȣ țȚȊȍȘȎȌȈȦȚ, ȟȚȖ ȗȘȍȌȓȈȋȈȍȔȣȑ ȗȖȌȝȖȌ, ȗȖȏȊȖȓȧȧ ȘȈȏȘȈȉȖȚȈȚȤ șȖȊȍȘȠȍȕȕțȦ ȋȘȈȔȔȈȚȐȒț, ȐșȒȓȦȟȈȍȚ ȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȣȍ ȐșȒȈȎȍȕȐȧ Ȑ ȒȖȘȘȖȏȐȦ ȓȖȋȐȒȐ ȊȖȑȕȣ. ǯȈȌȈȟȈ ȋȘȈȔȔȈȚȐȒȐ – ȖȉȍșȗȍȟȐȚȤ ȈȌȍȒȊȈȚȕȖșȚȤ Ȑ ȐȕȊȈȘȐȈȕȚȕȖșȚȤ ȗȖȕȐȔȈȕȐȧ Ȑ ȐȕȚȍȘȗȘȍȚȈȞȐȐ ȓȖȋȐȒȐ. ǪȖȗȘȖș Ȗ ȚȖȔ, ȕȈșȒȖȓȤȒȖ ȋȘȈȔȔȈȚȐȒȈ ȊȖșȗȘȐȕȐȔȈȍȚșȧ ȐȔȍȕȕȖ Ȋ ȚȈȒȖȔ ȒȓȦȟȍ ȗȖȓȐȚȐȟȍșȒȐȔȐ ȓȐȌȍȘȈȔȐ, ȖȗȘȍȌȍȓȧȦȡȐȔȐ ȓȖȋȐȒț ȊȖȑȕȣ, ȧȊȓȧȍȚșȧ ȕȍșȒȖȓȤȒȖ ȌȘțȋȐȔ4.

Ǫ ȘȈȉȖȚȍ, ȖȗțȉȓȐȒȖȊȈȕȕȖȑ Ȋ «Foreign Affairs» Ȋ 2003ȋ., ǴȈȒș ǩțȚ ȘȈȏȊȐȊȈȍȚ ȐȌȍȐ ȔȖȕȖȋȘȈȜȐȐ «ǹȊȐȘȍȗȣȍ ȊȖȑȕȣ ȏȈ ȔȐȘ», ȗȖȏȐȞȐȖȕȐȘțȧ șȍȉȧ Ȋ ȒȈȟȍșȚȊȍ ȊȍȌțȡȍȋȖ ȗȘȍȌșȚȈȊȐȚȍȓȧ ȕȖȊȖȋȖ ȈȔȍȘȐȒȈȕșȒȖȋȖ ȊȐȌȍȕȐȧ ȊȖȑȕȣ5. ǩțȚ țȚȊȍȘȎȌȈȍȚ, ȟȚȖ ȕȖȊȖȍ ȊȐȌȍȕȐȍ ȗȖȏȊȖȓȐȚ ǹȀǨ ȋȖȘȈȏȌȖ ȥȜȜȍȒȚȐȊȕȍȍ ȊȍșȚȐ «șȊȐȘȍȗȣȍ ȊȖȑȕȣ ȏȈ ȔȐȘ», ȘȈșȠȐȘȧȦȡȐȍ «ȐȔȗȍȘȐȦ șȊȖȉȖȌȣ», ȗȖȌ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȑ Ȗȕ ȗȖȕȐȔȈȍȚ

1 Wylie, Joseph C. Admiral. Military Strategy: A General Theory of Power Control. Annapolis, MD: U.S. Naval Institute Press, 1989 (1967), pp. 67-69.

