Арзуманян Р., Сложное мышление и сеть парадигма нелинейности и среда безопасности 21 века

ǫdzǨǪǨ 3. ǪǶǭǵǵǨȇ DzǻdzȄǺǻǸǨ ǰ ǹǺǸǨǺǭǫǰȇ

I. DzǶǵǺǰǵǻǻǴ ǪǶDZǵȃ ǰ ǯǨǷǨǬǵǨȇ ǪǶǭǵǵǨȇ DzǻdzȄǺǻǸǨ

1. ǯȈȗȈȌȕȈȧ ȊȖȍȕȕȈȧ ȒțȓȤȚțȘȈ

DzȘȐȚȐȟȕȖșȚȤ ȊȖȍȕȕȣȝ ȐȌȍȑ Ȑ ȊȖȍȕȕȖȑ ȒțȓȤȚțȘȣ. ǸȈșșȔȖȚȘȍȕȐȍ ȕȍȒȖȚȖȘȣȝ ȈșȗȍȒȚȖȊ ȏȈȗȈȌȕȖȑ ȊȖȍȕȕȖȑ ȒțȓȤȚțȘȣ Ȑ șȚȘȈȚȍȋȐȐ ȚȘȍȉțȍȚ ȖșȖȏȕȈȕȐȧ ȚȖȋȖ ȜȈȒȚȈ, ȟȚȖ Ȋ ȌȈȕȕȖȑ șȜȍȘȍ ȗȘȈȒȚȐȟȍșȒȐ ȕȍȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȖ șȒȈȏȈȚȤ ȟȚȖ-ȚȖ ȕȖȊȖȍ. DzțȓȤȚțȘȈ Ȑ șȚȘȈȚȍȋȐȧ ȖȗȐȘȈȦȚșȧ ȕȈ țșȚȖȑȟȐȊȣȍ ȊȖ ȊȘȍȔȍȕȐ ȗȈȚȚȍȘȕȣ ȔȣȠȓȍȕȐȧ, ȐȏȔȍȕȍȕȐȍ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȝ ȗȘȖȐșȝȖȌȐȚ ȌȖșȚȈȚȖȟȕȖ ȘȍȌȒȖ Ȑ ȉȣȊȈȍȚ șȊȧȏȈȕȖ șȖ șȔȍȕȖȑ ȥȗȖȝ Ȋ ȐșȚȖȘȐȐ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȟȍșȚȊȈ. ȅȚȖ ȖȏȕȈȟȈȍȚ, ȟȚȖ ȜȐȓȖșȖȜșȒȐȍ șȐșȚȍȔȣ, ȚȍȖȘȐȐ Ȑ ȒȖȕȞȍȗȞȐȐ, ȓȍȎȈȡȐȍ Ȋ ȖșȕȖȊȍ șȖȊȘȍȔȍȕȕȖȑ ȏȈȗȈȌȕȖȑ ȊȖȍȕȕȖȑ ȒțȓȤȚțȘȣ Ȑ șȚȘȈȚȍȋȐȟȍșȒȖȑ ȔȣșȓȐ, ȘȈȏȘȈȉȈȚȣȊȈȓȐșȤ, ȒȈȒ ȔȐȕȐȔțȔ, ȕȈ ȗȘȖȚȧȎȍȕȐȐ ȗȖșȓȍȌȕȐȝ ȌȊțȝ ȚȣșȧȟȍȓȍȚȐȑ Ȑ ȈȒȒțȔțȓȐȘțȦȚ Ȋ șȍȉȍ ȖȗȣȚ ȔȕȖȋȐȝ ȗȖȒȖȓȍȕȐȑ. ǺȈȒȖȍ ȖȚȕȖȠȍȕȐȍ Ȓ ȘȈșșȔȈȚȘȐȊȈȍȔȖȑ ȗȘȖȉȓȍȔȍ șȓȍȌțȍȚ ȗȘȐȏȕȈȚȤ ȖȉȢȍȒȚȐȊȕȣȔ Ȑ ȖȗȘȈȊȌȈȕȕȣȔ, ȚȈȒ ȒȈȒ ȊȖȑȕȈ Ȑ șȚȘȈȚȍȋȐȧ, Ȕȍȕȧȧ ȜȖȘȔȣ Ȑ șȗȖșȖȉȣ ȊȣȘȈȎȍȕȐȧ, șȖȝȘȈȕȧȦȚ ȕȍȐȏȔȍȕȕȖȑ șȊȖȦ ȗȘȐȘȖȌț. ǵȖȊȣȍ ȚȍȖȘȍȚȐȒȐ ȊȖȑȕȣ Ȑ șȚȘȈȚȍȋȐȐ (șȚȘȈȚȍȋȐșȚȣ) ȖȉȘȈȡȈȦȚșȧ Ȓ ȚȣșȧȟȍȓȍȚȕȍȔț ȕȈșȓȍȌȐȦ ȊȖȍȕȕȖȑ ȔȣșȓȐ, ȗȣȚȈȧșȤ ȚȈȔ ȕȈȑȚȐ ȖȚȊȍȚȣ ȕȈ ȊȣȏȖȊȣ, ș ȒȖȚȖȘȣȔȐ șȚȈȓȒȐȊȈȍȚșȧ ȖȉȡȍșȚȊȖ Ȋ șȊȖȍȔ ȘȈȏȊȐȚȐȐ1. ǷȖȗȣȚȒȐ ȗȖȕȧȚȤ ȐȏȔȍȕȧȦȡțȦșȧ șȘȍȌț ȉȍȏȖȗȈșȕȖșȚȐ Ȑ ȊȖȍȕȕțȦ ȘȍȈȓȤȕȖșȚȤ, ȕȈȘȧȌț ș ȕȍȖȉȝȖȌȐȔȖșȚȤȦ ȐȏțȟȈȚȤ ȗȘȖȚȐȊȕȐȒȈ, ȚȘȍȉțȦȚ ȗȖȏȕȈȕȐȧ șȈȔȖȋȖ șȍȉȧ, șȊȖȍȋȖ ȖȉȡȍșȚȊȈ. ǬȈȕȕȈȧ ȐșȚȐȕȈ ȉȣȓȈ ȖșȖȏȕȈȕȈ țȎȍ Ȋ ǬȘȍȊȕȍȔ DzȐȚȈȍ Ȑ șȜȖȘȔțȓȐȘȖȊȈȕȈ ǹțȕȤ-Ǿȏȣ (Sun Tzu), ȊȍȓȐȒȐȔ ȒȐȚȈȑșȒȐȔ ȊȖȍȕȕȣȔ ȔȣșȓȐȚȍȓȍȔ2.

ǵȍșȔȖȚȘȧ ȕȈ ȗȖșȚȖȧȕșȚȊȖ ȐȕȚȍȓȓȍȒȚțȈȓȤȕȖȋȖ ȉȈȋȈȎȈ Ȋ ȖȉȡȍșȚȊȍ, ȚȍȔ ȕȍ Ȕȍȕȍȍ șțȡȍșȚȊțȍȚ șȊȖȍȋȖ ȘȖȌȈ «ȔȖȌȈ» ȕȈ ȐȌȍȐ, ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ ȖȒȈȏȣȊȈȦȚșȧ ȕȈȐȉȖȓȍȍ ȊȖșȚȘȍȉȖȊȈȕȕȣȔȐ ȕȈ ȒȖȕȒȘȍȚȕȖȔ ȖȚȘȍȏȒȍ ȖȉȡȍșȚȊȍȕȕȖȋȖ ȘȈȏȊȐȚȐȧ. ǶȟȍȊȐȌȕȖ, ȟȚȖ ȐȕȚȍȓȓȍȒȚțȈȓȤȕȈȧ ȔȖȌȈ, ȒȈȒ Ȑ ȓȦȉȈȧ ȌȘțȋȈȧ, ȐȏȔȍȕȟȐȊȈ ȗȖ șȈȔȖȑ șȊȖȍȑ șțȚȐ, Ȑ ȘȈȕȖ ȐȓȐ ȗȖȏȌȕȖ ȗȘȐȝȖȌȐȚ ȊȘȍȔȧ, ȒȖȋȌȈ ȖȟȍȘȍȌȕȈȧ «ȉȖȓȤȠȈȧ ȐȌȍȧ» țșȚțȗȈȍȚ ȔȍșȚȖ ȕȖȊȖȑ3. ǻșȚȖȑȟȐȊȖȍ ȘȈȏȊȐȚȐȍ Ȑ ȉȍȏȖȗȈșȕȖșȚȤ ȖȉȡȍșȚȊȈ ȊȖȔȕȖȋȖȔ ȏȈȊȐșȐȚ ȖȚ șȗȖșȖȉȕȖșȚȐ ȍȍ ȥȓȐȚȣ ȥȜȜȍȒȚȐȊȕȖ ȘȈȉȖȚȈȚȤ ș ȕȖȊȣȔȐ ȐȌȍȧȔȐ, ȍȍ țȔȍȕȐȧ ȘȈȏȋȓȧ-

1 Gray, Colin S. Transformation and Strategy Surprise. Carlisle Barracks, PA: Strategic Studies Institute (SSI), US Army War College, April 2005, p.3. 12 January 2011. http://www.strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/pdffiles/PUB602.pdf.

2 Sun Tzu. The Art of War. Trans. by S. B. Griffith with a foreword by Basil H. Liddell Hart, London: Oxford University Press, 1963.

