Арзуманян Р., Сложное мышление и сеть парадигма нелинейности и среда безопасности 21 века
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« ǵǶǸǨǪǨǵDz»
ǵǨǻǿǵǶ-ǶǩǸǨǯǶǪǨǺǭdzȄǵȃDZ ǼǶǵǬ
ǸȈȟȤȧ ǨȘȏțȔȈȕȧȕ
ǹdzǶǮǵǶǭ ǴȃȀdzǭǵǰǭ ǰ ǹǭǺȄ:
ǷǨǸǨǬǰǫǴǨ ǵǭdzǰǵǭDZǵǶǹǺǰ ǰ
ǹǸǭǬǨ ǩǭǯǶǷǨǹǵǶǹǺǰ 21 ǪǭDzǨ
ǭȘȍȊȈȕ
2011
ǻǬDz 355/359 ǩǩDz 68.4
Ǩ 809
DzȕȐȋȈ ȐȏȌȈȍȚșȧ ȗȖ ȘȍȠȍȕȐȦ ȅȒșȗȍȘȚȕȖȋȖ Ȑ ǰȏȌȈȚȍȓȤșȒȖȋȖ șȖȊȍȚȖȊ ǵǶǼ «ǵȖȘȈȊȈȕȒ»
ǸȍȌȈȒȚȖȘ ǹȍȘȋȍȑ ǹȈȘȒȐșȧȕ
Ǩ 809 |
ǹȓȖȎȕȖȍ ȔȣȠȓȍȕȐȍ Ȑ șȍȚȤ: ȗȈȘȈȌȐȋȔȈ ȕȍȓȐȕȍȑȕȖșȚȐ Ȑ șȘȍȌȈ ȉȍȏȖ- |
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ȗȈșȕȖșȚȐ 21 ȊȍȒȈ. - ȿɪ.ʟ ɇɈɎ «ɇɨɪɚɜɚɧɤ», 2011. - 496 ș. + ȊȒȓȈȌȣȠ |
2ș.
ǪȔȖȕȖȋȘȈȜȐȐ ȐȏȓȈȋȈȦȚșȧ ȖșȕȖȊȣ șȓȖȎȕȖȋȖ ȔȣȠȓȍȕȐȧ, ȕȈțȒȐ șȓȖȎȕȖșȚȐ Ȑ ȗȈȘȈȌȐȋȔȣ ȕȍȓȐȕȍȑȕȖșȚȐ, ȗȖȏȊȖȓȧȦȡȐȍ ȖȗȐșȈȚȤ ȚțȘȉțȓȍȕȚȕțȦ șȘȍȌț ȉȍȏȖȗȈșȕȖșȚȐ șȖȊȘȍȔȍȕȕȖȋȖ ȔȐȘȈ. ǸȈșșȔȖȚȘȍȕȐȍ ȕȍȒȖȚȖȘȣȝ ȈșȗȍȒȚȖȊ șȚȘȈȚȍȋȐȟȍșȒȖȑ ȒțȓȤȚțȘȣ ǯȈȗȈȌȈ, Ȉ ȚȈȒȎȍ ȊȏȋȓȧȌȖȊ ȕȈ ȊȖȑȕț DzȓȈțȏȍȊȐȞȈ, ȧȊȓȧȦȡȍȋȖșȧ șȐȔȊȖȓȖȔ ȕȍȓȐȕȍȑȕȖșȚȐ Ȋ ȊȖȍȕȕȖȑ șȜȍȘȍ, ȗȖȏȊȖȓȧȍȚ ȖȉȢȧșȕȐȚȤ ȗȘȐȘȖȌț ȘȍȊȖȓȦȞȐȖȕȕȣȝ ȐȏȔȍȕȍȕȐȑ, ȘȍȏțȓȤȚȈȚȖȔ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȝ șȚȈȓȖ ȗȖȧȊȓȍȕȐȍ ȚȍȖȘȐȐ șȍȚȍȞȍȕȚȘȐȟȕȣȝ ȊȖȑȕ Ȑ șȍȚȍȞȍȕȚȘȐȟȕȣȝ ȒȖȕȞȍȗȞȐȑ. ǷȖȕȐȔȈȕȐȐ ȘȖȓȐ ǹȍȚȐ Ȑ șȍȚȍȞȍȕȚȘȐȟȕȖșȚȐ ȗȖȏȊȖȓȧȍȚ ȖșȖȏȕȈȚȤ ȊȈȎȕȖșȚȤ șȖȍȌȐȕȍȕȐȧ ȊȖȍȕȕȖȑ șȜȍȘȣ ș ȗȘȖȟȐȔȐ ȥȓȍȔȍȕȚȈȔȐ ȕȈȞȐȖȕȈȓȤȕȖȑ ȔȖȡȐ, ȖȘȒȍșȚȘȐȘȖȊȈȕȐȧ ȐȕșȚȘțȔȍȕȚȖȊ ȕȈȞȐȖȕȈȓȤȕȖȑ ȔȖȡȐ Ȍȓȧ ȌȖșȚȐȎȍȕȐȧ șȚȘȈȚȍȋȐȟȍșȒȐȝ Ȟȍȓȍȑ ȕȈȞȐȐ.
DzȕȐȋȈ ȈȌȘȍșȖȊȈȕȈ ȒțȘșȈȕȚȈȔ Ȑ șȚțȌȍȕȚȈȔ, ȕȈțȟȕȖȔț Ȑ ȥȒșȗȍȘȚȕȖȔț șȖȖȉȡȍșȚȊț, ȋȖșțȌȈȘșȚȊȍȕȕȣȔ șȓțȎȈȡȐȔ, ȏȈȕȐȔȈȦȡȐȔșȧ ȗȘȖȉȓȍȔȈȔȐ ȕȈȞȐȖȕȈȓȤȕȖȑ ȉȍȏȖȗȈșȕȖșȚȐ.
ǻǬDz 355/359 ǩǩDz 68.4
ISBN 978-9939-825-13-7 |
© ǵǶǼ «ǵȖȘȈȊȈȕȒ», 2011ȋ. |
ǹǶǬǭǸǮǨǵǰǭ
ǪǪǭǬǭǵǰǭ ………………..……………………………….………………………………….…..…. 7
ǫdzǨǪǨ 1. ǹdzǶǮǵǶǭ ǴȃȀdzǭǵǰǭ ǰ ǵǨǻDzǨ ǹdzǶǮǵǶǹǺǰ ……..……………….……… 12 I. ǼǰdzǶǹǶǼǹDzǰǭ ǶǩǶǹǵǶǪǨǵǰȇ ǹdzǶǮǵǶǫǶ ǴȃȀdzǭǵǰȇ
ǰ ǵǨǻDzǨ ǹdzǶǮǵǶǹǺǰ …………………………………………………………………………. 12
1.ǹȓȖȎȕȖȍ ȔȣȠȓȍȕȐȍ, ȜȐȓȖșȖȜșȒȖȍ Ȑ ȕȈțȟȕȖȍ ȏȕȈȕȐȍ ………………………………………...13
2.ǷȘȖȉȓȍȔȈ ȋȘȈȕȐȞ Ȑ ȕȍșȎȐȔȈȍȔȖșȚȤ șȓȖȎȕȣȝ șȐșȚȍȔ ………………………………………...16
3.ǹȓȖȎȕȖșȚȤ Ȑ ȗȓȦȘȈȓȐȏȔ ………………………………………………………………………... 20
4.ǹȓȖȎȕȖȍ ȔȣȠȓȍȕȐȍ șȒȊȖȏȤ ȗȘȐȏȔț ȘȈȏȓȐȟȕȣȍ ȜȐȓȖșȖȜșȒȐȝ ȌȐșȞȐȗȓȐȕ ……………...… 25
5.ǷȓȦȘȈȓȐȏȔ Ȑ ȥȊȖȓȦȞȐȖȕȕȈȧ ȜȐȓȖșȖȜȐȧ …………………………………………………...… 30
6.ǷȘȐȕȞȐȗȣ șȓȖȎȕȖȋȖ ȔȣȠȓȍȕȐȧ ………………………………………………………………. 33 II. ǶǹǵǶǪǵȃǭ ǷǸǰǵǾǰǷȃ ǰ ǯǨDzǶǵȃ ǺǭǶǸǰǰ ǹǰǹǺǭǴ ǹDzǪǶǯȄ
ǷǸǰǯǴǻ ǵǨǻDzǰ ǹdzǶǮǵǶǹǺǰ …………………………………………………….………….. 36
1.ǪȚȖȘȖȑ ȏȈȒȖȕ ȚȍȘȔȖȌȐȕȈȔȐȒȐ ………………………………………………………………...... 36
2.ǯȈȒȖȕ ȒȖȔȗȓȍȔȍȕȚȈȘȕȖșȚȐ ………………………………………………………………….…... 37
3.ǷȘȐȕȞȐȗ șȐșȚȍȔȕȖȋȖ ȝȖȓȐȏȔȈ ……………………………………………………………….… 38
4.ǷȘȐȕȞȐȗ ȚȍȔȕȖȚȣ …………………………………………………………………………….…. 39
5.ǷȘȐȕȞȐȗ «ȊȖșȍȔȤȌȍșȧȚ-ȌȊȈȌȞȈȚȤ» ……………………………………………………………... 39
6.ǯȈȒȖȕ ȕȍȖȉȝȖȌȐȔȖȋȖ ȘȈȏȕȖȖȉȘȈȏȐȧ ………………………………………………………..…... 40
7.ǷȘȐȕȞȐȗ ȐȍȘȈȘȝȐȐ …………………………………………………………………………...…. 42
8.ǷȘȐȕȞȐȗ ȔȖȌțȓȤȕȖșȚȐ …………………………………………………………………………. 43
9.ǷȘȐȕȞȐȗ ȐȏȉȣȚȖȟȕȖșȚȐ ȘȍșțȘșȖȊ …………………………………………………………...… 43
10.ǷȘȐȕȞȐȗ ȉȖȓȤȠȖȑ ȗȓȖȚȕȖșȚȐ ȗȖȚȖȒȈ ………………………………………………..……… 44
11.ǷȘȐȕȞȐȗ șțȉȖȗȚȐȔȐȏȈȞȐȐ ……………………………………………………………….…… 45
12.ǷȘȐȕȞȐȗ ȐȏȉȣȚȖȟȕȖșȚȐ ȗȖȚȍȕȞȐȈȓȤȕȖȋȖ țȗȘȈȊȓȍȕȐȧ ……………………………..……… 46
13.ǷȘȐȕȞȐȗ ȒȈțȏȈȓȤȕȖȑ ȖȚȘȐȞȈȚȍȓȤȕȖȑ/ȗȖȓȖȎȐȚȍȓȤȕȖȑ ȖȉȘȈȚȕȖȑ șȊȧȏȐ ………...……….. 47
14.ǷȘȐȕȞȐȗ ȊȘȍȔȍȕȐ ȘȍȓȈȒșȈȞȐȐ ………………………………………………………………... 48
15.ǷȘȐȕȞȐȗ ȗȧȚȕȐșȚȖșȚȐ (ȔȖȏȈȐȟȕȖșȚȐ) ……………………………………………………..… 49 III. ǹǶǾǰǨdzȄǵȃǭ ǹǰǹǺǭǴȃ ǹDzǪǶǯȄ ǷǸǰǯǴǻ
ǺǭǶǸǰǰ ǹdzǶǮǵȃǽ ǨǬǨǷǺǰǪǵȃǽ ǹǰǹǺǭǴ …………………………………………….… 50
1.ǺȍȖȘȐȧ șȓȖȎȕȣȝ ȈȌȈȗȚȐȊȕȣȝ șȐșȚȍȔ ………………………………………………………...... 50
2.ǩȈȏȖȊȣȍ ȈȚȘȐȉțȚȣ Ȑ ȌȐȕȈȔȐȒȈ șȓȖȎȕȣȝ ȈȌȈȗȚȐȊȕȣȝ șȐșȚȍȔ ……...………………….…… 57
3.ǺȍȖȘȐȧ șȓȖȎȕȖșȚȐ ȗȘȐȔȍȕȐȚȍȓȤȕȖ Ȓ ȖȘȋȈȕȐȏȈȞȐȖȕȕȖȑ ȚȍȖȘȐȐ ……………...…………..... 66
ǫdzǨǪǨ 2. ǷǨǸǨǬǰǫǴǨ ǵǭdzǰǵǭDZǵǶǹǺǰ ǰ ǹǸǭǬǨ ǩǭǯǶǷǨǹǵǶǹǺǰ 21 ǪǭDzǨ.