2 ǬȖȒȚȘȐȕȈ, ȘȈȏȘȈȉȖȚȈȕȕȈȧ ȔȐȕȐșȚȘȖȔ ȖȉȖȘȖȕȣ DzȈșȗȍȘȖȔ ǻȈȑȕȉȍȘȋȖȔ Ȋ 1984ȋ. șȖșȚȖȐȚ Ȑȏ ȠȍșȚȐ ȗțȕȒȚȖȊ: 1) ȊșȚțȗȓȍȕȐȍ ǪȖȖȘțȎȍȕȕȣȝ ǹȐȓ ǹȀǨ Ȋ ȒȖȕȜȓȐȒȚ ȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȖ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ Ȍȓȧ ȏȈȡȐȚȣ ȎȐȏȕȍȕȕȣȝ ȐȕȚȍȘȍșȖȊ ǹȀǨ; 2) ǹȀǨ ȌȖȓȎȕȣ ȊșȚțȗȈȚȤ Ȋ ȒȖȕȜȓȐȒȚ ș ȟȍȚȒȐȔ ȕȈȔȍȘȍȕȐȍȔ ȗȖȉȍȌȐȚȤ; 3) ȊșȚțȗȓȍȕȐȍ ǪȖȖȘțȎȍȕȕȣȝ ǹȐȓ ǹȀǨ Ȋ ȒȖȕȜȓȐȒȚ ȏȈ ȗȘȍȌȍȓȈȔȐ ȈȔȍȘȐȒȈȕșȒȖȋȖ ȒȖȕȚȐȕȍȕȚȈ ȚȘȍȉțȍȚ ȟȍȚȒȖȋȖ ȖȗȘȍȌȍȓȍȕȐȧ ȊȖȍȕȕȣȝ Ȑ ȗȖȓȐȚȐȟȍșȒȐȝ Ȟȍȓȍȑ Ȑ ȏȈȌȈȟ; 4) ȊșȚțȗȓȍȕȐȍ Ȋ ȒȖȕȜȓȐȒȚ ȌȖȓȎȕȖ ȗȖșȚȖȧȕȕȖ ȗȍȘȍȖȞȍȕȐȊȈȚȤșȧ Ȑ ȊȣȊȍȘȧȚȤșȧ ȕȈ ȖșȕȖȊȍ ȕȍȗȘȍȘȣȊȕȖ ȔȍȕȧȦȡȐȝșȧ țșȓȖȊȐȑ ȒȖȕȜȓȐȒȚȈ; 5) ȌȍȑșȚȊȐȧ ǪȖȖȘțȎȍȕȕȣȝ ǹȐȓ ǹȀǨ ȌȖȓȎȕȣ ȗȖȌȌȍȘȎȐȊȈȚȤșȧ ȖȉȡȍșȚȊȍȕȕȣȔ ȔȕȍȕȐȍȔ șȚȘȈȕȣ; 6) ȊșȚțȗȓȍȕȐȍ ǪȖȖȘțȎȍȕȕȣȝ ǹȐȓ ǹȀǨ Ȋ ȒȖȕȜȓȐȒȚ ȌȖȓȎȕȖ ȗȘȖȐșȝȖȌȐȚȤ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ Ȋ ȒȘȈȑȕȍȔ șȓțȟȈȍ. ǹȔ. Weinberger, Casper. Speech delivered at the National Press Club, on November 28, 1984, reprinted in Defense, January 1985, pp. 1-11.

3 “Powell’s Doctrine, in Powell’s Words,” The Washington Post, October 7, 2001, p. B-2, transcript of an interview with Tim Russert.

4 Echevarria, Toward an American Way of War, p. 6.

5 Boot, Max. “The New American Way of War,” Foreign Affairs Vol. 82, No. 4, July/August 2003, pp. 41-58. 12 January 2011. http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/58996/max-boot/the-new-american-way-of-war.

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ǸȈȟȤȧ ǨǸǯǻǴǨǵȇǵ

«șȍȔȤȦ ȌȍȔȖȒȘȈȚȐȟȍșȒȐȝ ȒȈȗȐȚȈȓȐșȚȐȟȍșȒȐȝ ȕȈȞȐȑ». Ǫ ȒȈȟȍșȚȊȍ ȔȖȘȈȓȤȕȖȋȖ ȖȉȖșȕȖȊȈȕȐȧ ȚȈȒȖȑ ȗȖȓȐȚȐȒȐ ȊȣșȚțȗȈȍȚ ȖȋȘȖȔȕȈȧ ȊȖȍȕȕȈȧ Ȑ ȥȒȖȕȖȔȐȟȍșȒȈȧ ȔȖȡȤ ǹȀǨ1. ǨȔȍȘȐȒȈȕșȒȖȍ ȊȐȌȍȕȐȍ ȊȖȑȕȣ ǩțȚȈ Ȋ ȒȖȘȕȍ ȖȚȓȐȟȈȍȚșȧ ȖȚ ȚȖȟȒȐ ȏȘȍȕȐȧ ǷȈțȥȓȓȈ. Ǫ șȊȖȐȝ «șȊȐȘȍȗȣȝ ȊȖȑȕȈȝ ȏȈ ȔȐȘ» ǹȀǨ ȖȒȈȏȣȊȈȦȚșȧ ȊȚȧȕțȚȣȔȐ Ȋ ȊȖȑȕț ȉȍȏ ȟȍȚȒȖȋȖ ȗȖȕȐȔȈȕȐȧ șȊȖȐȝ ȎȐȏȕȍȕȕȣȝ ȐȕȚȍȘȍșȖȊ Ȑ ȧșȕȣȝ ȗȖȓȐȚȐȟȍșȒȐȝ Ȟȍȓȍȑ, ȟȚȖ ȗȘȐȊȖȌȐȚ Ȓ ȕȍȖȉȝȖȌȐȔȖșȚȐ ȊȖȍȕȕȖȋȖ ȗȘȐșțȚșȚȊȐȧ Ȋ ȌȘțȋȐȝ șȚȘȈȕȈȝ ȕȈ ȗȘȖȚȧȎȍȕȐȐ ȌȓȐȚȍȓȤȕȣȝ ȗȍȘȐȖȌȖȊ ȊȘȍȔȍȕȐ2. ǷȖȌȝȖȌ ǩțȚȈ ȔȖȎȍȚ șȓțȎȐȚȤ ȗȘȐȔȍȘȖȔ ȌȘțȋȖȑ ȒȘȈȑȕȖșȚȐ, ȒȖȋȌȈ ȐȋȕȖȘȐȘȖȊȈȕȐȍ ȓȖȋȐȒȖȑ ȊȖȑȕȣ ȍȍ ȋȘȈȔȔȈȚȐȒȐ ȖȉȖȘȈȟȐȊȈȍȚșȧ ȕȍȥȜȜȍȒȚȐȊȕȖȑ ȊȖȑȕȖȑ ȐȓȐ ȗȘȖșȚȖ ȗȘȖȊȈȓȖȔ.