3 Gray, Transformation and Strategy Surprise, p. 3.

141

ǸȈȟȤȧ ǨǸǯǻǴǨǵȇǵ

ȌȍȚȤ ȏȈ ȕȖȊȣȔȐ ȜȖȘȔȈȔȐ Ȑ ȐȕȚȍȘȗȘȍȚȈȞȐȧȔȐ șȚȈȘȣȍ ȐȌȍȐ Ȑ ȗȖȌȝȖȌȣ, ȖȉȓȍȋȟȈȧ ȚȍȔ șȈȔȣȔ ȏȈȌȈȟț ȜȖȘȔȐȘȖȊȈȕȐȧ ȈȌȍȒȊȈȚȕȖȋȖ ȖȚȒȓȐȒȈ ȕȈ ȕȖȊȣȍ ȊȣȏȖȊȣ. ǷȘȐ ȥȚȖȔ ȊȈȎȕȖ ȗȖȕȐȔȈȚȤ, ȟȚȖ ȕȖȊȣȍ ȐȌȍȐ ȗȖȌȟȈș ȗȖȓțȟȈȦȚ ȕȍȖȎȐȌȈȕȕȖȍ ȌȈȎȍ Ȍȓȧ Ȑȝ ȈȊȚȖȘȖȊ ȘȈȏȊȐȚȐȍ, Ȑ, ȒȈȒ ȗȐșȈȓ ǬȎȖȕ ǫȘȍȑ (John Gray), «ȐșȚȖȘȐȧ ȐȌȍȑ ȗȖȌȟȐȕȧȍȚșȧ ȏȈȒȖȕț ȐȘȖȕȐȐ. ǰȌȍȐ ȐȔȍȦȚ ȗȖșȓȍȌșȚȊȐȧ Ȑ ȕȐȒȖȋȌȈ ȐȓȐ ȘȍȌȒȖ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ Țȍ, ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ ȖȎȐȌȈȓȐ ȐȓȐ ȎȍȓȈȓȐ Ȑȝ ȈȊȚȖȘȣ. ǶȟȍȕȤ ȟȈșȚȖ ȖȕȐ ȗȘȖȚȐȊȖȗȖȓȖȎȕȣ ȖȎȐȌȈȕȐȧȔ»1. ǷȖȕȐȔȈȕȐȍ ȚȖȋȖ, ȒȈȒȐȍ ȐȔȍȕȕȖ ȐȌȍȐ ȧȊȓȧȦȚșȧ «ȔȖȌȕȣȔȐ» șȍȋȖȌȕȧ Ȑ ȒȈȒȐȍ, ȊȍȘȖȧȚȕȍȍ ȊșȍȋȖ, ȉțȌțȚ ȕȈȐȉȖȓȍȍ ȈȒȚțȈȓȤȕȣ ȏȈȊȚȘȈ, ȧȊȓȧȍȚșȧ ȊȈȎȕȍȑȠȐȔ ȥȓȍȔȍȕȚȖȔ ȊȕțȚȘȍȕȕȍȑȐȕȚȍȓȓȍȒȚțȈȓȤȕȖȑ ȒțȝȕȐȖȉȡȍșȚȊȈ.

ǵȍȏȘȍȓȖșȚȤ Ȑ ȐȕȜȈȕȚȐȓȤȕȖșȚȤ ȥȓȐȚȣ ȗȘȐȊȖȌȐȚ Ȓ ȚȖȔț, ȟȚȖ ȖȉȡȍșȚȊȖ ȏȈșȚȈȍȚșȧ ȊȘȈșȗȓȖȝ, șȚȈȓȒȐȊȈȧșȤ ș ȕȖȊȣȔȐ, ȕȈȉȐȘȈȦȡȐȔȐ șȐȓț Ȑ Ȋȍș ȐȌȍȧȔȐ, ȟȚȖ ȗȘȐȊȖȌȐȚ Ȓ ȕȍȈȌȍȒȊȈȚȕȖșȚȐ Ȑ, Ȋ ȓțȟȠȍȔ șȓțȟȈȍ, ȊȘȍȔȍȕȕȖȔț ȗȈȘȈȓȐȟț. ǨȘȔȧȕșȚȊȖ ȕȈ ȗȘȖȚȧȎȍȕȐȐ ȗȖșȓȍȌȕȐȝ ȊȍȒȖȊ ȜȈȚȈȓȤȕȖ ȖȗȈȏȌȣȊȈȓȖ ș ȗȖȕȐȔȈȕȐȍȔ ȕȖȊȣȝ ȚȍȕȌȍȕȞȐȑ Ȑ ȐȌȍȑ, ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ șȚȈȕȖȊȐȓȐșȤ ȏȈȚȍȔ ȌȊȐȎțȡȐȔȐ șȐȓȈȔȐ ȕȈșȚțȗȈȦȡȐȝ ȕȖȊȣȝ ȊȘȍȔȍȕ. DzȈȒ ȏȈȔȍȚȐȓ ȍȡȍ ǨȑȒ ǨșȈȚȘȧȕ: «ǨȘȔȧȕȐȕ ȒȈȒ ȔȣșȓȐȚȍȓȤ, ȐȕȚȍȓȓȍȒȚțȈȓ ȌȈȊȕȖ șȚȈȓ ȗȖșȓȍȌȖȊȈȚȍȓȍȔ, șȓȍȌțȧ țȎȍ ȐȏȕȖȠȍȕȕȣȔ, ȐșȟȍȘȗȈȕȕȣȔ ȐșȚȐȕȈȔ. Ǭȓȧ ȈȘȔȧȕșȒȖȋȖ ȔȣȠȓȍȕȐȧ ȕȈșȚțȗȈȍȚ ȊȍșȕȈ, ȒȖȋȌȈ Ȋ ǭȊȘȖȗȍ ȗȖȏȌȕȍȍ ȓȍȚȖ Ȑ țȎȍ șȖȉȘȈȕ țȘȖȎȈȑ»2. ǵȍ ȉțȌȍȚ ȗȘȍțȊȍȓȐȟȍȕȐȍȔ șȒȈȏȈȚȤ, ȟȚȖ ȐȔȍȕȕȖ Ȋ ȚȈȒȖȔ ȖȚșȚȈȊȈȕȐȐ ȌțȝȖȊȕȖȑ, ȐȕȚȍȓȓȍȒȚțȈȓȤȕȖȑ Ȑ ȗȖȓȐȚȐȟȍșȒȖȑ ȥȓȐȚȣ ȈȘȔȧȕșȚȊȈ ȒȘȖȍȚșȧ ȖȌȕȈ Ȑȏ ȗȘȐȟȐȕ ȒȈȚȈșȚȘȖȜȣ ǴȍȞ ǭȋȍȘȕȈ. ǴȐȘ ȐȌȍȑ Ȑ ȖșȕȖȊȖȗȖȓȈȋȈȦȡȐȝ ȗȖȕȧȚȐȑ ȌȖȓȎȍȕ ȕȈȝȖȌȐȚȤșȧ ȗȖȌ ȗȘȐșȚȈȓȤȕȣȔ ȒȖȕȚȘȖȓȍȔ ȖȉȡȍșȚȊȈ Ȑ ȍȋȖ ȥȓȐȚȣ, ȚȈȒ ȒȈȒ ȕȍȈȘȚȐȒțȓȐȘȖȊȈȕȕȣȍ ȐȓȐ ȕȍȗȖȕȧȚȣȍ ȐȌȍȐ Ȑ ȚȍȕȌȍȕȞȐȐ ȌȍȓȈȦȚ ȖȉȡȍșȚȊȖ țȧȏȊȐȔȣȔ ȗȍȘȍȌ ȕȐȔȐ3.

ǪȖȍȕȕȣȍ ȐȌȍȐ ȐȋȘȈȦȚ ȒȘȐȚȐȟȍșȒȐ ȊȈȎȕțȦ ȘȖȓȤ, ȚȈȒ ȒȈȒ ȕȍȌȖȗȖȕȐȔȈȕȐȍ ȐȓȐ ȕȍȗȘȈȊȐȓȤȕȈȧ Ȑȝ ȐȕȚȍȘȗȘȍȚȈȞȐȧ ȔȖȎȍȚ ȐȔȍȚȤ ȒȈȚȈșȚȘȖȜȐȟȍșȒȐȍ ȗȖșȓȍȌșȚȊȐȧ Ȍȓȧ ȖȉȡȍșȚȊȈ. DzȈȒ ȖȚȔȍȟȈȍȚ ǷȖȓ ǽȍȘșȚ (Paul Hirst), «ȊȖȑȕȈ ȕȈȗȘȈȊȓȧȍȚșȧ ȐȌȍȧȔȐ Ȗȉ ȐșȗȖȓȤȏȖȊȈȕȐȐ ȖȘțȎȐȧ Ȑ ȊȖȍȕȕȣȝ șȐșȚȍȔ ȗȖȟȚȐ Ȋ ȚȖȑ Ȏȍ ȔȍȘȍ, ȒȈȒ Ȑ șȈȔȐȔȐ ȚȍȝȕȐȟȍșȒȐȔȐ Ȑ ȖȘȋȈȕȐȏȈȞȐȖȕȕȣȔȐ ȐȏȔȍȕȍȕȐȧȔȐ. ǰȌȍȐ, ȚȈȒȐȔ ȖȉȘȈȏȖȔ, ȒȘȐȚȐȟȍșȒȐ ȊȈȎȕȣ». ǺȈȒȎȍ ȉȖȓȤȠȖȍ ȏȕȈȟȍȕȐȍ Ȑ ȘȖȓȤ ȗȘȐȖȉȘȍȚȈȍȚ ȒțȓȤȚțȘȈ, ȒȖȚȖȘȈȧ «ȗȘȖȌȖȓȎȈȍȚ ȖȜȖȘȔȓȧȚȤ ȘȈȏȊȐȚȐȍ Ȑ ȘȈșȗȘȖșȚȘȈȕȍȕȐȍ (ȌȐȜȜțȏȐȦ) ȊȖȍȕȕȣȝ ȏȕȈȕȐȑ, ȐȌȧ ȗțȚȍȔ ȍșȚȍșȚȊȍȕȕȖȑ ȈȌȈȗȚȈȞȐȐ, ȒȖȚȖȘțȦ ȚȘțȌȕȖ ȗȘȍȌșȒȈȏȈȚȤ»4. ǺȖ ȍșȚȤ ȒȘȐȚȐȟȕȖșȚȤ ȊȖȍȕȕȖȑ ȒțȓȤȚțȘȣ Ȑ ȐȌȍȑ ȖȉȢȧșȕȧȍȚșȧ ȚȈȒȎȍ ȗȘȐȕȞȐȗȐȈȓȤȕȖȑ șȓȖȎȕȖșȚȤȦ ȒȖȕȚȘȖȓȧ ȔȐȘȈ ȐȌȍȑ Ȑ ȗȘȖȞȍșșȖȊ ȘȈșȗȘȖșȚȘȈȕȍȕȐȧ ȕȖȊȣȝ ȊȖȍȕȕȣȝ ȏȕȈȕȐȑ Ȑ ȚȍȝȕȖȓȖȋȐȑ. ǪȕȍȌȘȍȕȐȍ ȕȖȊȖȑ ȐȌȍȐ Ȋ ȖȉȡȍșȚȊȖ ȗȘȖ-