ǵǭdzǰǵǭDZǵǨȇ ǷǸǰǸǶǬǨ ǪǶDZǵȃ ………………………………………………………….…. 72 I. ǶǹǵǶǪǵȃǭ ȅǺǨǷȃ ǸǨǯǪǰǺǰȇ dzǰǵǭDZǵǶDZ ǰ ǵǭdzǰǵǭDZǵǶDZ ǷǨǸǨǬǰǫǴ ………. 72
1.ǬȖȔȐȕȈȕȚȕȈȧ ȗȈȘȈȌȐȋȔȈ Ȑ ȗȈȘȈȌȐȋȔȈȓȤȕȣȑ șȌȊȐȋ ………………………………………….. 72
2.ǶșȕȖȊȕȣȍ ȥȚȈȗȣ ȘȈȏȊȐȚȐȧ ȓȐȕȍȑȕȖȑ Ȑ ȕȍȓȐȕȍȑȕȖȑ ȗȈȘȈȌȐȋȔ ………………………..…… 75 II. ǷǸǶǾǭǹǹȃ ǫdzǶǩǨdzǰǯǨǾǰǰ ǰ ǹǸǭǬǨ ǩǭǯǶǷǨǹǵǶǹǺǰ 21 ǪǭDzǨ. ………….……... 85
1.ǶșȕȖȊȕȣȍ ȟȍȘȚȣ ȕȈȘȖȎȌȈȦȡȍȑșȧ ȥȗȖȝȐ ……………………………………………………... 85
2.ǷȘȖȞȍșșȣ ȋȓȖȉȈȓȐȏȈȞȐȐ Ȑ ȐȏȔȍȕȍȕȐȍ șȘȍȌȣ ȉȍȏȖȗȈșȕȖșȚȐ Ȋ 21 ȊȍȒȍ …………………...… 92 III. ǹdzǶǮǵǶǭ ǴȃȀdzǭǵǰǭ Ǫ ǹǰǹǺǭǴǭ ǴǭǮǬǻǵǨǸǶǬǵȃǽ ǶǺǵǶȀǭǵǰDZ ǰ ǪǶǭǵǵǶDZ ǹǼǭǸǭ. ǵǭdzǰǵǭDZǵǨȇ ǷǸǰǸǶǬǨ ǪǶDZǵȃ ……………………………..……... 97
1.ǷȈȘȈȌȐȋȔȈ ȕȍȓȐȕȍȑȕȖșȚȐ Ȋ șȐșȚȍȔȍ ȔȍȎȌțȕȈȘȖȌȕȣȝ ȖȚȕȖȠȍȕȐȑ ………………………... 97
2.ǷȈȘȈȌȐȋȔȈ ȕȍȓȐȕȍȑȕȖșȚȐ Ȋ ȊȖȍȕȕȖȑ șȜȍȘȍ. ǪȖȑȕȈ ȒȈȒ ȕȍȓȐȕȍȑȕȣȑ ȜȍȕȖȔȍȕ …………. 105
3.ǴȍȚȈȜȖȘȈ ȕȍȓȐȕȍȑȕȖșȚȐ Ȋ șȖȞȐȈȓȤȕȣȝ șȐșȚȍȔȈȝ ………………………………………….. 138
ǫdzǨǪǨ 3. ǪǶǭǵǵǨȇ DzǻdzȄǺǻǸǨ ǰ ǹǺǸǨǺǭǫǰȇ ...…………………………………...…………. 141 I. DzǶǵǺǰǵǻǻǴ ǪǶDZǵȃ ǰ ǯǨǷǨǬǵǨȇ ǪǶǭǵǵǨȇ DzǻdzȄǺǻǸǨ …………………………….. 141
1.ǯȈȗȈȌȕȈȧ ȊȖȍȕȕȈȧ ȒțȓȤȚțȘȈ ………………………………………………………………….……. 141
2.ǪȐȌȍȕȐȍ, ȓȖȋȐȒȈ Ȑ ȋȘȈȔȔȈȚȐȒȈ ȊȖȑȕȣ Ȋ ȏȈȗȈȌȕȖȑ ȊȖȍȕȕȖȑ ȒțȓȤȚțȘȍ ………………………... 154
3.ȅȊȖȓȦȞȐȧ șȚȘȈȚȍȋȐȐ Ȑ ȒȖȕȚȐȕțțȔȈ ȊȖȑȕȣ ……………………………………………………... 159
4.ǷȖȕȧȚȐȧ șȓȖȎȕȖșȚȐ, ȕȍȓȐȕȍȑȕȖșȚȐ Ȑ ȈȌȈȗȚȈȗȚȈȉȍȓȤȕȖșȚȐ Ȑ șȖȊȘȍȔȍȕȕȣȍ ȚȍȖȘȐȐ ȊȖȑȕȣ ... 163
5.ǷȘȐȕȞȐȗȣ ȊȖȑȕȣ …………………………………………………………………………..………. 173 II. ǪǶǭǵǵȃǭ ǨǹǷǭDzǺȃ ǹǺǸǨǺǭǫǰǰ ………..……………………………………………...…… 177
1.ǹȚȘȈȚȍȋȐȧ Ȑ șȚȘȈȚȍȋȐȟȍșȒȈȧ ȒțȓȤȚțȘȈ ……………………………………….…………………… 177
2.ǹȓȖȎȕȖșȚȤ șȚȘȈȚȍȋȐȐ ………………………………………………………………………………. 195
3.DzȓȈșșȐȜȐȒȈȞȐȧ șȚȘȈȚȍȋȐȐ. ǹȚȘȈȚȍȋȐȟȍșȒȖȍ ȗȘȖȋȕȖȏȐȘȖȊȈȕȐȍ Ȑ ȋȖȘȐȏȖȕȚȣ …………………. 199
4.DzȖȕȞȍȗȞȐȧ șȚȘȈȚȍȋȐȟȍșȒȖȑ ȕȍȖȎȐȌȈȕȕȖșȚȐ …………………………………………………….. 203
5.ǨȌȈȗȚȈȉȍȓȤȕȖșȚȤ șȚȘȈȚȍȋȐȐ Ȑ ȗȘȖȉȓȍȔȣ ȚȘȈȕșȜȖȘȔȈȞȐȐ ȊȖȍȕȕȖȑ șȜȍȘȣ ……..……………. 205
ǫdzǨǪǨ 4. ǺǸǨǵǹǼǶǸǴǨǾǰȇ ǪǶǭǵǵǶDZ ǹǼǭǸȃ ǰ ǺǭǶǸǰȇ ǹǭǺǭǾǭǵǺǸǰǿǵȃǽ ǪǶDZǵ …………………………………………………………...…. 208
I. ǰǴǷǭǸǨǺǰǪȃ ǵǶǪǶDZ ȅǷǶǽǰ ǰ ǴǶǬǭdzǰ DzǶǵǼdzǰDzǺǶǪ
Ǫ ǹǸǭǬǭ ǩǭǯǶǷǨǹǵǶǹǺǰ 21 ǪǭDzǨ ………………………………………………………………. 208
1.ǪȖȍȕȕȈȧ ȖȘȋȈȕȐȏȈȞȐȧ Ȑ șȘȍȌȈ ȉȍȏȖȗȈșȕȖșȚȐ 21 ȊȍȒȈ ……………………………………………. 208
2.ǨșȐȔȔȍȚȘȐȟȕȣȍ ȒȖȕȜȓȐȒȚȣ ………………………………………………………………………. 209
3.ǺȘȈȌȐȞȐȖȕȕȈȧ ȓȐȕȍȑȕȈȧ ȔȖȌȍȓȤ ȒȖȕȜȓȐȒȚȈ ……………………………………………………. 214
4.ǵȖȊȣȍ ȔȖȌȍȓȐ ȒȖȕȜȓȐȒȚȈ …………………………………………………………………………. 215
5.ǵȍȓȐȕȍȑȕȈȧ ȔȖȌȍȓȤ ȒȖȕȜȓȐȒȚȈ ………………………………………………………………...… 217 II. ǺǸǨǵǹǼǶǸǴǨǾǰȇ ǪǶǭǵǵǶDZ ǹǼǭǸȃ ……………………………………………………….. 222
1.ǵȍȖȉȝȖȌȐȔȖșȚȤ ȚȘȈȕșȜȖȘȔȈȞȐȐ. ǺȘȈȕșȜȖȘȔȈȞȐȧ Ȑ ȘȍȊȖȓȦȞȐȧ Ȋ ȊȖȍȕȕȖȔ Ȍȍȓȍ ………….… 222
2.ǺȘȈȕșȜȖȘȔȈȞȐȧ Ȑ ȕȖȊȣȍ ȚȍȖȘȐȐ Ȑ ȒȖȕȞȍȗȞȐȐ ȊȖȑȕȣ ………………………………………….. 225