Ǫ ȞȍȓȖȔ ȊȖȍȕȕȣȍ ǹȀǨ, ȗȘȖȝȖȌȧȡȐȍ șȓțȎȉț Ȋ ȊȖȖȘțȎȍȕȕȣȝ șȐȓȈȝ, ȊȍșȤȔȈ șȒȍȗȚȐȟȍșȒȐ ȖȚȕȖșȧȚșȧ Ȓ ȒȖȕȞȍȗȞȐȧȔ, Ȋ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȝ ȋȓȈȊȍȕșȚȊțȦȡȈȧ ȘȖȓȤ ȖȚȊȖȌȐȚșȧ ȓȖȋȐȒȍ ȊȖȑȕȣ, Ȑ ș ȊȖȏȔțȡȍȕȐȍȔ ȊșȚȘȍȟȈȦȚ ȗȖȗȣȚȒȐ ȗȖȓȐȚȐȒȖȊ ȗȘȐȔȍȕȐȚȤ Ȑȝ Ȓ ȊȖȍȕȕȖȑ ȘȍȈȓȤȕȖșȚȐ3. ǪȖȘțȎȍȕȕȣȔ șȐȓȈȔ ǹȀǨ Ȑ Ȑȝ ȊȖȍȕȕȖȔț ȐșȚȍȉȓȐȠȔȍȕȚț, ȏȈ ȘȍȌȒȐȔ ȐșȒȓȦȟȍȕȐȍȔ, ȋȖȘȈȏȌȖ ȉȓȐȎȍ ȊȏȋȓȧȌ ǻȐȋȓȐ, șȖȋȓȈșȕȖ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȔț, ȖșȕȖȊȕȖȑ ȞȍȓȤȦ ȊȖȑȕȣ ȧȊȓȧȍȚșȧ țȕȐȟȚȖȎȍȕȐȍ ȊȖȖȘțȎȍȕȕȣȝ șȐȓ ȗȘȖȚȐȊȕȐȒȈ, Ȉ ȕȍ ȌȖșȚȐȎȍȕȐȍ Țȍȝ ȐȓȐ Ȑȕȣȝ ȗȖȓȐȚȐȟȍșȒȐȝ Ȟȍȓȍȑ4. ǺȍȏȐșȣ ǻȐȋȓȐ ȒȘȐȚȐȒțȍȚ ǩȘȈȑȍȕ dzȐȕȕ (Brian Linn), șȟȐȚȈȦȡȐȑ, ȟȚȖ ȗȖșȓȍȌȕȐȑ ȏȓȖțȗȖȚȘȍȉȓȧȍȚ ȚȍȘȔȐȕȖȔ «țȕȐȟȚȖȎȍȕȐȍ» Ȑ ȕȍ ȘȈșșȔȈȚȘȐȊȈȍȚ ȈȔȍȘȐȒȈȕșȒțȦ ȚȘȈȌȐȞȐȦ țșȚȘȈȠȍȕȐȧ Ȑ «șȒȓȖȕȕȖșȚȤ Ȓ ȐȔȗȘȖȊȐȏȈȞȐȐ Ȑ ȐșȗȖȓȤȏȖȊȈȕȐȦ ȗȘȈȒȚȐȟȍșȒȖȋȖ ȖȗȣȚȈ». dzȐȕȕ șȟȐȚȈȍȚ, ȟȚȖ ȍșȓȐ ȈȔȍȘȐȒȈȕșȒȖȍ ȊȐȌȍȕȐȍ ȊȖȑȕȣ Ȑ șțȡȍșȚȊțȍȚ, ȚȖ ȖȕȖ ȗȘȍȌșȚȈȊȓȧȍȚ șȖȉȖȑ țȚȐȓȐȚȈȘȕțȦ șȔȍșȤ ȖȗȍȘȈȚȐȊȕȖȋȖ ȐșȒțșșȚȊȈ, ȕȈȞȐȖȕȈȓȤȕȖȑ șȚȘȈȚȍȋȐȐ Ȑ ȊȖȍȕȕȖȑ ȚȍȖȘȐȐ5. ǻȐȋȓȐ Ȋ ȖȚȊȍȚȕȖȑ șȚȈȚȤȍ ȉȖȓȍȍ ȐȓȐ Ȕȍȕȍȍ șȖȋȓȈȠȈȍȚșȧ ș ȌȖȊȖȌȈȔȐ dzȐȕȕȈ6.