1 Gray, John. Al Qaeda and What It Means to be Modern. London: Faber and Faber, 2003, p. 27.

2 Ɋʔɸʖʗʌɸʍ ə., ɧɼʗɸʍʏʗʏɺʐɸʆɸʍ ɖʏʗʇʗɻɸʅʏʙʀʌʏʙʍʍɼʗ //əɸʖɿʍʖʂʗ. – Ɏʗɼʙɸʍ. Ɋʋɸʗɸʔ, 2004, ɾʒ 157. (ǨșȈȚȘȧȕ Ǩ., DzȖȕșțȓȤȚȈȞȐȐ ȗȖ ȘȍȜȖȘȔȐȘȖȊȈȕȐȦ //ǰȏȉȘȈȕȕȖȍ. – ǭȘȍȊȈȕ: ǨȔȈȘȈș, 2004, ș. 157, (ȕȈ ȈȘȔ. ȧȏ.).

3 Gray, Transformation and Strategy Surprise, pȘ. 7-8.

4 Hirst, Paul. War and Power in the 21st Century: The State, Military Conflict and the International System. Cambridge: Polity Press, 2001, p. 9.

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ǹdzǶǮǵǶǭ ǴȃȀdzǭǵǰǭ ǰ ǹǭǺȄ: ǷǨǸǨǬǰǫǴǨ ǵǭdzǰǵǭDZǵǶǹǺǰ ǰ ǹǸǭǬǨ ǩǭǯǶǷǨǹǵǶǹǺǰ 21 ǪǭDzǨ

ȝȖȌȐȚ ȘȧȌ ȜȈȏ. ǵȈ ȗȍȘȊȖȔ ȥȚȈȗȍ ȖȕȈ ȜȖȘȔțȓȐȘțȍȚșȧ ȋȍȕȍȘȈȚȖȘȈȔȐ Ȑ țșȊȈȐȊȈȍȚșȧ ȚȈȒ ȕȈȏȣȊȈȍȔȣȔȐ ȘȈȕȕȐȔȐ ȗȖșȓȍȌȖȊȈȚȍȓȧȔȐ ȐȌȍȐ. ǵȈ șȓȍȌțȦȡȍȔ ȥȚȈȗȍ ȖȕȈ ȘȈșȗȘȖșȚȘȈȕȧȍȚșȧ șȘȍȌȐ ȋȘțȗȗȣ ȊȓȐȧȚȍȓȤȕȣȝ ȓȐȌȍȘȖȊ, șȗȖșȖȉȕȣȝ ȗȖȊȓȐȧȚȤ ȕȈ ȍȍ ȊȕȍȌȘȍȕȐȍ Ȋ ȚȒȈȕȤ ȖȉȡȍșȚȊȈ, ȟȚȖ șȗȖșȖȉșȚȊțȍȚ ȐȕȐȞȐȐȘȖȊȈȕȐȦ ȗȘȖȞȍșșȈ ȈȌȈȗȚȈȞȐȐ. ǪȖȏȕȐȒȈȦȡȈȧ ȗȘȐ ȥȚȖȔ ȗȖȓȖȎȐȚȍȓȤȕȈȧ ȖȉȘȈȚȕȈȧ șȊȧȏȤ ȗȘȐȊȖȌȐȚ Ȓ ȊȏȘȣȊț Ȑ ȘȈșȗȘȖșȚȘȈȕȍȕȐȦ ȐȌȍȐ ȊȖ ȊșȍȔ ȖȉȡȍșȚȊȍ, ȏȈ ȐșȒȓȦȟȍȕȐȍȔ ȕȈȐȉȖȓȍȍ ȒȖȕșȍȘȊȈȚȐȊȕȖȑ ȍȍ ȟȈșȚȐ, ȒȖȋȌȈ ȖȕȈ șȚȈȕȖȊȐȚșȧ ȍșȚȍșȚȊȍȕȕȖȑ Ȑ ȕȍȖȚȢȍȔȓȍȔȖȑ ȟȈșȚȤȦ ȐȕȚȍȓȓȍȒȚțȈȓȤȕȖȋȖ ȉȈȋȈȎȈ ȖȉȡȍșȚȊȈ1.

Dz șȖȎȈȓȍȕȐȦ, ȖȜȖȘȔȓȍȕȐȍ ȈȘȔȧȕșȒȖȋȖ ȊȐȌȍȕȐȧ ȗȘȖșȚȘȈȕșȚȊȈ ȊȖȍȕȕȣȝ ȐȌȍȑ Ȋ ȒȖȕȞȍ 20 Ȑ ȕȈȟȈȓȍ 21 ȊȍȒȈ șȚȈȓȒȐȊȈȍȚșȧ ș ȘȧȌȖȔ ȖȉȢȍȒȚȐȊȕȣȝ ȚȘțȌȕȖșȚȍȑ. Ǫ ȖșȕȖȊȕȖȔ ȥȚȖ șȊȧȏȈȕȖ ș ȗȖȚȍȘȍȑ ǨȘȔȍȕȐȍȑ ȕȈ ȗȘȖȚȧȎȍȕȐȐ ȊȍȒȖȊ ȋȖșțȌȈȘșȚȊȍȕȕȖșȚȐ, ȟȚȖ ȕȍ ȔȖȋȓȖ ȕȍ ȗȘȐȊȍșȚȐ Ȓ ȗȖșȚȍȗȍȕȕȖȑ ȌȍȋȘȈȌȈȞȐȐ, Ȉ ȏȈȚȍȔ Ȑ ȗȘȈȒȚȐȟȍșȒȐ ȗȖȓȕȖȔț ȗȘȍȘȣȊȈȕȐȦ ȈȘȔȧȕșȒȖȑ ȊȖȍȕȕȖȑ ȚȘȈȌȐȞȐȐ. ǹȖȝȘȈȕȍȕȐȍ ȕȍȒȖȚȖȘȣȝ ȖșȒȖȓȒȖȊ ȋȖșțȌȈȘșȚȊȍȕȕȖșȚȐ Ȋ ȘȧȌȍ ȗȘȖȊȐȕȞȐȑ Ȋ ȕȍȒȖȚȖȘȖȑ șȚȍȗȍȕȐ ȗȖȔȖȋȓȖ șȖȝȘȈȕȐȚȤ Ȋ ȘȍȓȐȒȚȖȊȖȔ șȖșȚȖȧȕȐȐ ȘȧȌ ȚȘȈȌȐȞȐȑ Ȑ ȐȌȍȑ, ȟȚȖ, ȚȍȔ ȕȍ Ȕȍȕȍȍ, ȧȊȓȧȍȚșȧ șȖȊȍȘȠȍȕȕȖ ȕȍȌȖșȚȈȚȖȟȕȣȔ, ȟȚȖȉȣ ȔȖȎȕȖ ȉȣȓȖ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȚȤ Ȗȉ ȖșȖȏȕȈȕȕȖȑ ȗȘȍȍȔșȚȊȍȕȕȖșȚȐ. ǹȚȘȈȕȈ, ȒȖȚȖȘȈȧ ȕȈ ȗȘȖȚȧȎȍȕȐȐ ȔȕȖȋȐȝ ȊȍȒȖȊ ȐȔȍȓȈ șȚȈȚțș ȊȍȌțȡȍȑ ȊȖȍȕȕȖȑ ȌȍȘȎȈȊȣ, ȒȖȕȚȘȖȓȐȘȖȊȈȓȈ ǨȘȔȧȕșȒȖȍ ȕȈȋȖȘȤȍ, ȖȉȓȈȌȈȓȈ șȖȖȚȊȍȚșȚȊțȦȡȍȑ ȊȖȍȕȕȖȑ ȒțȓȤȚțȘȖȑ, ȥȓȐȚȖȑ Ȑ ȚȘȈȌȐȞȐȧȔȐ2. ǪȖșșȚȈȕȖȊȓȍȕȐȍ Ȋ 20 ȊȍȒȍ ȈȘȔȧȕșȒȖȑ ȋȖșțȌȈȘșȚȊȍȕȕȖșȚȐ Ȑ ȖȌȍȘȎȈȕȕȣȍ ȗȖȉȍȌȣ șȖȏȌȈȓȐ ȕȍȖȉȝȖȌȐȔȣȍ ȗȘȍȌȗȖșȣȓȒȐ Ȍȓȧ ȖșȔȣșȓȍȕȐȧ ȕȖȊȖȋȖ ȊȖȍȕȕȖȋȖ ȖȗȣȚȈ Ȑ ȊȖșșȚȈȕȖȊȓȍȕȐȧ ȗȘȍȘȊȈȕȕȣȝ ȚȘȈȌȐȞȐȑ ȈȘȔȧȕșȒȖȋȖ ȊȖȍȕȕȖȋȖ ȔȣȠȓȍȕȐȧ. ǬȈȕȕȣȍ țșȐȓȐȧ, ȉȍȏțșȓȖȊȕȖ, ȚȘȍȉțȦȚ ȋȓțȉȖȒȖȋȖ ȏȕȈȕȐȧ ȖȉȡȍȔȐȘȖȊȖȑ șȖȒȘȖȊȐȡȕȐȞȣ ȊȖȍȕȕȣȝ ȐȌȍȑ, Ȉ ȚȈȒȎȍ ȈȘȔȧȕșȒȖȑ ȐșȚȖȘȐȐ ȐȒțȓȤȚțȘȣ.