3.ǺȍȖȘȐȧ șȓȖȎȕȣȝ ȈȌȈȗȚȐȊȕȣȝ șȐșȚȍȔ Ȑ ȕȖȊȣȍ ȚȍȖȘȐȐ Ȑ ȒȖȕȞȍȗȞȐȐ ȊȖȑȕȣ …………………. 228 III. ǺǭǶǸǰȇ ǰ ǷǸǰǵǾǰǷȃ ǹǭǺǭǾǭǵǺǸǰǿǵȃǽ ǪǶDZǵ ǰ ǶǷǭǸǨǾǰDZ ………………….... 230
1.DzȖȕȚȍȒșȚȣ ȗȖȧȊȓȍȕȐȧ ȚȍȖȘȐȐ șȍȚȍȞȍȕȚȘȐȟȕȣȝ ȊȖȑȕ ………………………………………….. 230
2.ǺȍȖȘȐȧ șȍȚȍȞȍȕȚȘȐȟȕȣȝ ȊȖȑȕ Ȑ șȍȚȍȞȍȕȚȘȐȟȕȣȍ ȖȗȍȘȈȞȐȐ …………………………………... 241
3.ǪȕȍȌȘȍȕȐȍ ȗȘȐȕȞȐȗȖȊ șȍȚȍȞȍȕȚȘȐȟȕȣȝ ȊȖȑȕ ………………………………………………...… 258
4.ǶȞȍȕȒȐ șȍȚȍȞȍȕȚȘȐȟȕȣȝ ȊȖȑȕ Ȑ ȖȗȍȘȈȞȐȑ ……………………………………………………... 267
5.ǷȍȘșȗȍȒȚȐȊȣ ȚȍȖȘȐȐ șȍȚȍȞȍȕȚȘȐȟȕȣȝ ȊȖȑȕ Ȑ ȖȗȍȘȈȞȐȑ ………………………………………. 272
ǫdzǨǪǨ 5. DzǶǵǾǭǷǾǰȇ ǶǷǭǸǨǾǰDZ, ǩǨǯǰǸǻȆȁǰǽǹȇ ǵǨ ǬǶǹǺǰǮǭǵǰǰ ȅǼǼǭDzǺǶǪ ……………………………...…………….. 274
I. ȅǪǶdzȆǾǰȇ ǰ ǸǨǯǪǰǺǰǭ DzǶǵǾǭǷǾǰǰ ǶǩǬȅ ……………………………………...……… 276
1.ȅȊȖȓȦȞȐȧ ȒȖȕȞȍȗȞȐȐ ǶǩǬȅ …………………………………………………………………….... 276
2.ǩǬȅ-ȗȖȌȝȖȌ ȒȈȒ ȔȍȚȖȌ ȊȖȍȕȕȖȋȖ ȔȣȠȓȍȕȐȧ …………………………………………………….. 288
3.ǷȘȖȉȓȍȔȈ Ȗȉȡȍȑ ȚȍȘȔȐȕȖȓȖȋȐȐ Ȑ ȗȖȕȧȚȐȑ ȒȖȕȞȍȗȞȐȐ ǶǩǬȅ ………………………………... 290
4.ǷȖșȓȍȌȕȐȍ ȌȐșȒțșșȐȐ ȊȖȒȘțȋ ȒȖȕȞȍȗȞȐȐ ǶǩǬȅ ……………………………………………….. 291 II. ǶǹǵǶǪǵȃǭ ǷǶǵȇǺǰȇ, ǶǷǸǭǬǭdzǭǵǰȇ ǰ DzǶǴǷǶǵǭǵǺȃ DzǶǵǾǭǷǾǰǰ ǶǩǬȅ ….... 295
1.ǩȈȏȐșȕȣȍ ȗȖȕȧȚȐȧ Ȑ ȖȗȘȍȌȍȓȍȕȐȧ ǩǬȅ-ȗȖȌȝȖȌȈ ……………………………………………….. 295
2.ǩǬȅ-ȗȖȌȝȖȌ Ȋ ȊȖȖȘțȎȍȕȕȣȝ șȐȓȈȝ, ȐșșȓȍȌȖȊȈȚȍȓȤșȒȐȝ Ȑ ȊȖȍȕȕȣȝ ȞȍȕȚȘȈȝ Ȑ ȖȘȋȈȕȐȏȈȞȐȧȝ ǹȀǨ …………………………………………………………….. 298
3.DzȖȔȗȖȕȍȕȚȣ ȒȖȕȞȍȗȞȐȐ ǶǩǬȅ ………………………………………………………………….... 302
4. DzȖȕȞȍȗȞȐȧ ǶǩǬȅ ȕȈ ȘȈȏȓȐȟȕȣȝ țȘȖȊȕȧȝ ȊȖȑȕȣ ………………………………..……………… 306 III. ǴǶǬǭdzǰ ǶǷǭǸǨǾǰDZ, ǩǨǯǰǸǻȆȁǰǽǹȇ ǵǨ ǬǶǹǺǰǮǭǵǰǰ ȅǼǼǭDzǺǶǪ ………...… 311
1.ǺȘȈȌȐȞȐȖȕȕȈȧ ȔȖȌȍȓȤ ȗȖȌȋȖȚȖȊȒȐ Ȑ ȗȘȖȊȍȌȍȕȐȧ ȊȖȍȕȕȖȑ ȖȗȍȘȈȞȐȐ ………………………… 311
2.ǴȖȌȍȓȤ șȚȐȔțȓȖȊ Ȑ ȘȍȈȒȞȐȑ Ȋ ȒȖȕȞȍȗȞȐȐ ǶǩǬȅ ………………………………………………. 316
3.ǷȖȊȍȌȍȕȐȍ ȕȈ «ȒȘȖȔȒȍ ȝȈȖșȈ» Ȋ ȚȍȘȔȐȕȈȝ ǶǩǬȅ ………………………………………………... 324
4.ǶȗȍȘȈȞȐȐ Ȋ ȒȖȋȕȐȚȐȊȕȖȔ ȌȖȔȍȕȍ. ǴȖȌȍȓȤ ȞȐȒȓȈ «ȌȍȑșȚȊȐȍ-ȘȍȈȒȞȐȧ» ………………………. 330 IV. ǶǩǬȅ Ǫ DzǶǵǺǭDzǹǺǭ ǸǭǨdzȄǵȃǽ DzǸǰǯǰǹǶǪ. ǷǸǨǪǰdzǨ ǰǫǸȃ ǰ ǷǸǶǩdzǭǴǨ ǹdzǶǮǵǶǹǺǰ Ǫ ǶǩǬȅ: ǶǺ ǬǭDZǹǺǪǰDZ Dz ȅǼǼǭDzǺǨǴ ……………………………………….... 339
1.DzȘȐȏȐșȣ ……………………………………………………………………………………………... 339
2.ǷȘȈȊȐȓȈ ȐȋȘȣ …………………………………………………………………………………….…. 344
3.ǷȘȖȉȓȍȔȈ șȓȖȎȕȖșȚȐ Ȋ ǶǩǬȅ: ȖȚ ȌȍȑșȚȊȐȑ Ȓ ȥȜȜȍȒȚȈȔ …………………………………..…… 348 V. ǰǹǷǶdzȄǯǶǪǨǵǰǭ ǴǶǬǭdzǰ «ǬǭDZǹǺǪǰǭ-ǸǭǨDzǾǰȇ» Ǫ DzǨǿǭǹǺǪǭ ǼǸǭDZǴǨ ǶǩǬȅ ... 373
1.ǾȐȒȓ «ȌȍȑșȚȊȐȍ-ȘȍȈȒȞȐȧ» ……………………………………………………………………….… 373
2.ǷȘȐȔȍȕȍȕȐȍ ȞȐȒȓȈ «ȌȍȑșȚȊȐȍ-ȘȍȈȒȞȐȧ» Ȋ ȒȈȟȍșȚȊȍ ȜȘȍȑȔȈ ǩǬȅ-ȗȖȌȝȖȌȈ …………………... 377
3.ǹțȡȕȖșȚȕȣȍ ȗȘȖȞȍșșȣ ȞȐȒȓȈ «ȌȍȑșȚȊȐȍ-ȘȍȈȒȞȐȧ» ……………………………………………... 378 VI. ǷdzǨǵǰǸǶǪǨǵǰǭ, ǪȃǷǶdzǵǭǵǰǭ ǰ ǶǾǭǵDzǨ ǶǩǬȅ …………………………………….. 397
1.ǶǩǬȅ ȕȈ ȗȘȐȔȍȘȍ șȚȈȘȍȑȠȐȕȣ ȌȍȘȍȊȕȐ …………………………………………………………. 398
2.ǶǩǬȅ ȕȈ ȗȘȐȔȍȘȍ ȈșȐȔȔȍȚȘȐȟȕȖȋȖ ȊȣȏȖȊȈ ……………………………………………………… 400
3.ǶȗȍȘȈȚȐȊȕȖȍ ȚȈȒȚȐȟȍșȒȖȍ șȖȍȌȐȕȍȕȐȍ ………………………………………………………...… 403