ǸȈȏȘȈȉȈȚȣȊȈȍȔȣȍ Ȋ ȕȈșȚȖȧȡȍȍ ȊȘȍȔȧ ȔȖȌȍȓȐ ȈȔȍȘȐȒȈȕșȒȖȋȖ ȊȐȌȍȕȐȧ ȊȖȑȕȣ șȚȘȈȌȈȦȚ ȚȍȔȐ Ȏȍ ȕȍȌȖșȚȈȚȒȈȔȐ, ȟȚȖ Ȑ ȒȖȕȞȍȗȞȐȐ ǩțȚȈ Ȑ ǻȐȋȓȐ. ǪȖ Ȋșȍȝ șȓțȟȈȧȝ ȊȖȑȕȈ ȘȈșșȔȈȚȘȐȊȈȍȚșȧ ȒȈȒ ȐȏȖȓȐȘȖȊȈȕȕȣȑ ȖȚ șȜȍȘȣ ȗȖȓȐȚȐȒȐ ȈȒȚ, Ȉ ȌȖșȚȐȎȍȕȐȍ ȗȖȉȍȌȣ șȔȍȠȐȊȈȍȚșȧ ș ȊȣȐȋȘȣȠȍȔ ȊȖȍȕȕȖȑ ȒȈȔȗȈȕȐȐ7. ǺȍȔ ȕȍ Ȕȍȕȍȍ Ȋ ȊȖȍȕȕȖȑ ȥȓȐȚȍ ǹȀǨ țȎȍ ȗȘȐșțȚșȚȊțȍȚ ȗȖȕȐȔȈȕȐȍ, ȟȚȖ ȗȘȈȊȐȓȤȕȈȧ ȐȌȍȕȚȐȜȐȒȈȞȐȧ ȗȘȖȉȓȍȔȣ, ȍȍ ȐșȚȖȟȕȐȒȖȊ ȧȊȓȧȍȚșȧ ȊȈȎȕȍȑȠȐȔ ȥȚȈȗȖȔ ȕȈ ȗțȚȐ

1 Boot, Max. “Everything You Think You Know About the American Way of War Is Wrong,” E-notes, Foreign Policy Research Institute, September 12, 2002, p. 5. 12 January 2011. http://www.fpri.org/enotes/americawar.20020912.boot.americanwayofwar.html.

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ǹdzǶǮǵǶǭ ǴȃȀdzǭǵǰǭ ǰ ǹǭǺȄ: ǷǨǸǨǬǰǫǴǨ ǵǭdzǰǵǭDZǵǶǹǺǰ ǰ ǹǸǭǬǨ ǩǭǯǶǷǨǹǵǶǹǺǰ 21 ǪǭDzǨ

ȍȍ ȘȍȠȍȕȐȧ, Ȑ ȟȍȚȒȖȍ ȖȗȘȍȌȍȓȍȕȐȍ ȓȖȋȐȒȐ Ȑ ȋȘȈȔȔȈȚȐȒȐ ȊȖȑȕȣ, ȊȣȘȈȉȖȚȒȈ ȗȘȐȊȣȟȒȐ ȌțȔȈȚȤ Ȗ ȊȖȑȕȍ ȒȈȒ Ȗ ȞȍȓȖșȚȕȖȔ ȧȊȓȍȕȐȐ ȧȊȓȧȍȚșȧ ȕȍȖȉȝȖȌȐȔȣȔ ȠȈȋȖȔ ȕȈ ȗțȚȐ ȜȖȘȔȐȘȖȊȈȕȐȧ ȌȍȑșȚȊȐȚȍȓȤȕȖ ȕȖȊȖȋȖ ȊȐȌȍȕȐȧ ȊȖȑȕȣ, ȒȖȚȖȘȖȍ ȉțȌȍȚ șțȡȍșȚȊȖȊȈȚȤ ȕȍ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȕȈ ȉțȔȈȋȍ, ȕȖ Ȑ Ȋ ȘȍȈȓȤȕȖșȚȐ1.