ǺȍȝȕȖȓȖȋȐȟȕȖșȚȤ Ȑ ȘȈȏȘȣȊȣ Ȋ ȏȈȗȈȌȕȖȑ ȊȖȍȕȕȖȑ ȒțȓȤȚțȘȍ. ǪȈȎȕȍȑȠȍȑ ȜțȕȒȞȐȍȑ ȊȖȍȕȕȖȑ ȒțȓȤȚțȘȣ ȧȊȓȧȍȚșȧ ȐșȒȓȦȟȍȕȐȍ ȥȜȜȍȒȚȈ ȕȍȖȎȐȌȈȕȕȖșȚȐ, ȒȖȋȌȈ ȖȉȡȍșȚȊȖ ȏȈșȚȈȍȚșȧ ȊȘȈșȗȓȖȝ ȗȘȐ șȚȖȓȒȕȖȊȍȕȐȐ ș ȕȖȊȖȑ ȘȍȈȓȤȕȖșȚȤȦ3. ǶȟȍȊȐȌȕȖ, ȟȚȖ ȒȖȓȐȟȍșȚȊȖ ȜȈȒȚȖȘȖȊ ȒȈȒ ȊȕțȚȘȐ ȖȉȡȍșȚȊȈ, ȚȈȒ Ȑ Ȋȕȍ ȍȋȖ, ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ ȔȖȋțȚ ȐȕȐȞȐȐȘȖȊȈȚȤ ȕȍȖȎȐȌȈȕȕȖȍ Ȑ ȕȍȗȘȍȌȊȐȌȍȕȕȖȍ ȘȈȏȊȐȚȐȍ șȖȉȣȚȐȑ, ȖȋȘȖȔȕȖ. ǺȍȔ ȕȍ Ȕȍȕȍȍ ȊȈȎȕȍȑȠȐȔ ȥȓȍȔȍȕȚȖȔ ȊȖȍȕȕȖȑ ȒțȓȤȚțȘȣ ȧȊȓȧȍȚșȧ ȈȕȈȓȐȏ ȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȣȝșȞȍȕȈȘȐȍȊȘȈȏȊȐȚȐȧ ȖȉȡȍșȚȊȈșȊȣȧȊȓȍȕȐȍȔ ȕȈȐȉȖȓȍȍ ȖȗȈșȕȣȝȐȏȕȐȝ.

ǶȌȕȖȑ Ȑȏ ȟȍȘȚ ȏȈȗȈȌȕȖȑ ȊȖȍȕȕȖȑ ȒțȓȤȚțȘȣ ȧȊȓȧȍȚșȧ ȍȍ ȚȍȝȕȖȓȖȋȐȟȕȖșȚȤ, ȗȖȏȊȖȓȧȦȡȈȧ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȚȤ Ȗ ȕȍȑ, ȒȈȒ Ȗ ȔȈȠȐȕȕȖ-ȖȘȐȍȕȚȐȘȖȊȈȕȕȖȑ4. ǹ ȕȈșȚțȗȓȍȕȐȍȔ ȐȕȜȖȘȔȈȞȐȖȕȕȖȑ ȥȗȖȝȐ ȌȈȕȕȣȍ ȚȍȕȌȍȕȞȐȐ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ țșȐȓȐȓȐșȤ. ǺȍȝȕȖȓȖȋȐȐ

1 Alberts, David S., Richard E. Hayes. Power to the Edge: Command and Control in the Information Age. Washington, DC: Department of Defense Command and Control Research Program (CCRP) Publication Series, 2003, pp.233-234.

2 ǨȑȊȈȏȧȕǨ., DzȖȌȍȒșȟȍșȚȐȈȘȔȧȕșȒȖȋȖȊȖȐȕșȚȊȈ (IV-VȊȊ). – ǭȘȍȊȈȕ: ǨȘȚȈȋȍȘș, 2000. (ȕȈȈȘȔ. ȧȏ.).

3 Gray, Transformation and Strategy Surprise, p. 28.

4 Parker, Geoffrey. Military Revolution: Military Innovation and the Rise of the West, 1500-1800. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1996.

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ǸȈȟȤȧ ǨǸǯǻǴǨǵȇǵ

ȗȘȖȕȐȒȈȦȚ ȗȘȈȒȚȐȟȍșȒȐ ȊȖ Ȋșȍ șȚȘȈȚȣ ȏȈȗȈȌȕȖȋȖ ȖȉȡȍșȚȊȈ, ȒȖȚȖȘȖȍ ȗȖȒȈ ȟȚȖ ȕȍ

ȊșȖșȚȖȧȕȐȐ șȜȖȘȔȐȘȖȊȈȚȤ ȈȌȍȒȊȈȚȕȣȑ ȖȚȒȓȐȒ ȕȈ ȗȘȖȐșȝȖȌȧȡȐȍ ȐȏȔȍȕȍȕȐȧ1. ǹȒȓȖȕȕȖșȚȤ ȏȈȗȈȌȕȖȑ ȒțȓȤȚțȘȣ ȈȉșȖȓȦȚȐȏȐȘȖȊȈȚȤ ȔȍșȚȖ Ȑ ȘȖȓȤ ȚȍȝȕȖȓȖȋȐȑ ȉȣȓȈ ȏȈȔȍȟȍȕȈ ȌȖșȚȈȚȖȟȕȖ ȌȈȊȕȖ Ȑ ȐșșȓȍȌȖȊȈȓȈșȤ, Ȋ ȚȖȔ ȟȐșȓȍ, Ȋ ȘȈȔȒȈȝ ȌȘțȋȐȝ ȒțȓȤȚțȘ. Ǫ ȕȈșȚȖȧȡȍȍ ȊȘȍȔȧ ȕȈȐȉȖȓȍȍ ȘȤȧȕȣȔȐ ȒȘȐȚȐȒȈȔȐ ȗȖȗȣȚȖȒ ȖȜȖȘȔȓȍȕȐȧ ȌȈȕȕȣȝ ȚȍȕȌȍȕȞȐȑ Ȋ ȊȖȍȕȕȖȑ ȒțȓȤȚțȘȍ Ȋ ȒȈȟȍșȚȊȍ ȕȖȊȖȑ, ȒȈȟȍșȚȊȍȕȕȖ ȐȕȖȑ ȘȍȈȓȤȕȖșȚȐ, ȧȊȓȧȦȚșȧ ȒȐȚȈȑșȒȐȍ ȐșșȓȍȌȖȊȈȚȍȓȐ. Ǫ ȟȈșȚȕȖșȚȐ, ȖȕȐ țȚȊȍȘȎȌȈȦȚ, ȟȚȖ «ȊȣșȖȒȐȍ ȚȍȝȕȖȓȖȋȐȐ Ȋ ȞȍȓȖȔ, ȊȒȓȦȟȈȧ Ȑ ȐȕȜȖȘȔȈȞȐȖȕȕȣȍ ȚȍȝȕȖȓȖȋȐȐ, ȕȍ ȔȖȋțȚ șȚȈȚȤ șȐȕȖȕȐȔȖȔ ȉțȌțȡȍȑ ȊȖȑȕȣ. ǷȖșȓȍȌȕȐȍ, ȧȊȓȧȧșȤ ȖȌȕȐȔ Ȑȏ ȊȐȌȖȊ ȊȣșȖȒȐȝ ȚȍȝȕȖȓȖȋȐȑ șȖȊȘȍȔȍȕȕȖȑ ȥȗȖȝȐ, ȏȈȕȧȓȐ, ȕȈ ȗȍȘȊȣȑ ȊȏȋȓȧȌ, ȊȈȎȕȣȍ ȗȖȏȐȞȐȐ Ȋ șȖȊȘȍȔȍȕȕȣȝ șȐșȚȍȔȈȝ ȊȖȖȘțȎȍȕȐȧ. ǶȌȕȈȒȖ ȥȚȖȋȖ șȖȊȍȘȠȍȕȕȖ ȕȍȌȖșȚȈȚȖȟȕȖ, ȟȚȖȉȣ ȌȈȕȕȖȍ ȧȊȓȍȕȐȍ ȗȖȓțȟȐȓȖ ȕȈȏȊȈȕȐȍ ȊȖȑȕȣ»2.