4.ǹȘȈȊȕȐȚȍȓȤȕȣȑ ȈȕȈȓȐȏ ȗȘȐȔȍȘȖȊ ……………………………………………………………….... 411 VII. ǹǭǺǭǪȃǭ ǶǩǬȅ ………………………………………………………………………………….. 414
1.ǹȍȚȤ Ȑ ǶǩǬȅ ȐȕȜȖȘȔȈȞȐȖȕȕȖȑ ȥȗȖȝȐ ………………………………………………………….... 414
2.ǷȘȖȊȍȌȍȕȐȍ ȖȗȍȘȈȞȐȐ ȖȗȍȘȈȚȐȊȕȣȔ șȖȍȌȐȕȍȕȐȍȔ ……………………………………………... 415
3.ǹȍȚȍȊȖȑ ǩǬȅ-ȗȖȌȝȖȌ Ȓ ȖȗȍȘȈȞȐȧȔ ………………………………………………………………... 428
ǪȣȊȖȌȣ …………………………………………………………………………………………………. 438
ǷǸǰdzǶǮǭǵǰǭ 1. ǺǭǶǸǰȇ ǹǺǸǨǺǭǫǰǿǭǹDzǶǫǶ ǷǨǸǨdzǰǿǨ ǬǮǶǵǨ ǩǶDZǬǨ ……..…… 442
ǷǸǰdzǶǮǭǵǰǭ 2. ǺǭǶǸǰȇ ǹǺǸǨǺǭǫǰǿǭǹDzǶǫǶ ǷǨǸǨdzǰǿǨ ǬǮǶǵǨ ǪǨǸǬǭǵǨ ………. 454
ǩǰǩdzǰǶǫǸǨǼǰȇ …………………………………………………………………………….………. 466
ǷǸǰǴǭǿǨǵǰȇ ……………………………………………………………………………………….. 495
ǹȊȍȚȓȖȑ ȗȈȔȧȚȐ ȌȍȌȖȊ – ǨȉȋȈȘȈ ǨȘȏțȔȈȕȧȕȈ Ȑ ǪȈȘȌȈȕȈ ǺȍȘ-ǹȚȍȗȈȕȧȕȈ
ǪǪǭǬǭǵǰǭ
ǷȖșȓȍȌȕȐȍ ȌȍșȧȚȐȓȍȚȐȧ ȔȐȘȖȊȖȑ ȐșȚȖȘȐȐ ȝȈȘȈȒȚȍȘȐȏȐȘțȦȚșȧ ȉȖȓȤȠȐȕșȚȊȖȔ ȐșșȓȍȌȖȊȈȚȍȓȍȑ, ȋȖșțȌȈȘșȚȊȍȕȕȣȝ Ȑ ȖȉȡȍșȚȊȍȕȕȣȝ ȌȍȧȚȍȓȍȑ ȒȈȒ ȥȗȖȝȈ ȋȓțȉȖȒȐȝ Ȑ ȉȣșȚȘȣȝ ȗȍȘȍȔȍȕ. ǷȘȐ ȥȚȖȔ ȔȖȎȕȖ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȚȤ Ȗ ȕȍȒȖȚȖȘȖȔ șȊȖȍȖȉȘȈȏȐȐ ȕȈȘȖȎȌȈȦȡȍȑșȧ ȥȗȖȝȐ, ȒȖȋȌȈ ȘȈȏȘȈȉȖȚȒȈ ȜȐȓȖșȖȜșȒȐȝ Ȑ ȒȖȕȞȍȗȚțȈȓȤȕȣȝ ȖșȕȖȊ ȕȖȊȖȋȖ ȔȐȘȈ ȗȘȖȐșȝȖȌȐȚ ȗȈȘȈȓȓȍȓȤȕȖ ș șȈȔȐȔȐ ȐȏȔȍȕȍȕȐȧȔȐ. Ǫ ȥȚȐȝ țșȓȖȊȐȧȝ ȍȌȐȕșȚȊȍȕȕȣȔ ȕȈȌȍȎȕȣȔ ȉȈȏȐșȖȔ Ȍȓȧ ȖșȔȣșȓȍȕȐȧ ȕȖȊȣȝ ȊȘȍȔȍȕ șȚȈȕȖȊȐȚșȧ ȒȖȕșȚȈȚȈȞȐȧ ȗȖȌȊȐȎȕȖșȚȐ ȚȍȖȘȍȚȐȟȍșȒȖȑ ȖȗȖȘȣ, ȕȈ ȖșȕȖȊȍ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȑ Ȗȕ ȗȖșȚȐȋȈȍȚșȧ Ȑ șȚȘȖȐȚșȧ. ȅȚȖ ȗȘȍȌȗȖȓȈȋȈȍȚ ȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȖșȚȤ Ȑ ȌȈȎȍ ȕȍȖȉȝȖȌȐȔȖșȚȤ ȊȕȍșȍȕȐȧ ȐȏȔȍȕȍȕȐȑ ȕȍ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ Ȋ «ȖȘȕȈȔȍȕȚ», ȕȖ Ȑ ȜțȕȌȈȔȍȕȚ șȚȘȖȧȡȍȋȖșȧ ȔȐȘȈ, ȒȖȚȖȘȣȑ ȖȒȈȏȣȊȈȍȚșȧ «ȒȈȚȈșȚȘȖȜȐȟȍșȒȐ ȝȘțȗȒȐȔ Ȑ ȓȖȔȒȐȔ ȐȓȐ ȗȖȌȊȐȎȕȣȔ Ȑ ȌȍȜȖȘȔȐȘțȦȡȐȔșȧ, ȒȈȒ ȓȈȊȈ».
ǰ, ȍșȓȐ ȚȈȒȖȑ ȊȣȊȖȌ ȧȊȓȧȍȚșȧ ȗȘȐȍȔȓȍȔȣȔ Ȍȓȧ ȜȐȓȖșȖȜșȒȖȋȖ Ȑ ȗȘȖȟȐȝ ȚȍȖȘȍȚȐȟȍșȒȐȝ ȌȐșȒțȘșȖȊ, Ȗȕ ȖȒȈȏȣȊȈȍȚșȧ ȕȍȗȘȐȍȔȓȍȔȣȔ Ȍȓȧ șȜȍȘȣ ȉȍȏȖȗȈșȕȖșȚȐ. DzȖȕșȚȈȚȐȘȖȊȈȊ, ȟȚȖ șȘȍȌȈ ȉȍȏȖȗȈșȕȖșȚȐ 21 ȊȍȒȈ ȗȘȍȚȍȘȗȍȊȈȍȚ ȒȈȟȍșȚȊȍȕȕȣȍ ȐȏȔȍȕȍȕȐȧ, ȖȘȋȈȕȐȏȈȞȐȐ, ȖȚȊȍȚșȚȊȍȕȕȣȍ ȏȈ șȐșȚȍȔț ȉȍȏȖȗȈșȕȖșȚȐ ȖȉȡȍșȚȊȈ, ȕȍ ȐȔȍȦȚ ȗȘȈȊȈ ȖȚȒȓȈȌȣȊȈȚȤ ȕȈ ȉțȌțȡȍȍ ȍȍ ȘȈȏȊȐȚȐȍ, ȈȗȍȓȓȐȘțȧ Ȓ ȕȍȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȖșȚȐ «șȝȊȈȚȐȚȤ» țșȒȖȓȤȏȈȦȡțȦ ȌȐȕȈȔȐȒț Ȑ șȖȏȌȈȚȤ ȊȕțȚȘȍȕȕȍ ȕȍȗȘȖȚȐȊȖȘȍȟȐȊȖȍ ȊȐȌȍȕȐȍ ȉțȌțȡȍȋȖ Ȑ ȍȋȖ țȋȘȖȏ. ǵȈȞȐȖȕȈȓȤȕȈȧ ȉȍȏȖȗȈșȕȖșȚȤ ȕȍ ȔȖȎȍȚ ȉȣȚȤ șȊȍȌȍȕȈ ȐșȒȓȦȟȐȚȍȓȤȕȖ Ȓ ȚȍȖȘȍȚȐȟȍșȒȖȔț ȌȐșȒțȘșț Ȑ ȊȒȓȦȟȈȍȚ Ȋ șȍȉȧ ȥȓȍȔȍȕȚȣ Ȑ șȐșȚȍȔȣ, ȧȊȓȧȦȡȐȍșȧ ȟȈșȚȤȦ ȖȉȡȍșȚȊȈ Ȑ ȖȉȡȍșȚȊȍȕȕȖȑ ȎȐȏȕȐ. ǸȈȏȊȐȚȐȍ Ȑ ȜțȕȒȞȐȖȕȐȘȖȊȈȕȐȍ ȌȈȕȕȣȝ șȐșȚȍȔ ȕțȎȌȈȍȚșȧ Ȋ ȒȖȕȞȍȗȞȐȧȝ Ȑ ȌȖȒȚȘȐȕȈȝ, ȕȈ ȖșȕȖȊȈȕȐȐ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȝ ȊȣșȚȘȈȐȊȈȍȚșȧ, ȗțșȚȤ ȕȍșȖȊȍȘȠȍȕȕȖȍ, ȕȖ ȗȖȕȐȔȈȕȐȍ ȊȣȏȖȊȖȊ Ȑ țȋȘȖȏ ȖȉȡȍșȚȊț Ȑ ȔȍȚȖȌȖȊ ȘȍȈȋȐȘȖȊȈȕȐȧ ȕȈ ȕȐȝ.