3. ȅȊȖȓȦȞȐȧ șȚȘȈȚȍȋȐȐ Ȑ ȒȖȕȚȐȕțțȔȈ ȊȖȑȕȣ

ǷȖȗȣȚȒȐ ȌȈȚȤ ȒȘȈȚȒțȦ ȜȖȘȔțȓȐȘȖȊȒț ȖșȕȖȊȕȖȋȖ ȊȖȗȘȖșȈ ȗȖȓȐȚȐȒȐ ȚȈȒ ȐȓȐ ȐȕȈȟȍ șȊȖȌȧȚșȧ Ȓ ȊȓȈșȚȐ. ǺȈȒ ȒȈȒ ȊȖȑȕȈ ȧȊȓȧȍȚșȧ ȕȍȖȚȢȍȔȓȍȔȖȑ ȟȈșȚȤȦ Ȑ ȗȘȖȌȖȓȎȍȕȐȍȔ ȗȖȓȐȚȐȒȐ, ȚȖ ȖșȕȖȊȕȣȔ ȊȖȗȘȖșȖȔ Ȋșȍȑ ȊȖȍȕȕȖȑ ȌȍȧȚȍȓȤȕȖșȚȐ ȚȖȎȍ ȧȊȓȧȍȚșȧ ȊȖȗȘȖș ȊȓȈșȚȐ. DzȈȒ șȓȍȌșȚȊȐȍ, ȍșȓȐ ȚȖȚ ȐȓȐ ȐȕȖȑ ȊȐȌ ȖȘȋȈȕȐȏȖȊȈȕȕȖȋȖ ȕȈșȐȓȐȧ ȕȍ ȧȊȓȧȍȚșȧ ȗȖȓȐȚȐȟȍșȒȐ ȔȖȚȐȊȐȘȖȊȈȕȕȣȔ Ȑ ȕȍ șȚȈȊȐȚ ȊȖȗȘȖș ȊȓȈșȚȐ, ȍȋȖ ȕȍȓȤȏȧ ȕȈȏȣȊȈȚȤ ȊȖȑȕȖȑ2. «ǰȚȈȒ, ȍȡȍ ȘȈȏ: ȊȖȑȕȈ ȍșȚȤ ȖȘțȌȐȍ ȗȖȓȐȚȐȒȐ; ȖȕȈ ȕȍȐȏȉȍȎȕȖ ȌȖȓȎȕȈ ȕȖșȐȚȤ ȝȈȘȈȒȚȍȘ ȗȖșȓȍȌȕȍȑ; ȍȍ șȓȍȌțȍȚ ȔȍȘȐȚȤ ȗȖȓȐȚȐȟȍșȒȖȑ ȔȍȘȖȑ. ǷȖȥȚȖȔț ȊȍȌȍȕȐȍ ȊȖȑȕȣ Ȋ șȊȖȐȝ ȋȓȈȊȕȣȝ ȖȟȍȘȚȈȕȐȧȝ ȍșȚȤ șȈȔȈ ȗȖȓȐȚȐȒȈ, șȔȍȕȐȊȠȈȧ ȗȍȘȖ ȕȈ Ȕȍȟ, ȕȖ ȖȚ ȥȚȖȋȖ ȕȍ ȗȍȘȍșȚȈȊȠȈȧ ȔȣșȓȐȚȤ ȗȖ șȊȖȐȔ șȖȉșȚȊȍȕȕȣȔ ȏȈȒȖȕȈȔ»3.