ǬȘțȋȖȑ ȊȈȎȕȖȑ ȟȍȘȚȖȑ ȏȈȗȈȌȕȖȑ Ȑ, Ȋ ȟȈșȚȕȖșȚȐ, ȈȔȍȘȐȒȈȕșȒȖȑ ȊȖȍȕȕȖȑ ȒțȓȤȚțȘȣ ȧȊȓȧȍȚșȧ ȗȘȖȊȍȌȍȕȐȍ ȟȍȚȒȖȑ ȋȘȈȕȐȞȣ ȔȍȎȌț ȊȖȍȕȕȖȑ Ȑ ȗȖȓȐȚȐȟȍșȒȖȑ șȜȍȘȈȔȐ ȖȉȡȍșȚȊȈ. ǨȔȍȘȐȒȈȕșȒȖȑ ȒțȓȤȚțȘȍ ȋȓțȉȖȒȖ ȟțȎȌȖ ȒȈȒȖȍ-ȓȐȉȖ ȘȈȏȔȣȊȈȕȐȍ ȋȘȈȕȐȞȣ ȔȍȎȌț ȗȖȓȐȚȐȒȖȑ Ȑ ȊȖȍȕȕȖȑ șȜȍȘȖȑ, ȒȖȋȌȈ ȔȐȘȕȈȧ ȎȐȏȕȤ ȍșȚȤ ȏȈȉȖȚȈ «ȋȘȈȎȌȈȕșȒȐȝ», Ȉ ȊȍȌȍȕȐȍ ȊȖȑȕȣ – ȥȚȖ ȏȈȌȈȟȈ Ȑ ȖȉȧȏȈȕȕȖșȚȐ ȊȖȍȕȕȣȝ ȗȘȖȜȍșșȐȖȕȈȓȖȊ3. ǶȟȍȊȐȌȕȖ, ȟȚȖ ȚȈȒȖȍ șȚȘȖȋȖȍ ȘȈȏȌȍȓȍȕȐȍ ȐȔȍȍȚ șȊȖȐ ȗȓȦșȣ, ȖȌȕȈȒȖ ȊȖȑȕȈ Ȑ ȗȖȓȐȚȐȒȈ ȚȍșȕȖ ȊȏȈȐȔȖșȊȧȏȈȕȣ, ȕȍȗȘȍȘȣȊȕȖ ȊȏȈȐȔȖȌȍȑșȚȊțȦȚ Ȑ ȊȓȐȧȦȚ ȌȘțȋ ȕȈ ȌȘțȋȈ, ȟȚȖ ȌȍȓȈȍȚ ȚȈȒȖȍ ȘȈȏȌȍȓȍȕȐȍ ȌȖșȚȈȚȖȟȕȖ ȐșȒțșșȚȊȍȕȕȣȔ.

ǪȖȍȕȕȣȑ ȐșȚȍȉȓȐȠȔȍȕȚ ǹȀǨ, ȖșȖȉȍȕȕȖ Ȋ ȌȍȑșȚȊțȦȡȍȑ ȈȘȔȐȐ, ȊȖșȗȐȚȈȕ

ȊȌțȝȍ ǫȍȓȤȔțȚȈ ȜȖȕ ǴȖȓȤȚȒȍ (Helmuth Graf von Moltke), ȕȈȟȈȓȤȕȐȒȈ ȋȍȘȔȈȕșȒȖȋȖ ȋȍȕȍȘȈȓȤȕȖȋȖ ȠȚȈȉȈ Ȋ 1857-88ȋȋ., șȖȋȓȈșȕȖ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȔț ȊȖȑȕȈ ȌȖȓȎȕȈ ȊȍșȚȐșȤ

ȊȘȈȔȒȈȝ ȚȘȍȉȖȊȈȕȐȑ ȊȖȍȕȕȖȑ ȕȈțȒȐ Ȑ ȐșȒțșșȚȊȈ, Ȉ ȕȍ ȗȖȓȐȚȐȒȐ4. ǴȖȓȤȚȒȍ, ȗȘȐȘȈȊȕȐȊȈȧ ȗȖȓȐȚȐȒț Ȓ ȕȈȞȐȖȕȈȓȤȕȖȑ (ȋȘȈȕȌ) șȚȘȈȚȍȋȐȐ, țȚȊȍȘȎȌȈȍȚ, ȟȚȖ, ȝȖȚȧ ȗȖȓȐȚȐȒȈ Ȑ ȖȗȘȍȌȍȓȧȍȚ ȞȍȓȐ ȊȖȑȕȣ, ȌȈȎȍ ȔȖȎȍȚ ȔȍȕȧȚȤ Ȑȝ Ȋ ȚȍȟȍȕȐȍ ȊȖȍȕȕȖȑ ȒȈȔȗȈȕȐȐ, ȚȍȔ ȕȍ Ȕȍȕȍȍ ȖȕȈ ȕȍ ȐȔȍȍȚ ȗȘȈȊȈ ȊȔȍȠȐȊȈȚȤșȧ Ȋ ȍȍ ȗȘȖȊȍȌȍȕȐȍ5. ǺȍȔ șȈȔȣȔ ȗȘȖȐșȝȖȌȐȚ șȊȖȍȋȖ ȘȖȌȈ ȈȉșȖȓȦȚȐȏȈȞȐȧ ȘȖȓȐ ȊȖȍȕȕȖȋȖ ȗȘȖȜȍșșȐȖȕȈȓȈ, ȒȖȚȖȘȣȑ «Ȋ ȖȟȍȘȍȌȕȖȑ ȘȈȏ șȚȈȕȖȊȐȚșȧ ȔȈșȚȍȘȖȔ ȊȖȍȕȕȖȑ ȗȘȖȜȍșșȐȐ»6, Ȉ ȗȘȖȊȍȌȍȕȐȍ ȊȖȍȕȕȖȑ ȒȈȔȗȈȕȐȐ ȌȐȒȚțȍȚșȧ șȒȖȘȍȍ ȏȈȒȖȕȖȔȍȘȕȖșȚȧȔȐ ȊȖȑȕȣ, ȕȍȎȍȓȐ

1 Gray, Colin S. “How Has War Changed Since the End of the Cold War?” , Vol. 35, No. 1, U.S. Army War College Quarterly, Spring 2005, pp. 14-26. 12 January 2011. http://www.dni.gov/nic/PDF_GIF_2020_Support/2004_05_25_papers/ war_changed.pdf.

2 Qiao, Liang and Wang Xiangsui. Unrestricted Warfare: Assumptions on War and Tactics in the Age of Globalization. FBIS trans., Beijing: PLA Literature Arts Publishing House, February 1999, Ch.1, p. 2.

3 Huntington, Samuel P. The Soldier and the State: The Theory and Politics of Civil-Military Relations. New York: Vintage Books, 1964, ch. 1.

4 Echevarria II, Antulio J. Toward an American Way of War. Carlisle Barracks, PA: Strategic Studies Institute (SSI), US Army War College, March 2004, p. 17. 12 January 2011. http://www.strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/pdffiles/PUB374.pdf. 5 Moltke, Helmuth von. “Über Strategie, 1871,” in Großer Generalstab (ed.). Moltkes Militärisches Werke. 14 Vols., Berlin: E. S. Mittler, 1892-1912, here Vol. IV, Part 2, pp. 287-293. ǨȕȋȓȐȑșȒȐȑȗȍȘȍȊȖȌ, șȔ. Hughes, Daniel. Moltke on the Art of War: Selected Writings. Novato, CA: Presidio, 1993.

6 Summers, Harry G., Jr. On Strategy: A Critical Analysis of the Vietnam War. Novato, CA: Presidio, 1995, pp. xiii-xiv.

144

ǹdzǶǮǵǶǭ ǴȃȀdzǭǵǰǭ ǰ ǹǭǺȄ: ǷǨǸǨǬǰǫǴǨ ǵǭdzǰǵǭDZǵǶǹǺǰ ǰ ǹǸǭǬǨ ǩǭǯǶǷǨǹǵǶǹǺǰ 21 ǪǭDzǨ