Ǫ ȥȚȖȔ șȔȣșȓȍ ȔȖȎȕȖ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȚȤ Ȗ șȍȘȤȍȏȕȖȔ ȊȣȏȖȊȍ Ȑ șȊȖȍȋȖ ȘȖȌȈ ȗȈȘȈȌȖȒșȍ, ȒȖȋȌȈ ȐȔȗȍȘȈȚȐȊȣ ȕȈȘȖȎȌȈȦȡȍȑșȧ ȥȗȖȝȐ ȗȘȐȕțȎȌȈȦȚ ȘȈȏȘȈȉȈȚȣȊȈȚȤ ȚȍȖȘȍȚȐȟȍșȒȐȑ ȉȈȏȐș, ȐȏȕȈȟȈȓȤȕȖ ȗȘȍȌȗȖȓȈȋȈȦȡȐȑ ȒȈȟȍșȚȊȍȕȕȣȍ ȐȏȔȍȕȍȕȐȧ, ȘȍȈȓȐȏțȍȔȣȍ ȟȍȘȍȏ ȔȍȝȈȕȐȏȔȣ ȈȌȈȗȚȈȞȐȐ Ȑ ȒȖȥȊȖȓȦȞȐȐ. «ǩȈȏȐș», Ȋ șȍȔȈȕȚȐȟȍșȒȖȔ ȗȖȓȍ ȏȌȘȈȊȖȋȖ șȔȣșȓȈ ȈșșȖȞȐȐȘțȦȡȐȑșȧ ș ȗȖșȚȖȧȕșȚȊȖȔ Ȑ ȕȍȐȏȔȍȕȕȖșȚȤȦ, ȗȘȐ ȥȚȖȔ ȗȘȐȖȉȘȍȚȈȍȚ ȈȚȘȐȉțȚȣ ȕȍȗȘȍȘȣȊȕȣȝ Ȑ ȒȈȟȍșȚȊȍȕȕȣȝ ȐȏȔȍȕȍȕȐȑ. ȇȊȓȧȍȚșȧ ȓȐ ȚȈȒȖȑ ȗȖȌȝȖȌ Ȓ ȊȖȍȕȕȖȔț ȔȣȠȓȍȕȐȦ Ȑ ȔȣȠȓȍȕȐȦ Ȋ ȚȍȘȔȐȕȈȝ ȕȈȞȐȖȕȈȓȤȕȖȑ ȉȍȏȖȗȈșȕȖșȚȐ ȗȘȐȍȔȓȍȔȣȔ? ǩțȌțȟȐ ȐȕȍȘȞȐȖȕȕȣȔȐ Ȑ ȎȍșȚȒȐȔȐ, ȗȖșȓȍȌȕȐȍ ȚȘȍȉțȦȚ șȖȖȚȊȍȚșȚȊțȦȡȍȑ ȎȍșȚȒȖșȚȐ Ȑ ȖȚ șȊȖȐȝ ȌȖȒȚȘȐȕȈȓȤȕȣȝ ȌȖȒțȔȍȕȚȖȊ, Ȑ
7
ǸȈȟȤȧ ǨǸǯǻǴǨǵȇǵ
ȒȈȒ șȖȊȔȍșȚȐȚȤ ȖȉȢȍȒȚȐȊȕțȦ ȎȍșȚȒȖșȚȤ ș ȐȔȗȍȘȈȚȐȊȖȔ ȕȍȗȘȍȘȣȊȕȣȝ ȐȕȕȖȊȈȞȐȑ ȕȍ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȚȍȝȕȖȓȖȋȐȑ, ȕȖ Ȑ ȐȌȍȑ? ǫȌȍ ȕȈȝȖȌȐȚșȧ ȉȈȓȈȕș ȔȍȎȌț ȐȕȍȘȞȐȖȕȕȖșȚȤȦ Ȑ ȗȖȌȊȐȎȕȖșȚȤȦ, Ȑ ȕȈ ȒȈȒȐȝ ȜȐȓȖșȖȜșȒȐȝ ȗȖȏȐȞȐȧȝ Ȑ ȐȌȍȑȕȖȔ ȗȘȖșȚȘȈȕșȚȊȍ, ȕȈ ȖșȕȖȊȍ ȒȈȒȖȑ ȗȈȘȈȌȐȋȔȣ Ȑ Ȋ ȚȍȘȔȐȕȈȝ Ȑ ȗȖȕȧȚȐȧȝ ȒȈȒȐȝ ȕȈțȒ Ȗȕ ȌȖȓȎȍȕ ȊȣșȚȘȈȐȊȈȚȤșȧ?
Ǫ ȒȈȟȍșȚȊȍ ȖȚȒȓȐȒȈ ȕȈ ȉȘȖȠȍȕȕȣȑ ȊȣȏȖȊ ȐȕȚȍȘȍș ȗȘȍȌșȚȈȊȓȧȍȚ ȗȖȓțȟȈȍȔȣȑ ȕȈ ȖșȕȖȊȍ ȗȈȘȈȌȐȋȔȣ ȕȍȓȐȕȍȑȕȖșȚȐ șȐȕȚȍȏ șȓȖȎȕȖȋȖ ȔȣȠȓȍȕȐȧ, șȐșȚȍȔȕȖșȚȐ Ȑ ǹȍȚȐ. Ǫ ȟȈșȚȕȖșȚȐ, Ȋ ȘȈȔȒȈȝ ȗȘȖȞȍșșȈ ȚȘȈȕșȜȖȘȔȈȞȐȐ ȊȖȍȕȕȖȑ șȜȍȘȣ ȏȈȗȈȌȕȈȧ ȊȖȍȕȕȈȧ ȔȣșȓȤ ȊȣȌȊȐȕțȓȈ ȒȖȕȞȍȗȞȐȐ șȍȚȍȞȍȕȚȘȐȟȕȖșȚȐ, ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ ȐȕȚȍȕșȐȊȕȖ ȘȈȏȘȈȉȈȚȣȊȈȓȐșȤ, ȊȕȍȌȘȧȓȐșȤ Ȑ ȘȈȏȊȐȊȈȓȐșȤ ȕȈ ȗȘȖȚȧȎȍȕȐȐ ȗȖșȓȍȌȕȐȝ ȌȍșȧȚȐȓȍȚȐȑ. ǷȘȖȞȍșș ȊȕȍȌȘȍȕȐȧ ȧȏȣȒȈ șȓȖȎȕȖșȚȐ Ȑ ȕȍȓȐȕȍȑȕȖșȚȐ Ȋ ȊȖȍȕȕțȦ ȚȍȖȘȐȦ ȔȖȎȕȖ ȕȈȉȓȦȌȈȚȤ ȕȈ Ȋșȍȝ țȘȖȊȕȧȝ ȊȖȑȕȣ. ǵȈȗȘȐȔȍȘ, șȖȊȘȍȔȍȕȕȈȧ ȚȍȕȌȍȕȞȐȧ ȖȗȍȘȈȞȐȖȕȕȖȋȖ ȈȕȈȓȐȏȈ ȗȘȍȌȗȖȟȐȚȈȍȚ ȗȐșȈȚȤ Ȗ șȓȖȎȕȣȝ ȖȗȍȘȈȞȐȧȝ Ȑ ȔȍȎȊȍȌȖȔșȚȊȍȕȕȖȔ ȖȗȍȘȈȞȐȖȕȕȖȔ ȐșȒțșșȚȊȍ (interagency operational art)1, ȒȖȘȕȐ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȋȖ țȝȖȌȧȚ Ȋ șȐșȚȍȔȕȖșȚȤ, ȝȖȓȐșȚȐȟȍșȒȖȍ ȊȏȈȐȔȖȌȍȑșȚȊȐȍ Ȑ ȜȘȍȑȔȣ, ȖȝȊȈȚȣȊȈȦȡȐȍ Ȋșȍ ȥȓȍȔȍȕȚȣ ȕȈȞȐȖȕȈȓȤȕȖȑ ȔȖȡȐ Ȑ ȖȉȡȍșȚȊȖ Ȋ ȞȍȓȖȔ. ǷȘȐ ȥȚȖȔ ȔȖȎȕȖ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȚȤ Ȗ ȌȊțȝ ȌȖȔȐȕȈȕȚȕȣȝ ȊȐȌȍȕȐȧȝ ȉțȌțȡȐȝ ȖȗȍȘȈȞȐȑ. ǷȍȘȊȖȍ ȖȗȐȘȈȍȚșȧ ȕȈ ȞȍȕȚȘȈȓȐȏȖȊȈȕȖ țȗȘȈȊȓȧȍȔȣȍ, ȐȕȚȍȋȘȐȘȖȊȈȕȕȣȍ ȊȖȍȕȕȖ-ȋȘȈȎȌȈȕ-
șȒȐȍ ȒȈȔȗȈȕȐȐ (centrally controlled integrated civil-military campaign). ǬȈȕȕȖȍ ȕȈȗȘȈȊȓȍȕȐȍ ȘȈȏȊȐȊȈȍȚșȧ Ȋ ȘȈȔȒȈȝ ȚȍȖȘȐȐ ȖȗȍȘȈȞȐȖȕȕȖȋȖ ȝȖȓȐȏȔȈ, ȘȧȌȖȔ ȟȍȘȚ ȕȈȗȖȔȐȕȈȦȡȍȋȖ ȉȓȐȞȒȘȐȋ 20 ȊȍȒȈ. Dz ȥȚȖȔț ȊȐȌȍȕȐȦ ȗȘȐȔȣȒȈȍȚ Ȑ ȒȖȘȗțș ȌȖȒȚȘȐȕ șȍȚȍȊȣȝ Ȑ șȍȚȍȞȍȕȚȘȐȟȕȣȝ ȊȖȑȕ. ǪȚȖȘȖȍ ȊȐȌȍȕȐȍ Ȑ ȚȐȗ ȖȗȍȘȈȞȐȖȕȕȖȋȖ ȐșȒțșșȚȊȈ ȘȈȏȊȐȊȈȍȚșȧ Ȋ ȘȈȔȒȈȝ ȒȖȕȞȍȗȞȐȑ ȐȘȘȍȋțȓȧȘȕȣȝ ȊȖȑȕ Ȑ ȒȈȟȍșȚȊȍȕȕȖ ȖȚȓȐȟȈȍȚșȧ ȕȍ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȖȚ ȞȍȕȚȘȈȓȐȏȖȊȈȕȕȖȋȖ ȊȐȌȍȕȐȧ ȌȖȒȚȘȐȕ ȖȗȍȘȈȞȐȖȕȕȖȋȖ ȝȖȓȐȏȔȈ, ȕȖ Ȑ ȊȖȍȕȕȣȝ ȖȗȍȘȈȞȐȑ 20 ȊȍȒȈ.