DzȈȟȍșȚȊȍȕȕȣȍ ȐȏȔȍȕȍȕȐȧ Ȋ ȖȉȡȍșȚȊȍ Ȑ ȔȐȘȍ Ȋ ȞȍȓȖȔ ȕȍ ȏȈȚȘȖȕțȓȐ ȖșȚȈȦȡțȦșȧ ȕȍȐȏȔȍȕȕȖȑ ȗȘȐȘȖȌț ȊȖȑȕȣ, Ȑ ȊșȓȍȌ ȏȈ ǼțȒȐȌȐȌȖȔ Ȑ ǬȖȕȈȓȤȌȖȔ DzȈȋȈȕȖȔ (Donald Kagan) ȔȖȎȕȖ ȗȖȊȚȖȘȐȚȤ, ȟȚȖ ȊȍȟȕȖȑ Ȑ șȗȘȈȊȍȌȓȐȊȖȑ ȖșȚȈȍȚșȧ Ȑ ȚȘȐȈȌȈ ȔȖȚȐȊȖȊ, ȐȕȐȞȐȐȘțȦȡȐȝ ȊȖȑȕȣ: «șȚȘȈȝ, ȋȖȘȌȖșȚȤ Ȑ ȊȣȋȖȌȈ»4. ǷȘȍȖȉȓȈȌȈȕȐȍ Ȋ 90-ȍ ȋȖȌȣ 20 ȊȍȒȈ ȊȕțȚȘȐȋȖșțȌȈȘșȚȊȍȕȕȣȝ ȊȖȑȕ ȕȍ ȍșȚȤ ȟȚȖ-ȚȖ țȕȐȒȈȓȤȕȖȍ Ȋ ȐșȚȖȘȐȐ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȟȍșȚȊȈ, Ȑ ȕȈ șȍȋȖȌȕȧȠȕȐȑ ȌȍȕȤ ȕȍȚ ȕȐȒȈȒȐȝ șȐȔȗȚȖȔȖȊ, ȟȚȖ ȌȈȕȕȈȧ ȚȍȕȌȍȕȞȐȧ ȖșȚȈȕȍȚșȧ ȋȓȈȊȍȕșȚȊțȦȡȍȑ Ȋ ȉțȌțȡȍȔ. ǵȍșȔȖȚȘȧ ȕȈ ȚȖ, ȟȚȖ ȚȈȒȐȍ ȈȊȚȖȘȐȚȍȚȕȣȍ ȊȖȍȕȕȣȍ ȐșșȓȍȌȖȊȈȚȍȓȐ, ȒȈȒ ǹȚȐȊȍȕ ǴȍȞ (Steven Metz) Ȑ ǸȈȑȔȖȕȌ ǴȐȓȓȍȕ (Raymond Millen), țȚȊȍȘȎȌȈȦȚ, ȟȚȖ «ȉȖȓȤȠȐȕșȚȊȖ ȊȖȍȕȕȣȝ ȒȖȕȜȓȐȒȚȖȊ ȋȘȧȌțȡȐȝ ȌȍșȧȚȐȓȍȚȐȑ ȉțȌȍȚ ȕȖșȐȚȤ ȊȕțȚȘȍȕȕȐȑ ȝȈȘȈȒȚȍȘ»5 Ȑ «ȘȍȠȈȦȡȐȍ ȊȖȑȕȣ ȔȍȎȌț ȉȖȓȤȠȐȔȐ ȋȖșțȌȈȘșȚȊȈȔȐ ȉȣșȚȘȖ țȝȖȌȧȚ Ȋ ȔțșȖȘȕțȦ ȒȖȘȏȐȕț ȐșȚȖȘȐȐ»6, ȒȖȋȌȈ țȎȍ ȕȍ ȖșȚȈȓȖșȤ ȗȘȖȉȓȍȔ, ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ ȘȍȠȈȓȐșȤ ȉȣ ȕȍȗȖșȘȍȌșȚȊȍȕȕȖ ȊȖȖȘțȎȍȕȕȣȔ ȒȖȕȜȓȐȒȚȖȔ, ȌȈȕȕȣȍ țȚȊȍȘȎȌȍȕȐȧ ȊȘȧȌ ȓȐ ȔȖȎȕȖ ȕȈȏȊȈȚȤ șȖȖȚȊȍȚșȚȊțȦȡȐȔȐ ȌȍȑșȚȊȐȚȍȓȤȕȖșȚȐ. ǩȖȓȍȍ ȚȖȋȖ, ȘȖșȚ ȒȖȓȐȟȍșȚȊȈ ȊȕțȚ-

1 Ibid, p. 18.

2 Gray, Transformation and Strategy Surprise, pp. 19-20.

3 Clausewitz, Carl von On War. Trans. Michael Howard and Peter Paret, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1976, p. 610.

4 Strassler, Robert B. (ed.). The Landmark Thucydides: A Comprehensive Guide to “The Peloponnesian War”. Trans. Richard Crawley, New York: Free Press, 1996, p. 43.

5 Metz, Steven and Raymond Millen. Future War/Future Battlespace: The Strategic Role of American Landpower. Carlisle, Pa.: US Army War College, Strategic Studies Institute, March 2003, p. 13. 12 January 2011. http:// www.strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/pubs/display.cfm?pubID=214.

6 Ibid, p. 7.

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ǸȈȟȤȧ ǨǸǯǻǴǨǵȇǵ

ȘȍȕȕȐȝ ȒȖȕȜȓȐȒȚȖȊ ȕȍ ȖȏȕȈȟȈȍȚ, ȟȚȖ ȔȍȎȋȖșțȌȈȘșȚȊȍȕȕȣȍ ȊȖȑȕȣ șȚȈȕȖȊȧȚșȧ ȟȈșȚȤȦ ȐșȚȖȘȐȐ1.