ȟȍȋȖ-ȚȖ ȌȘțȋȖȋȖ. ǰȘȖȕȐȧ ȏȈȒȓȦȟȈȍȚșȧ Ȋ ȚȖȔ, ȟȚȖ Ȋ șȊȖȍ ȊȘȍȔȧ ȐȔȍȕȕȖ ǴȖȓȤȚȒȍ ȊȣșȚțȗȈȓ ȏȈ șȖȝȘȈȕȍȕȐȍ ȋȘȈȎȌȈȕșȒȖȋȖ ȒȖȕȚȘȖȓȧ ȕȈȌ ȊȖȍȕȕȣȔȐ, ȟȚȖ ȌȖȓȎȕȖ ȉȣȓȖ ȗȘȍȌȖȝȘȈȕȐȚȤ ȖȉȡȍșȚȊȖ ȖȚ ȗȘȐȖȉȘȍȚȍȕȐȧ ȗȖșȓȍȌȕȐȔȐ ȌȖȔȐȕȐȘțȦȡȍȋȖ ȊȓȐȧȕȐȧ ȗȘȐ ȗȘȐȕȧȚȐȐ ȗȖȓȐȚȐȟȍșȒȐȝ ȘȍȠȍȕȐȑ Ȑ ȊȍȌȍȕȐȐ ȊȖȑȕȣ. ǷȖȕȐȔȈȧ ȊșȦ ȖȗȈșȕȖșȚȤ ȔȐȓȐȚȈȘȐȏȈȞȐȐ ȖȉȡȍșȚȊȈ, ȗȖȌȟȐȕȧȦȡȍȋȖ șȊȖȍȑ ȓȖȋȐȒȍ Ȋșȍ ȖȉȡȍșȚȊȍȕȕȣȍ ȗȘȖȞȍșșȣ, ǴȖȓȤȚȒȍ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȓ Ȗ ȕȍȖȉȝȖȌȐȔȖșȚȐ șȖȏȌȈȕȐȧ ȗȘȖȚȐȊȖȊȍșȈ ȊȖȍȕȕȖȑ ȔȈȠȐȕȍ1. ǶȚȔȍȚȐȔ, ȟȚȖ Ȋ ȖȚȓȐȟȐȍ ȖȚ ȌȍȑșȚȊțȦȡȍȑ ȈȘȔȐȐ ț ȊȖȍȕȕȣȝ ȚȍȖȘȍȚȐȒȖȊ Ȑ ȈȕȈȓȐȚȐȒȖȊ ǹȀǨ ȗȘȐȕȧȚȖ ȖȘȐȍȕȚȐȘȖȊȈȚȤșȧ ȕȈ «ȔȕȍȕȐȍ» ȗȖȓȐȚȐȟȍșȒȐȝ ȒȘțȋȖȊ, ȒȖȚȖȘȖȍ, Ȋ șȊȖȦ ȖȟȍȘȍȌȤ, ȌȐȒȚțȍȚșȧ ȓȖȋȐȒȖȑ ȗȖȓȐȚȐȟȍșȒȐȝ șȖȉȣȚȐȑ, Ȉ ȕȍ ȚȘȍȉȖȊȈȕȐȧȔȐ ȊȖȍȕȕȖȑ ȕȈțȒȐ2.

ǺȘȈȌȐȞȐȧ șȖȝȘȈȕȍȕȐȧ ȋȘȈȎȌȈȕșȒȖȋȖ ȒȖȕȚȘȖȓȧ ȕȈȌ ȊȖȍȕȕȖȑ șȜȍȘȖȑ Ȑ ȗȘȖȊȍȌȍȕȐȧ ȟȍȚȒȖȋȖ ȘȈȏȋȘȈȕȐȟȍȕȐȧ ȔȍȎȌț ȊȖȍȕȕȖȑ șȐȓȖȑ Ȑ ȗȖȓȐȚȐȒȖȑ ȧȊȓȧȍȚșȧ ȧȘȒȖȑ ȐȓȓȦșȚȘȈȞȐȍȑ ȗȘȖȉȓȍȔȣ ȌȊȖȑșȚȊȍȕȕȖșȚȐ Ȋ ȏȈȗȈȌȕȖȔ ȖȉȡȍșȚȊȍ. ǨȕȈȓȐȏȐȘțȧ ȈȔȍȘȐȒȈȕșȒȖȍ ȖȉȡȍșȚȊȖ, ȌȖșȚȈȚȖȟȕȖ șȓȖȎȕȖ ȗȖȕȧȚȤ, ȒȚȖ ȜȖȘȔȐȘțȍȚ Ȋ ȕȍȔ ȓȐȞȖ ȊȖȑȕȣ – ȗȖȓȐȚȐȟȍșȒȐȍ ȓȐȌȍȘȣ ȐȓȐ ȊȖȍȕȕȣȍ ȗȘȖȜȍșșȐȖȕȈȓȣ, ȊȓȈȌȍȦȡȐȍ ȊȖȍȕȕȣȔ ȐșȒțșșȚȊȖȔ Ȑ ȗȘȐȕȐȔȈȦȡȐȍ țȟȈșȚȐȍ Ȋ ȉȖȍȊȣȝ ȌȍȑșȚȊȐȧȝ3. ǷȖ ȔȕȍȕȐȦ ȘȧȌȈ ȐșȚȖȘȐȒȖȊ Ȑ ȗȖȓȐȚȖȓȖȋȖȊ, ȘȍȏțȓȤȚȈȚȖȔ ȚȈȒȖȑ ȘȈȏȌȊȖȍȕȕȖșȚȐ șȚȈȕȖȊȐȚșȧ ȕȍȥȜȜȍȒȚȐȊȕȖșȚȤ ȊȖȍȕȕȖȑ ȔȈȠȐȕȣ, ȟȚȖ ȘȈșșȔȈȚȘȐȊȈȍȚșȧ ȒȈȒ ȕȍȐȏȉȍȎȕȈȧ ȗȓȈȚȈ ȏȈ șȖȝȘȈȕȍȕȐȍ ȋȘȈȎȌȈȕșȒȖȋȖ ȒȖȕȚȘȖȓȧ ȕȈȌ ȈȘȔȐȍȑ. ǷȘȐȟȍȔ ȕȍȖȉȝȖȌȐȔȖșȚȐ ȒȖȕȚȘȖȓȧ ȗȘȐȌȈȍȚșȧ ȈȉșȖȓȦȚȕȣȑ șȚȈȚțș, ȗȖȏȊȖȓȧȦȡȐȑ ȐȏȉȍȎȈȚȤ ȥȘȖȏȐȐ ș ȚȍȟȍȕȐȍȔ ȊȘȍȔȍȕȐ4. ǺȈȒȐȔ ȖȉȘȈȏȖȔ, ȓȖȋȐȒȈ ȗȘȖȊȍȌȍȕȐȧ ȊȖȑȕȣ ȖȒȈȏȣȊȈȍȚșȧ ȗȖȌ ȒȖȕȚȘȖȓȍȔ ȗȖȓȐȚȐȒȖȊ, Ȉ ȏȕȈȟȐȚ ȋȘȈȎȌȈȕșȒȐȝ ȓȐȞ, ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ ȗȖȓțȟȈȦȚ ȗȘȈȊȖ ȊȔȍȠȐȊȈȚȤșȧ Ȋ ȝȖȌ ȉȖȍȊȣȝ ȌȍȑșȚȊȐȑ, ȔȍȝȈȕȐȏȔ ȖȘȋȈȕȐȏȈȞȐȐ Ȑ ȗȘȖȊȍȌȍȕȐȧ ȊȖȑȕȣ, ȟȚȖ ȔȖȎȍȚ ȗȘȐȊȍșȚȐ Ȓ ȊȣȘȈȉȖȚȒȍ ȕȍȥȜȜȍȒȚȐȊȕȣȝ ȊȖȍȕȕȣȝ ȘȍȠȍȕȐȑ Ȑ, șȖȖȚȊȍȚșȚȊȍȕȕȖ, ȕȍȋȈȚȐȊȕȣȔ ȗȖșȓȍȌșȚȊȐȧȔ5. ǺȍȔ ȕȍ Ȕȍȕȍȍ ȏȈ «ȋȘȈȎȌȈȕșȒȐȔȐ» șȖȝȘȈȕȧȍȚșȧ ȗȘȈȊȖ ȕȈ ȖȠȐȉȒț, ȕȍȏȕȈȕȐȍ Ȑ ȕȍȗȘȈȊȐȓȤȕȖȍ ȗȖȕȐȔȈȕȐȍ ȈȘȔȐȐ, ȧȊȓȧȦȡȍȍșȧ ȍșȚȍșȚȊȍȕȕȣȔ șȓȍȌșȚȊȐȍȔ ȊȖȍȕȕȖȋȖ ȕȍȗȘȖȜȍșșȐȖȕȈȓȐȏȔȈ6.

Ǫ șȊȖȐȝ ȒȘȈȑȕȐȝ ȊȣȘȈȎȍȕȐȧȝ «ȗȖȌȖȏȘȐȚȍȓȤȕȖșȚȤ» ȗȖȓȐȚȐȒȖȊ ȗȖ ȖȚȕȖȠȍȕȐȦ Ȓ ȊȖȍȕȕȣȔ, Ȑȝ ȟȈșȚȖȍ Ȑ ȕȍȖȗȘȈȊȌȈȕȕȖȍ ȊȔȍȠȈȚȍȓȤșȚȊȖ Ȋ ȗȘȖȞȍșș ȊȣȘȈȉȖȚȒȐ Ȑ ȗȘȐȕȧȚȐȧ ȊȖȍȕȕȣȝ ȘȍȠȍȕȐȑ șȚȈȊȐȚ ȗȖȌ ȊȖȗȘȖș ȕȍȖȉȝȖȌȐȔȖșȚȤ ȊȖȍȕȕȖȑ ȗȘȖ-

1 Echevarria II. Toward an American Way of War, p. 17. 2 Gray, Transformation and Strategy Surprise, p. 1.

3 Ibid, pp. 12-13.

4 Kohn, Richard H. “The Erosion of Civilian Control of the Military in the United States Today,” Naval War College Review, Vol. 45, No. 3, Summer 2002, pp. 9-60.

5 Cohen, Eliot A. “The Unequal Dialogue: The Theory and Reality of Civil-Military Relations and the Use of Force,” in Peter D. Feaver and Richard H. Kohn (eds.). Soldiers and Civilians: The Civil-Military Gap and American National Security. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2001, pp. 429-458.

6 Feaver, Peter D. “The Civil-Military Problematique: Huntington, Janowitz, and the Question of Civilian Control,” Armed Forces & Society, No. 2, 1996, pp. 149-178; p. 154.