ǹȝȖȎȍȍ șȚȖȓȒȕȖȊȍȕȐȍ ȗȖȓȧȘȕȣȝ ȗȖ șȊȖȍȑ ȗȘȐȘȖȌȍ ȊȏȋȓȧȌȖȊ Ȑ ȗȖȌȝȖȌȖȊ Ȓ ȖȞȍȕȒȍ ȗȘȐȘȖȌȣ Ȑ ȜȖȘȔ ȊȖȍȕȕȖȋȖ ȗȘȖȚȐȊȖȉȖȘșȚȊȈ Ȋ 21 ȊȍȒȍ ȔȖȎȕȖ ȕȈȉȓȦȌȈȚȤ Ȑ ȕȈ șȚȘȈȚȍȋȐȟȍșȒȖȔ, ȊȖȍȕȕȖ-ȗȖȓȐȚȐȟȍșȒȖȔ țȘȖȊȕȧȝ ȊȖȑȕȣ, ȌȘțȋȐȝ ȈȘȍȕȈȝ șȘȍȌȣ ȉȍȏȖȗȈșȕȖșȚȐ. ǶȟȍȊȐȌȕȖ, ȟȚȖ ȘȍȟȤ Ȋ ȌȈȕȕȖȔ șȓțȟȈȍ ȔȖȎȍȚ ȐȌȚȐ ȕȍ Ȗ «ȗȖȓȕȖȑ Ȑ ȖȒȖȕȟȈȚȍȓȤȕȖȑ ȗȖȉȍȌȍ» ȖȌȕȖȋȖ Ȑȏ ȊȐȌȍȕȐȑ, ȕȖ ȗȖȌȊȐȎȕȖȔ ȉȈȓȈȕșȍ Ȑ șȊȖȍȖȉȘȈȏȕȣȝ «ȒȈȟȍȓȧȝ», ȖȚȘȈȎȈȦȡȐȝ ȘȍȏțȓȤȚȈȚȣ ȗȖȓȐȚȐȟȍșȒȖȑ Ȑ ȚȍȖȘȍȚȐȟȍșȒȖȑ ȉȖȘȤȉȣ Ȋ șȖȖȚȊȍȚșȚȊțȦȡȐȝ ȒȘțȋȈȝ. ǺȈȒ, șȍȋȖȌȕȧ ȕȈ ȗȘȐȔȍȘȍ ǹȀǨ ȧȊșȚȊȍȕȕȖ ȔȖȎȕȖ ȊȐȌȍȚȤ, ȒȈȒ ȌȍșȧȚȐȓȍȚȐȧ ȗȘȍȖȉȓȈȌȈȕȐȧ ȝȖȓȐșȚȐȟȍșȒȖȋȖ ȗȖȓȦșȈ ȠȐȘȖȒȖȔȈșȠȚȈȉȕȣȝ ȒȖȕȊȍȕȞȐȖȕȈȓȤȕȣȝ ȊȖȑȕ șȔȍȕȧȦȚșȧ țȊȍȓȐȟȍȕȐȍȔ țȌȍȓȤȕȖȋȖ ȊȍșȈ ȐȘȘȍȋțȓȧȘȕȣȝ ȊȖȑȕ.
1 Kelly, Justin, Brigadier Australian Army (Ret.) and Michael J. Brennan. “The Leavenworth Heresy and the Perversion of Operational Art,” Joint Force Quarterly (JFQ), Issue 56, First Quarter 2010, pp. 109-116. 12 January 2011. <http://www.ndu.edu/press/lib/images/jfq-56/18.pdf>;
Schnaubelt, Christopher M. “Complex Operations and Interagency Operational Art,” PRISM, Vol. 1, No. 1, December 2009, pp. 37-50. 12 January 2011. <http://www.ndu.edu/press/lib/images/prism1-1/5_Prism_37-50_Schnaubelt.pdf>.
8
ǹdzǶǮǵǶǭ ǴȃȀdzǭǵǰǭ ǰ ǹǭǺȄ: ǷǨǸǨǬǰǫǴǨ ǵǭdzǰǵǭDZǵǶǹǺǰ ǰ ǹǸǭǬǨ ǩǭǯǶǷǨǹǵǶǹǺǰ 21 ǪǭDzǨ
ǪȖȏȔȖȎȕȖ, ȏȌȍșȤ ȉțȌȍȚ țȔȍșȚȕȈ ȔȍȚȈȜȖȘȈ «ȍȎȈ» Ȑ «ȓȐșȐȞȣ», ȒȖȚȖȘțȦ ȔȖȎȕȖ ȊșȚȘȍȚȐȚȤ Ȋ ȗȖșȓȍȌȕȍȍ ȊȘȍȔȧ Ȋ ȌȐșȒțȘșȈȝ, ȗȖșȊȧȡȍȕȕȣȝ șȚȘȈȚȍȋȐȐ Ȑ ȊȖȑȕȍ. ǰșȈȑȧ ǩȍȘȓȐȕ (Isaiah Berlin) Ȋ ȐȏȊȍșȚȕȖȔ ȥșșȍ «ǭȎ Ȑ ȓȐșȐȞȈ»1, ȐșșȓȍȌțȧ ȐșȚȖȘȐȟȍșȒȐȍ ȊȏȋȓȧȌȣ dzȤȊȈ ǺȖȓșȚȖȋȖ, ȐșȗȖȓȤȏȖȊȈȓ «ȐȏȧȡȕțȦ Ȑ ȚȈȐȕșȚȊȍȕȕțȦ, ȒȈȒ ȧȗȖȕșȒȖȍ ȝȖȒȒț»2 șȚȘȖȟȒț ȌȘȍȊȕȍȋȘȍȟȍșȒȖȋȖ ȗȖȥȚȈ ǨȘȝȐȓȖȝȈ (7 Ȋ. ȌȖ ȕ. ȥ.): «dzȐș ȏȕȈȍȚ ȔȕȖȋȖ șȍȒȘȍȚȖȊ, Ȉ ȍȎ – ȖȌȐȕ, ȕȖ șȈȔȣȑ ȋȓȈȊȕȣȑ»3. «ǰșȈȑȧ, – ȗȐȠȍȚ ȉȐȖȋȘȈȜ ǩȍȘȓȐȕȈ ǴȈȑȒȓ ǰȋȕȈȚȤȍȊ (Michael Ignatieff), – șȘȈȏț Ȏȍ ȕȈȟȈȓ ȌȍȓȐȚȤ Ȋșȍ ȊȍȓȐȒȐȍ țȔȣ ȗȘȖȠȓȖȋȖ ȕȈ ȍȎȍȑ Ȑ ȓȐșȐȞ: ǫȍȚȍ Ȑ ǷțȠȒȐȕ – ȥȚȖ ȓȐșȐȞȣ, ǬȖșȚȖȍȊșȒȐȑ Ȑ ǺȖȓșȚȖȑ
– ȍȎȐ»4. «ǭȎȐ» – ȥȚȖ ȓȦȌȐ «ȖȌȕȖȑ ȐȌȍȐ», ȖȗȘȍȌȍȓȧȦȡȍȑ Ȑȝ ȔȣșȓȐ Ȑ ȗȖșȚțȗȒȐ. «dzȐșȐȞȣ» – «ȗȓȦȘȈȓȐșȚȣ», ȔȈȓȖ ȖȏȈȉȖȟȍȕȕȣȍ ȞȍȓȖșȚȕȖșȚȤȦ șȊȖȍȋȖ ȔȐȘȖȊȖȏȏȘȍȕȐȧ: «șțȡȍșȚȊțȍȚ ȋȓțȉȖȒȖȍ ȗȘȖȚȐȊȖȘȍȟȐȍ ȔȍȎȌț ȚȍȔȐ, ... ȒȚȖ șȊȧȏȣȊȈȍȚ Ȋșȍ ș ȖȌȕȐȔ ȞȍȕȚȘȈȓȤȕȣȔ ȊȐȌȍȕȐȍȔ <...> ȍȌȐȕșȚȊȍȕȕȣȔ, țȕȐȊȍȘșȈȓȤȕȣȔ, ȖȘȋȈȕȐȏȈȞȐȖȕȕȣȔ ȗȘȐȕȞȐȗȖȔ, Ȑ <...> ȚȍȔȐ, ȒȚȖ ȗȘȍșȓȍȌțȍȚ ȔȕȖȎȍșȚȊȖ Ȟȍȓȍȑ, ȏȈȟȈșȚțȦ ȕȍșȊȧȏȈȕȕȣȝ Ȑ ȌȈȎȍ ȗȘȖȚȐȊȖȘȍȟȐȊȣȝ, șȖȍȌȐȕȍȕȕȣȝ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȕȍȒȖȚȖȘȣȔ Ȍȍ-ȜȈȒȚȖ șȗȖșȖȉȖȔ, ȍșȓȐ ȖȕȐȊȖȖȉȡȍ șȖȍȌȐȕȧȦȚșȧ»5. ȅȚȈȊȖȔȕȖȋȖȔ țșȓȖȊȕȈȧ «ȌȐȝȖȚȖȔȐȧ» ȗȖȏȊȖȓȐȓȈ ǩȍȘȓȐȕț ȊȣșȊȍȚȐȚȤ ȘȈȏȓȐȟȐȍ ȔȍȎȌț șȜȖȒțșȐȘȖȊȈȕȕȣȔȐ Ȑ ȞȍȕȚȘȖșȚȘȍȔȐȚȍȓȤȕȣȔȐ «ȍȎȈȔȐ» ȐȉȖȓȍȍ ȗȍȘȍȔȍȕȟȐȊȣȔȐ ȐȞȍȕȚȘȖȉȍȎȕȣȔȐ «ȓȐșȐȞȈȔȐ».