ǷȖșȓȍȌȕȐȍ ȊȖȑȕȣ ǹȀǨ Ȋ ȖȟȍȘȍȌȕȖȑ ȘȈȏ ȗȘȖȌȍȔȖȕșȚȘȐȘȖȊȈȓȐ, ȟȚȖ ȊȖȍȕȕȣȍ ȗȖȉȍȌȣ ȈȔȍȘȐȒȈȕșȒȖȑ ȊȖȍȕȕȖȑ ȔȈȠȐȕȣ ȗȖ-ȗȘȍȎȕȍȔț ȖȒȈȏȣȊȈȦȚșȧ ȕȍȖȜȖȘȔȓȍȕȕȣȔȐ Ȋ ȗȖȓȐȚȐȟȍșȒȖȔ ȗȘȖșȚȘȈȕșȚȊȍ. ǰ ȥȚȖ ȕȍșȔȖȚȘȧ ȕȈ ȚȖ, ȟȚȖ ȐșȗȖȓȤȏȖȊȈȕȐȍ ȊȖȍȕȕȖȋȖ ȐȕșȚȘțȔȍȕȚȈȘȐȧ Ȋ ǹȀǨ, ȒȈȒ Ȑ ȗȘȍȎȌȍ, ȧȊȓȧȍȚșȧ ȗȘȍȘȖȋȈȚȐȊȖȑ ȗȖȓȐȚȐȒȖȊ Ȑ ȖȗȘȍȌȍȓȧȍȚșȧ ȋȘȈȎȌȈȕșȒȐȔȐ ȓȐȞȈȔȐ2. ǶȌȕȈȒȖ, ȒȈȒ țȎȍ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȓȖșȤ ȕȍ ȘȈȏ, ȒȖȕȍȟȕȖȑ ȞȍȓȤȦ ȊȖȑȕȣ ȖșȚȈȍȚșȧ ȕȍ ȊȖȍȕȕȈȧ ȗȖȉȍȌȈ, ȕȖ șȚȘȈȚȍȋȐȟȍșȒȐȑ Ȑ ȗȖȓȐȚȐȟȍșȒȐȑ țșȗȍȝ. ǩȖȓȍȍ ȚȖȋȖ, ȒȈȒ ȗȐȠȍȚ ǩȍȑȏȐȓ dzȐȌȌȍȓ ǫȈȘȚ (Basil H. Liddell Hart), ȞȍȓȤȦ ȊȖȑȕȣ ȧȊȓȧȍȚșȧ «ȓțȟȠȐȑ ȔȐȘ»3, Ȑ ȖȕȈ ȖȉțșȓȖȊȓȐȊȈȍȚșȧ ȔȐȘȖȔ, ȒȖȚȖȘȣȑ ȗȘȐȝȖȌȐȚ ȗȖșȓȍ ȕȍȍ. ǪȖȍȕȕȈȧ ȗȖȉȍȌȈ ȊșȍȋȌȈ ȊȈȎȕȈ, ȕȖ ȖȕȈ ȕȍ ȧȊȓȧȍȚșȧ ȋȈȘȈȕȚȖȔ ȗȖȓȐȚȐȟȍșȒȖȋȖ țșȗȍȝȈ, Ȑ, ȊȍȌȧ ȊȖȑȕț, ȊșȍȋȌȈ ȕȈȌȖ ȐȔȍȚȤ Ȋ ȊȐȌț ȝȈȘȈȒȚȍȘ ȗȖșȓȍȊȖȍȕȕȖȋȖ ȖȉțșȚȘȖȑșȚȊȈ. ǰșȚȖȘȐȧ ȗȖȓȕȈ ȗȘȐȔȍȘȖȊ ȊȣȐȋȘȈȕȕȣȝ șȘȈȎȍȕȐȑ Ȑ ȗȘȖȐȋȘȈȕȕȣȝ ȊȖȑȕȣ Ȑ ȔȐȘȈ. ȇȘȒȐȔ ȗȘȐȔȍȘȈȔȐ ȔȖȋțȚ șȓțȎȐȚȤ ǫȈȕȕȐȉȈȓ, ȊȣȐȋȘȈȊȠȐȑ Ȋșȍ șȘȈȎȍȕȐȧ ȊȖ ȊȚȖȘȖȑ ǷțȕȐȟȍșȒȖȑ ȊȖȑȕȍ, ȏȈ ȐșȒȓȦȟȍȕȐȍȔ ȌȖșȈȌȕȖȋȖ ȗȖȘȈȎȍȕȐȧ ȗȘȐ DzȈȘȜȈȋȍȕȍ4, Ȑ ǹȚȈȓȐȕ, ȘȍȠȈȊȠȐȑ ȗȖșȓȍȌȕȐȍ ȊȖșȍȔȕȈȌȞȈȚȤ ȔȍșȧȞȍȊ ǪȚȖȘȖȑ ȔȐȘȖȊȖȑ ȊȖȑȕȣ ȏȈȌȈȟț ȗȖșȓȍȊȖȍȕȕȖȋȖ ȖȉțșȚȘȖȑșȚȊȈ, Ȉ ȕȍ ȔȈȒșȐȔȈȓȤȕȖȥȜȜȍȒȚȐȊȕȖȋȖ ȘȈȏȘțȠȍȕȐȧ ȕȍȔȍȞȒȖȑȊȖȍȕȕȖȑ ȔȈȠȐȕȣ5.