145

ǸȈȟȤȧ ǨǸǯǻǴǨǵȇǵ

ȜȍșșȐȐ ȒȈȒ ȚȈȒȖȊȖȑ. DzȘȐȚȍȘȐȍȔ ȗȘȖȜȍșșȐȖȕȈȓȐȏȔȈ Ȋ ȓȦȉȖȑ șȜȍȘȍ ȌȍȧȚȍȓȤȕȖșȚȐ ȊȣșȚțȗȈȦȚ ȏȕȈȕȐȧ Ȑ ȖȗȣȚ. ǶȉȡȍșȚȊȖ, ȊȣȒȈȏȣȊȈȧ ȌȖȊȍȘȐȍ ȏȕȈȕȐȧȔ Ȑ ȖȗȣȚț ȒȖȕȒȘȍȚȕȣȝ ȗȘȖȜȍșșȐȖȕȈȓȖȊ, ȘȈșȗȘȖșȚȘȈȕȧȍȚ ȍȋȖ ȕȈ ȊșȦ ȗȘȖȜȍșșȐȦ. ǭșȓȐ ȗȖȓȐȚȐȟȍșȒȐȍ ȓȐȌȍȘȣ ȊȔȍȠȐȊȈȦȚșȧ Ȋ ȗȘȖȊȍȌȍȕȐȍ ȊȖȍȕȕȖȑ ȒȈȔȗȈȕȐȐ, ȥȚȖ ȖȏȕȈȟȈȍȚ, ȟȚȖ ȕȍȖȉȝȖȌȐȔȖȍ ȌȖȊȍȘȐȍ Ȓ ȊȖȍȕȕȣȔ ȒȈȒ ȗȘȖȜȍșșȐȖȕȈȓȈȔ ȖȚșțȚșȚȊțȍȚ, ȐȓȐ ȖȕȖ ȕȍȌȖșȚȈȚȖȟȕȖ ȋȓțȉȖȒȖ. ȅȚȖ ȖȏȕȈȟȈȍȚ, ȟȚȖ, ȗȖ ȔȕȍȕȐȦ ȗȖȓȐȚȐȒȖȊ, ȖȉȢȍȔ ȏȕȈȕȐȑ, ȕȈ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȑ ȖȗȐȘȈȍȚșȧ ȊȖȍȕȕȈȧ ȗȘȖȜȍșșȐȖȕȈȓȤȕȈȧ ȌȍȧȚȍȓȤȕȖșȚȤ, ȕȍȌȖșȚȈȚȖȟȍȕ Ȍȓȧ ȗȘȐȕȧȚȐȧ ȘȍȠȍȕȐȑ, ȒȈșȈȦȡȐȝșȧ ȊȖȑȕȣ, Ȑ, ȏȕȈȟȐȚ, ȊȖȍȕȕȖȑ ȗȘȖȜȍșșȐȐ ȕȍȓȤȏȧ ȗȘȍȌȖșȚȈȊȓȧȚȤ șȖȖȚȊȍȚșȚȊțȦȡȐȍ ȗȖȓȕȖȔȖȟȐȧ. ǬȖȊȍȌȍȕȐȍ ȌȖ ȓȖȋȐȟȍșȒȖȑ ȒȘȈȑȕȖșȚȐ ȞȍȗȖȟȒȐ ȘȈșșțȎȌȍȕȐȑ ȗȘȐȊȖȌȐȚ Ȓ ȊȣȊȖȌț, ȟȚȖ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȚȤ Ȗ ȊȖȍȕȕȖȔ ȗȘȖȜȍșșȐȖȕȈȓȐȏȔȍ Ȑ ȊȖȍȕȕȣȝ ȗȘȖȜȍșșȐȖȕȈȓȈȝ șȚȈȕȖȊȐȚșȧ ȕȍȒȖȘȘȍȒȚȕȣȔ, Ȑ, șȓȍȌȖȊȈȚȍȓȤȕȖ, ȊȖȍȕȕȈȧ ȌȍȧȚȍȓȤȕȖșȚȤ ȔȖȎȍȚ ȖșțȡȍșȚȊȓȧȚȤșȧ ȓȦȉȐȚȍȓȧȔȐ Ȑ ȌȐȓȍȚȈȕȚȈȔȐ1.

ǬȘțȋȐȔ ȕȍȋȈȚȐȊȕȣȔ ȘȍȏțȓȤȚȈȚȖȔ ȐșȒțșșȚȊȍȕȕȖȋȖ Ȑ șȖȏȕȈȚȍȓȤȕȖȋȖ ȘȈȏȌȍȓȍȕȐȧ ȊȖȍȕȕȖȑ șȜȍȘȣ Ȑ ȗȖȓȐȚȐȒȐ șȚȈȕȖȊȐȚșȧ ȚȖȚ ȜȈȒȚ, ȟȚȖ ȊȖȑȕȈ ȗȍȘȍșȚȈȍȚ ȘȈșșȔȈȚȘȐȊȈȚȤșȧ ȝȖȓȐșȚȐȟȍșȒȐ, ȒȈȒ ȕȍȒȈȧ ȞȍȓȖșȚȕȖșȚȤ Ȑ ȕȍȖȚȢȍȔȓȍȔȈȧ ȟȈșȚȤ ȖȉȡȍșȚȊȍȕȕȖȑ ȎȐȏȕȐ, Ȉ ȊȖȍȕȕȈȧ ȔȣșȓȤ ȐȏȉȍȋȈȍȚ ȘȈșșȔȖȚȘȍȕȐȧ ȏȈȌȈȟ ȚȘȈȕșȜȖȘȔȐȘȖȊȈȕȐȧ ȊȖȍȕȕȖȑ ȗȖȉȍȌȣ Ȋ șȚȘȈȚȍȋȐȟȍșȒȐȑ Ȑ ȗȖȓȐȚȐȟȍșȒȐȑ țșȗȍȝ. ȅȚȖ ȗȘȐȊȖȌȐȚ Ȓ ȗȖȧȊȓȍȕȐȦ ȘȈȏȘȣȊȖȊ, ȗȘȍȖȌȖȓȍȕȐȍ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȝ ȗȘȍȊȘȈȡȈȍȚșȧ Ȋ ȖȚȌȍȓȤȕțȦ Ȑ ȕȍ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȈȒȈȌȍȔȐȟȍșȒțȦ ȗȘȖȉȓȍȔț2. ǸȈȏȘȣȊȣ ȘȈșȗȘȖșȚȘȈȕȧȦȚșȧ ȕȈ ȖȉȓȈșȚȤ ȏȈȗȈȌȕȖȋȖ șȚȘȈȚȍȋȐȟȍșȒȖȋȖ ȔȣȠȓȍȕȐȧ, ȒȖȋȌȈ ȗȖȓȐȚȐȒȐ șȖșȘȍȌȖȚȈȟȐȊȈȦȚ șȊȖȍ ȊȕȐȔȈȕȐȍ ȕȈ ȗȘȖȞȍșșȈȝ, ȗȘȍȌȠȍșȚȊțȦȡȐȝ ȊȖȑȕȍ, Ȑ ȖȜȖȘȔȓȍȕȐȐ ȍȍ ȘȍȏțȓȤȚȈȚȖȊ, Ȋ ȚȖ ȊȘȍȔȧ ȒȈȒ ȊȖȍȕȕȣȍ ȒȖȕȞȍȕȚȘȐȘțȦȚșȧ ȕȈ ȗȘȖȊȍȌȍȕȐȐ ȊȖȍȕȕȣȝ ȒȈȔȗȈȕȐȑ Ȑ ȉȖȍȊȣȝ ȌȍȑșȚȊȐȧȝ3. ǸȍȏțȓȤȚȈȚȖȔ șȚȈȕȖȊȐȚșȧ ȘȈȏȓȐȟȕȖȍ ȊȐȌȍȕȐȍ ȊȖȑȕȣ ȗȖȓȐȚȐȟȍșȒȐȔ Ȑ ȊȖȍȕȕȣȔ ȘțȒȖȊȖȌșȚȊȖȔ, ȟȚȖ ȖȚȘȈȎȈȍȚșȧ ȕȈ ȗȘȐȕȐȔȈȍȔȣȝ ȘȍȠȍȕȐȧȝ Ȋ ȖȉȓȈșȚȐ șȚȘȈȚȍȋȐȟȍșȒȖȋȖ ȗȓȈȕȐȘȖȊȈȕȐȧ, ȜȖȘȔȐȘȖȊȈȕȐȧ ȉȦȌȎȍȚȈ Ȑ ȗȘ. ȇȘȒȐȔ ȗȘȐȔȍȘȖȔ ȌȈȕȕȖȑ ȗȘȖȉȓȍȔȣ ȔȖȎȍȚ șȓțȎȐȚȤ ǫȍȘȔȈȕȐȧ, ȗȖȚȍȘȗȍȊȠȈȧ ȕȈ ȗȘȖȚȧȎȍȕȐȐ 30 ȓȍȚ ȗȖȘȈȎȍȕȐȍ Ȋ ȌȊțȝ ȔȐȘȖȊȣȝ ȊȖȑȕȈȝ, ȟȚȖ țȎȍ ȚȘțȌȕȖ ȒȊȈȓȐȜȐȞȐȘȖȊȈȚȤ ȒȈȒ șȓțȟȈȑȕȖșȚȤ4. ǰ ȥȚȖ ȕȍșȔȖȚȘȧ ȕȈ șȚȈȘȣȑ ȈȜȖȘȐȏȔ, ȟȚȖ «ȗȖȒȈ Țȣ ȕȍ ȊȖȍȊȈȓ ș ȕȍȔȞȈȔȐ, Țȣ ȕȍ ȏȕȈȍȠȤ, ȟȚȖ ȚȈȒȖȍ ȊȖȑȕȈ ȕȈ șȈȔȖȔ Ȍȍȓȍ»5.