ǪȏȋȓȧȌ ȕȈ șȘȍȌț ȉȍȏȖȗȈșȕȖșȚȐ 21 ȊȍȒȈ șȒȊȖȏȤ ȗȘȐȏȔț ȌȈȕȕȖȑ ȔȍȚȈȜȖȘȣ ȗȖȏȊȖȓȧȍȚ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȚȤ Ȗ ȕȍȖȉȝȖȌȐȔȖșȚȐ ȌȊțȝ ȗȖȓȧȘȕȣȝ ȊȏȋȓȧȌȖȊ – șȜȖȒțșȐȘȖȊȈȕȕȖȋȖ Ȑ ȞȍȓȖșȚȕȖȋȖ, ȕȈȔȍȘȍȕȕȖȋȖ șȝȊȈȚȐȚȤ ȧȊȓȍȕȐȧ Ȑ ȗȘȖȞȍșșȣ Ȋ ȘȈȔȒȈȝ ȖȉȡȍȋȖ ȜȘȍȑȔȈ Ȑ ȌȍȞȍȕȚȘȈȓȐȏȖȊȈȕȕȖȋȖ, șȚȘȍȔȧȡȍȋȖșȧ ȖȚȘȈȏȐȚȤ ȗȘȖȞȍșșȣ ȉȍȏ ȘȈȏȘȈȉȖȚȒȐ ȚȈȒȖȋȖ ȜȘȍȑȔȈ. ǼȖȘȔȐȘȖȊȈȕȐȍ ȌȊțȝ ȗȖȓȦșȖȊ, ȏȈȌȈȦȡȐȝ ȕȈȗȘȧȎȍȕȐȍ Ȋ ȗȘȖșȚȘȈȕșȚȊȍ ȐȌȍȑ, Ȋ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȔ ȏȈȚȍȔ ȐȡțȚșȧ ȖȚȒȓȐȒȐ ȕȈ ȊȣȏȖȊȣ, ȗȘȍȌșȚȈȊȓȧȍȚșȧ ȕȈȐȉȖȓȍȍ ȗȍȘșȗȍȒȚȐȊȕȣȔ ȗȖȌȝȖȌȖȔ ȗȘȐ ȘȈșșȔȖȚȘȍȕȐȐ ȚȍȖȘȍȚȐȟȍșȒȐȝ ȖșȕȖȊ șȘȍȌȣ ȉȍȏȖȗȈșȕȖșȚȐ 21 ȊȍȒȈ. Ǫ ȘȈȔȒȈȝ ȌȈȕȕȖȑ ȘȈȉȖȚȣ ȘȈșșȔȈȚȘȐȊȈȦȚșȧ ȜȐȓȖșȖȜșȒȐȍ, ȔȍȚȖȌȖȓȖȋȐȟȍșȒȐȍ Ȑ ȒȖȕȞȍȗȚțȈȓȤȕȣȍ ȖșȕȖȊȣ ȝȖȓȐșȚȐȟȍșȒȖȋȖ ȊȐȌȍȕȐȧ, ȘȈșșȔȖȚȘȍȕȐȍ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȋȖ ȗȘȖȊȖȌȐȚșȧ ȟȍȘȍȏ ȊȕȐȔȈȚȍȓȤȕȣȑ ȊȏȋȓȧȌ ȕȈ ȒȖȕȞȍȗȞȐȐ șȍȚȍȞȍȕȚȘȐȟȕȖșȚȐ, ȗȈȘȈȌȐȋȔț ȕȍȓȐȕȍȑȕȖșȚȐ Ȑ ǹȍȚȤ.
ǫȓȈȊȈ I ȗȘȍȌșȚȈȊȓȧȍȚ șȖȉȖȑ ȒȘȈȚȒȐȑ ȥȒșȒțȘș Ȋ ȜȐȓȖșȖȜșȒȐȍ ȖȉȖșȕȖȊȈȕȐȧ șȓȖȎȕȖȋȖ ȔȣȠȓȍȕȐȧ Ȑ ȕȈțȒȐ șȓȖȎȕȖșȚȐ. ǷȘȍȌȗȖȓȖȎȍȕȐȍ, ȟȚȖ ȒȈȒ ȖȉȢȍȒȚȐȊȕȈȧ, ȚȈȒ Ȑ șȖȞȐȈȓȤȕȈȧ ȘȍȈȓȤȕȖșȚȤ ȔȖȋțȚ ȉȣȚȤ ȖȗȐșȈȕȣ Ȋ ȘȈȔȒȈȝ șȓȖȎȕȖȋȖ ȔȣȠȓȍȕȐȧ Ȑ ȕȈțȒȐ șȓȖȎȕȖșȚȐ, ȗȘȐȊȖȌȐȚ Ȓ ȗȓȦȘȈȓȐȏȔț ȜȐȓȖșȖȜșȒȖȑ ȗȖȏȐȞȐȐ Ȑ ȥȗȐșȚȍȔȖȓȖȋȐȐ, ȉȈȏȐȘțȦȡȍȑșȧ ȕȈ șȓȖȎȕȖșȚȐ, ȒȖȚȖȘȈȧ ȐșȒȓȦȟȈȍȚ ȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȖșȚȤ șțȡȍșȚȊȖ-
1 Berlin, Isaiah, et al. “The Hedgehog and the Fox,” in The Proper Study of Mankind: An Anthology of Essays by Isaiah Berlin, (1997) New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2000, p. 436.
2 Ignatieff, Michael. Isaiah Berlin: A Life. New York: Henry Holt & Co., 1999, p. 173.
3 Archilochus fragment 201 in Martin Litchfield West (ed.) Iambi et Elegi Graeci ante Alexandrum Gantati. 2 vols., Vol. 1, 2nd revised ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989-92.
4 Ignatieff, Isaiah Berlin, p. 173.
5 Berlin, The Hedgehog and the Fox, p. 436.
9
ǸȈȟȤȧ ǨǸǯǻǴǨǵȇǵ
ȊȈȕȐȧ țȕȐȊȍȘșȈȓȤȕȖȋȖ ȔȍȚȖȌȈ ȗȖȏȕȈȕȐȧ. Ǫ ȠȐȘȖȒȐȑ ȜȘȍȑȔ șȓȖȎȕȖȋȖ ȔȣȠȓȍȕȐȧ Ȑ ȕȈțȒȐ șȓȖȎȕȖșȚȐ ȖȒȈȏȣȊȈȦȚșȧ ȊȒȓȦȟȍȕȕȣȔȐ ȘȈȏȓȐȟȕȣȍ ȌȐșȒțȘșȣ, ȟȚȖ ȗȖȏȊȖȓȧȍȚ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȚȤ Ȗ șȊȖȍȋȖ ȘȖȌȈ ȥȊȖȓȦȞȐȖȕȕȖȑ ȜȐȓȖșȖȜȐȐ, Ȋ ȘȈȔȒȈȝ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȑ ȘȈȏȓȐȟȕȣȍ ȗȖȌȝȖȌȣ Ȑ șȗȖșȖȉȣ ȗȖȏȕȈȕȐȧ ȖȒȈȏȣȊȈȦȚșȧ Ȋ «ȒȖȕȒțȘȍȕȚȕȖȑ ȉȖȘȤȉȍ» ȏȈ ȕȈȐȉȖȓȍȍ ȈȌȍȒȊȈȚȕȖȍ ȗȘȍȌșȚȈȊȓȍȕȐȍ Ȑ ȖȉȢȧșȕȍȕȐȍ ȐȏțȟȈȍȔȖȋȖ ȧȊȓȍȕȐȧ ȐȓȐ șȐșȚȍȔȣ. ǹȒȊȖȏȤ ȗȘȐȏȔț ȚȍȖȘȐȐ șȓȖȎȕȣȝ ȈȌȈȗȚȐȊȕȣȝ șȐșȚȍȔ Ȑ ȕȈțȒȐ șȓȖȎȕȖșȚȐ ȘȈșșȔȈȚȘȐȊȈȦȚșȧ ȖșȕȖȊȕȣȍ ȗȘȐȕȞȐȗȣ Ȑ ȏȈȒȖȕȣ ȚȍȖȘȐȐ șȐșȚȍȔ Ȑ, ȌȈȓȍȍ, șȖȞȐȈȓȤȕȣȍ șȐșȚȍȔȣ.