ǹȚȘȈȚȍȋȐȧ Ȑ ȒȖȕȚȐȕțțȔ ȊȖȑȕȣ. Ǫ ȗȘȖȊȍȌȍȕȐȐ ȊȖȑȕȣ ȒȘȐȚȐȟȍșȒȐ ȊȈȎȕȣȔȐ ȗȘȍȌșȚȈȊȓȧȦȚșȧ ȊȏȈȐȔȖȖȚȕȖȠȍȕȐȧ ȔȍȎȌț ȗȖȓȐȚȐȒȈȔȐ Ȑ ȒȖȔȈȕȌțȦȡȐȔȐ, ȒȖȔȈȕȌțȦȡȐȔȐ Ȑ ȠȚȈȉȐșȚȈȔȐ, Ȉ ȚȈȒȎȍ ȒȖȔȈȕȌțȦȡȐȔȐ Ȑ ȊȖȍȕȕȣȔȐ ȚȍȖȘȍȚȐȒȈȔȐ6, ȜȖȘȔȐȘțȦȡȐȍ ȊȍȘȚȐȒȈȓȤȕȣȑ ȒȖȕȚȐȕțțȔ ȊȖȑȕȣ DzȓȈțȏȍȊȐȞȈ (ǸȐș. 3). DzȓȈțȏȍȊȐȞ ȗȘȍȌțȗȘȍȎȌȈȓ, ȟȚȖ ȗȖșȓȍ ȕȈȗȖȓȍȖȕȖȊșȒȐȝ ȊȖȑȕ Ȑ țșȓȖȎȕȍȕȐȧ șȚȘȈȚȍȋȐȐ «ȕȍ ȔȖȎȍȚ ȉȣȚȤ ȊȖȗȘȖșȈ Ȗ ȟȐșȚȖ ȊȖȍȕȕȖȑ ȖȞȍȕȒȍ ȉȖȓȤȠȐȝ șȚȘȈȚȍȋȐȟȍșȒȐȝ ȗȘȖȉȓȍȔ Ȑ Ȗ ȟȐșȚȖ ȊȖȍȕȕȣȝ șȝȍȔȈȝ Ȑȝ ȘȍȠȍȕȐȧ»7. ǰ ȍșȓȐ Ȍȓȧ ȚȈȒȚȐȟȍșȒȖȋȖ țȘȖȊȕȧ «șȘȍȌșȚȊȖȔ șȓțȎȈȚ Ȗȉțȟȍȕȕȣȍ ȊȖȖȘțȎȍȕȕȣȍ șȐȓȣ, ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ ȌȖȓȎȕȣ ȊȍșȚȐ ȉȖȑ. ǾȍȓȤ – ȥȚȖ ȗȖȉȍȌȈ», ȚȖ șȚȘȈȚȍȋȐȧ ȍșȚȤ «țȊȧȏȒȈ ȖȚȌȍȓȤȕȣȝ ȉȖȍȊ ș Ȗȉȡȍȑ ȞȍȓȤȦ ȊȖȑȕȣ»8. ǺȈȒțȦ ȞȍȓȤ «…Ȋ ȗȖșȓȍȌȕȍȑ ȐȕșȚȈȕȞȐȐ șȖșȚȈȊȓȧȦȚ Țȍ ȖȉșȚȖȧȚȍȓȤșȚȊȈ, ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ ȌȖȓȎȕȣ ȕȍȗȖșȘȍȌșȚȊȍȕȕȖ ȊȍșȚȐ Ȓ ȏȈȒȓȦȟȍȕȐȦ ȔȐȘȈ»9.

1 Gray, How Has War Changed Since the End of the Cold War, p. 22.

2 Cohen, Eliot A. Supreme Command: Soldiers, Statesmen, and Leadership in Wartime. New York: Free Press, 2002. 3 Liddell-Hart, Basil H. The Strategy of Indirect Approach. London: Faber and Faber, 1941, p. 192.

4 Gray, Why Strategy is Difficult, pp. 81-86.

5 Gray, Transformation and Strategy Surprise, p. 29.

6 Gray, Why Strategy is Difficult, p. 85.

7 Clausewitz, Carl von. Two Letters on Strategy. Peter Paret and Daniel Moran, eds. and trans., Carlisle, PA: U.S. Army War College, 1984, p. 9.

8 Clausewitz, On War, p. 127.

9 Ibid, pp. 142-143.

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