ǪȋȓȈȊȍ II ȘȈșșȔȈȚȘȐȊȈȦȚșȧ ȖșȕȖȊȕȣȍ ȥȚȈȗȣ șȚȈȕȖȊȓȍȕȐȧ Ȑ ȘȈȏȊȐȚȐȧ ȓȐȕȍȑȕȖȑ Ȑ ȕȍȓȐȕȍȑȕȖȑ ȗȈȘȈȌȐȋȔ, Ȉ ȚȈȒȎȍ ȗȘȖȞȍșșȣ ȋȓȖȉȈȓȐȏȈȞȐȐ Ȑ ȖșȕȖȊȕȣȍ ȟȍȘȚȣ șȘȍȌȣ ȉȍȏȖȗȈșȕȖșȚȐ 21 ȊȍȒȈ. ǬȈȓȍȍ ȌȈȍȚșȧ ȒȘȈȚȒȐȑ ȊȏȋȓȧȌ ȕȈ șȐșȚȍȔț ȔȍȎȌțȕȈȘȖȌȕȣȝ ȖȚȕȖȠȍȕȐȑ, ȊȖȍȕȕțȦ șȜȍȘț Ȑ ȊȖȑȕț șȒȊȖȏȤ ȗȘȐȏȔț ȗȈȘȈȌȐȋȔȣ ȕȍȓȐȕȍȑȕȖșȚȐ. ǶșȖȏȕȈȕȐȍ ȕȍȓȐȕȍȑȕȖȑ ȗȘȐȘȖȌȣ ȊȖȑȕȣ Ȋ ȒȖȕȚȍȒșȚȍ șȘȍȌȣ ȉȍȏȖȗȈșȕȖșȚȐ 21 ȊȍȒȈ ȧȊȓȧȍȚșȧ ȊȈȎȕȣȔ ȠȈȋȖȔ, ȗȘȐȊȖȌȧȡȐȔ Ȓ ȗȍȘȍȖȞȍȕȒȍ ȗȘȐȕȞȐȗȖȊ, șȚȘȈȚȍȋȐȐ Ȑ ȚȈȒȚȐȒȐ ȊȍȌȍȕȐȧ ȊȖȑȕȣ. ǸȈȏȊȐȚȐȍ ȕȍȓȐȕȍȑȕȖȋȖ ȊȏȋȓȧȌȈ ȕȈ ȊȖȑȕț ȕȈ ǯȈȗȈȌȍ ȚȍșȕȖ șȊȧȏȈȕȖ ș ȐȔȍȕȍȔ DzȓȈțȏȍȊȐȞȈ, ȧȊȓȧȦȡȍȋȖșȧ șȐȔȊȖȓȖȔ ȕȍȓȐȕȍȑȕȖșȚȐ Ȋ ȊȖȍȕȕȖȑ șȜȍȘȍ.
ǪȋȓȈȊȍ III ȘȈșșȔȈȚȘȐȊȈȦȚșȧ ȗȘȖȉȓȍȔȣ ȏȈȗȈȌȕȖȑ ȊȖȍȕȕȖȑ ȒțȓȤȚțȘȣ Ȑ șȚȘȈȚȍȋȐȐ. ǹȚȘȈȚȍȋȐȟȍșȒȈȧ ȒțȓȤȚțȘȈ ȗȘȖȕȐȏȣȊȈȍȚ ȊșȦ ȊȖȍȕȕțȦ șȜȍȘț, ȖȉȢȍȌȐȕȧȧ
ȍȍȊ ȍȌȐȕȖȍ ȞȍȓȖȍ Ȑ ȌȈȊȈȧ ȖȚȊȍȚȣ ȕȈ ȊȖȗȘȖșȣ, ȗȖȟȍȔț, ȒȖȋȌȈ Ȑ ȒȈȒ ȕȈȘȖȌ Ȑ ȍȋȖ ȊȖȖȘțȎȍȕȕȣȍ șȐȓȣ ȊȍȌțȚ ȊȖȑȕț. ǹȚȘȈȚȍȋȐȧ, șȊȧȏȣȊȈȧ ȊȖȍȕȕțȦ ȔȖȡȤ ș ȞȍȓȧȔȐ ȗȖȓȐȚȐȒȐ, ȚȘțȌȕȈ Ȑ, ȉȍȏțșȓȖȊȕȖ, ȖȚȓȐȟȈȍȚșȧ ȒȈȒ ȖȚ ȊȖȍȕȕȖȑ ȊȣțȟȒȐ, ȚȈȒ Ȑ ȗȖȓȐȚȐȟȍșȒȖȋȖ ȖȗȣȚȈ. ǸȈșșȍȧȕȐȍ ȚțȔȈȕȈ Ȑ ȚȘȍȕȐȧ ȊȖȑȕȣ, ȖȞȍȕȒȈ șȚȘȈȚȍȋȐȟȍșȒȐȝ ȋȖȘȐȏȖȕȚȖȊ ȊȖ Ȋșȍ ȊȘȍȔȍȕȈ ȚȘȍȉȖȊȈȓȈ ȊȣșȖȒȖȋȖ ȕȈȗȘȧȎȍȕȐȧ ȐȕȚȍȓȓȍȒȚțȈȓȤȕȣȝ șȐȓ Ȑ ȧȊȓȧȓȈșȤ șȓȖȎȕȣȔ ȐșȒțșșȚȊȖȔ. ǯȈȕȐȔȈȧșȤ șȚȘȈȚȍȋȐȟȍșȒȐȔȐ ȗȘȖȋȕȖȏȈȔȐ, șȓȍȌțȍȚ ȖșȖȏȕȈȊȈȚȤ, ȟȚȖ ȉțȌțȡȍȍ, ȊȔȍșȚȍ ș ȕȍȗȘȍȌșȒȈȏțȍȔȖșȚȤȦ, ȕȍșȍȚ ș șȖȉȖȑ ȥȓȍȔȍȕȚ șȚȘȈȚȍȋȐȟȍșȒȖȑ ȕȍȖȎȐȌȈȕȕȖșȚȐ. ǶșȕȖȊȕȖȑ ȗȘȖȉȓȍȔȖȑ ȗȘȐ ȥȚȖȔ ȧȊȓȧȍȚșȧ ȕȍșȚȖȓȤȒȖșȈȔȈȕȍȖȎȐȌȈȕȕȖșȚȤ, șȒȖȓȤȒȖȍȍȗȖșȓȍȌșȚȊȐȧ ȐȈȌȈȗȚȈȞȐȧ ȒȕȐȔ.
ǪȋȓȈȊȍ IV ȘȈșșȔȈȚȘȐȊȈȦȚșȧ ȒȈȟȍșȚȊȍȕȕȣȍ șȌȊȐȋȐ Ȋ șȘȍȌȍ ȉȍȏȖȗȈșȕȖșȚȐ 21 ȊȍȒȈ, ȗȘȐȊȖȌȧȡȐȍ Ȓ ȕȍȖȉȝȖȌȐȔȖșȚȐ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȚȤ Ȗ ȚȘȈȕșȜȖȘȔȈȞȐȐ ȊȖȍȕȕȖȑ șȜȍȘȣ, ȖȗȐȘȈȦȡȍȑșȧ ȕȈ ȗȈȘȈȌȐȋȔț ȕȍȓȐȕȍȑȕȖșȚȐ. ǺȘȈȕșȜȖȘȔȈȞȐȧ ȊȖȍȕȕȖȑ șȜȍȘȣ, ȐȏȔȍȕȍȕȐȧ Ȋ șȚȘțȒȚțȘȍ ȊȓȈșȚȐ Ȑ ȖȉȡȍșȚȊȍ, ȋȍȖșȚȘȈȚȍȋȐȟȍșȒȐȑ Ȑ ȊȖȍȕȕȣȑ ȒȖȕȚȍȒșȚȣ ȕȖȊȖȑ ȥȗȖȝȐ ȜȖȘȔȐȘțȦȚ ȕȖȊțȦ ȊȖȍȕȕțȦ ȘȍȈȓȤȕȖșȚȤ, ȒȖȚȖȘțȦ ȗȘȐȏȊȈȕȈ ȖȚȖȉȘȈȏȐȚȤ ȚȍȖȘȐȧ șȍȚȍȞȍȕȚȘȐȟȕȣȝ ȊȖȑȕ. ǺȍȖȘȐȧ șȍȚȍȞȍȕȚȘȐȟȕȣȝ ȊȖȑȕ ȌȈȍȚ șȊȖȍ ȊȐȌȍȕȐȍ ȊȖȑȕȣ Ȋ ȐȕȜȖȘȔȈȞȐȖȕȕțȦ ȥȗȖȝț, ȖȒȈȏȣȊȈȧ ȋȓțȉȖȒȖȍ ȊȓȐȧȕȐȍ ȕȈ ȜȖȘȔȣ
ȍȍȖȘȋȈȕȐȏȈȞȐȐ Ȑ ȗȘȖȊȍȌȍȕȐȧ. ǸȈșșȔȈȚȘȐȊȈȦȚșȧ ȒȖȕȞȍȗȚțȈȓȤȕȣȑ ȉȈȏȐș ȌȖȔȍȕȖȊ ȊȖȑȕȣ 21 ȊȍȒȈ, ȗȘȐȕȞȐȗȣ Ȑ ȘțȒȖȊȖȌȧȡȐȍ ȗȘȈȊȐȓȈ ȚȍȖȘȐȐ șȍȚȍȞȍȕȚȘȐȟȕȣȝ ȊȖȑȕ, ȈȚȈȒȎȍȒȖȕȞȍȗȞȐȧ ȐȒȖȕȞȍȗȚțȈȓȤȕȣȑ ȜȘȍȑȔșȍȚȍȞȍȕȚȘȐȟȕȣȝ ȖȗȍȘȈȞȐȑ.
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