ǷȘȈȊȐȓȤȕȖȍ ȊȐȌȍȕȐȍ ȗȘȖȉȓȍȔȣ ȧȊȓȧȍȚșȧ ȗȍȘȊȣȔ ȠȈȋȖȔ ȕȈ ȗțȚȐ ȍȍ ȘȍȠȍȕȐȧ, Ȑ ȐȕȚȍȓȓȍȒȚțȈȓȤȕȈȧ ȥȓȐȚȈ ȏȈȗȈȌȕȖȋȖ ȔȐȘȈ șȟȐȚȈȍȚ, ȟȚȖ ȚȈȒȖȊȣȔ ȌȖȓȎȕȖ șȚȈȚȤ ȗȘȐȏȕȈȕȐȍ ȕȈȓȐȟȐȧ ț ȏȈȗȈȌȕȖȋȖ ȖȉȡȍșȚȊȈ șȐșȚȍȔȕȣȝ ȚȘțȌȕȖșȚȍȑ Ȋ

1 Snider, Don M. and Gayle L. Watkins, “Introduction,” in Matthews Lloyd J. (ed.). The Future of the Army Profession. New York: McGraw Hill, 2002, pp. 3-18.

2 Echevarria II. Toward an American Way of War, pp. vi-vii. 3 Ibid, p. 7.

4 Gray, Transformation and Strategy Surprise, p. 15.

5 Gray. How Has War Changed Since the End of the Cold War, p. 19.

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ǹdzǶǮǵǶǭ ǴȃȀdzǭǵǰǭ ǰ ǹǭǺȄ: ǷǨǸǨǬǰǫǴǨ ǵǭdzǰǵǭDZǵǶǹǺǰ ǰ ǹǸǭǬǨ ǩǭǯǶǷǨǹǵǶǹǺǰ 21 ǪǭDzǨ

ȚȘȈȕșȜȖȘȔȈȞȐȐ ȊȖȍȕȕȖȑ ȗȖȉȍȌȣ Ȋ șȚȘȈȚȍȋȐȟȍșȒȐȑ Ȑ ȗȖȓȐȚȐȟȍșȒȐȑ țșȗȍȝ. ǵȈ șȓȍȌțȦȡȍȔ ȥȚȈȗȍ ȌȈȕȕȖȍ ȗȖȕȐȔȈȕȐȍ ȌȖȓȎȕȖ ȖȜȖȘȔȐȚȤșȧ Ȋ șȖȖȚȊȍȚșȚȊțȦȡțȦ ȗȖȓȐȚȐȒț ȗȖ ȚȘȈȕșȜȖȘȔȈȞȐȐ Ȋșȍȑ ȊȖȍȕȕȖȑ șȜȍȘȣ1. ǷȘȖȉȓȍȔȈȔȐ ȏȈȗȈȌȕȖȑ ȊȖȍȕȕȖȑ ȒțȓȤȚțȘȣ ȏȈȕȐȔȈȓșȧ Ȑ ǪȐȒȚȖȘ ǬȥȊȐș ǫȈȕșȖȕ (Victor Davis Hanson), ȚȈȒȎȍ ȗȘȐȠȍȌȠȐȑ Ȓ ȊȣȊȖȌț Ȗ ȌȖȔȐȕȐȘȖȊȈȕȐȐ Ȋ ȕȍȑ ȐȌȍȐ «ȓȖȉȖȊȖȋȖ șȘȈȎȍȕȐȧ, țȕȐȟȚȖȎȈȦȡȍȋȖ ȗȘȖȚȐȊȕȐȒȈ», ȒȖȋȌȈ ȊȖȑȕȈ ȘȈșșȔȈȚȘȐȊȈȍȚșȧ Ȋ ȒȈȟȍșȚȊȍ ȐȕșȚȘțȔȍȕȚȈ, ȗȖȏȊȖȓȧȦȡȍȋȖ «șȌȍȓȈȚȤ ȚȖ, ȟȚȖ ȕȍ Ȋ șȖșȚȖȧȕȐȐ șȌȍȓȈȚȤ ȗȖȓȐȚȐȒȈ»2. Ǫ ȉȖȓȤȠȐȕșȚȊȍ șȊȖȍȔ ȏȈȗȈȌȕȈȧ șȚȘȈȚȍȋȐȟȍșȒȈȧ ȔȣșȓȤ ȐșȝȖȌȐȚ Ȑȏ ȚȖȋȖ, ȟȚȖ ȐȔȍȕȕȖ ȗȖȓȐȚȐȒȈ ȐȕȐȞȐȐȘțȍȚ ȊȖȑȕț, ȒȖȚȖȘȈȧ, ȖȌȕȈȒȖ, șȚȈȕȖȊȐȚșȧ șȒȖȘȍȍ ȐșȒȈȎȍȕȕȖȑ ȈȓȤȚȍȘȕȈȚȐȊȖȑ ȗȖȓȐȚȐȒȐ, ȕȍȎȍȓȐ ȍȍ ȓȖȋȐȟȍșȒȐȔ ȗȘȖȌȖȓȎȍȕȐȍȔ3, ȊȣȕțȎȌȈȧ ǫȈȕșȖȕȈ șȖȋȓȈșȐȚȤșȧ ș ȋȍȘȔȈȕșȒȐȔ ȌȍȊȐȏȖȔ, ȟȚȖ ȊȖȑȕȈ «ȍșȚȤ ȕȍȟȚȖ ȉȖȓȤȠȍȍ, ȟȍȔ ȥȚȖ ȗȘȍȌșȚȈȊȓȧȍȚșȧ»4.

ǴȖȓȖȌȖșȚȤ ȊȖȏȘȖȌȐȊȠȍȑșȧ ȈȘȔȧȕșȒȖȑ ȋȖșțȌȈȘșȚȊȍȕȕȖșȚȐ, Ȉ ȚȈȒȎȍ ȚȖȚ ȜȈȒȚ, ȟȚȖ ȕȈ ȗȘȖȚȧȎȍȕȐȐ ȍȡȍ ȌȖșȚȈȚȖȟȕȖ ȌȖȓȋȖ ȗȍȘȐȖȌȈ ȊȘȍȔȍȕȐ ǨȘȔȍȕȐȧ ȉțȌȍȚ ȘȍȠȈȚȤ ȏȈȌȈȟț ȊȣȎȐȊȈȕȐȧ Ȋ ȒȘȈȑȕȍ șȓȖȎȕȖȑ ȊȕȍȠȕȍȗȖȓȐȚȐȟȍșȒȖȑ ȖȉșȚȈȕȖȊȒȍ, ȗȘȐȊȖȌȐȚ Ȓ ȚȖȔț, ȟȚȖ ȗȘȖȉȓȍȔȈ țȗȖȘȧȌȖȟȍȕȐȧ ȊȏȈȐȔȖȖȚȕȖȠȍȕȐȑ ȔȍȎȌț ȗȖȓȐȚȐȟȍșȒȖȑ Ȑ ȊȖȍȕȕȖȑ șȜȍȘȈȔȐ ȖȉȡȍșȚȊȈ ȕȍ ȘȈșșȔȈȚȘȐȊȈȍȚșȧ Ȋ ȒȈȟȍșȚȊȍ ȗȍȘȊȖȖȟȍȘȍȌȕȖȑ ȏȈȌȈȟȐ. ǺȍȔ ȕȍ Ȕȍȕȍȍ ȕȈȌȖ ȗȖȕȐȔȈȚȤ, ȟȚȖ ȟȍȔ ȘȈȕȤȠȍ Ȋ ȖȉȡȍșȚȊȍ ȕȈȟȕțȚșȧ ȌȐșȒțșșȐȐ ȗȖ ȌȈȕȕȖȔț ȗȖȊȖȌț, ȚȍȔ ȉȖȓȤȠȍ ȠȈȕșȖȊ, ȟȚȖ ǨȘȔȧȕșȚȊț țȌȈșȚșȧ ȕȈȑȚȐ ȈȌȍȒȊȈȚȕȖȍ, ȈȘȔȧȕșȒȖȍ ȊȐȌȍȕȐȍ ȌȈȕȕȖȑ ȗȘȖȉȓȍȔȣ. ǶȟȍȊȐȌȕȖ, ȟȚȖ Ȋ ȚȈȒȐȝ ȊȈȎȕȣȝ ȊȖȗȘȖșȈȝ ȗȖȗȣȚȒȐ ȕȍȖȉȌțȔȈȕȕȖȋȖ ȐșȗȖȓȤȏȖȊȈȕȐȍ ȟțȎȖȋȖ ȖȗȣȚȈ ȧȊȓȧȍȚșȧ ȕȍȌȖȗțșȚȐȔȣȔ. ȅȚȖ ȚȍȔ ȉȖȓȍȍ ȈȒȚțȈȓȤȕȖ, ȚȈȒ ȒȈȒ ȏȈȗȈȌȕȈȧ ȊȖȍȕȕȈȧ ȥȓȐȚȈ Ȋ ȕȈșȚȖȧȡȍȍ ȊȘȍȔȧ ȗȣȚȈȍȚșȧ ȘȍȠȐȚȤ ȗȘȖȉȓȍȔț ȘȈȏȘȣȊȖȊ Ȋ șȚȘȈȚȍȋȐȟȍșȒȖȔ ȔȣȠȓȍȕȐȐ, ș ȒȖȚȖȘȣȔȐ ȕȍȐȏȉȍȎȕȖ șȚȖȓȒȕȍȚșȧ Ȑ ȈȘȔȧȕșȒȈȧ ȋȖșțȌȈȘșȚȊȍȕȕȖșȚȤ, ȍșȓȐ ȖȕȈ ȊȣȉȍȘȍȚ ȗțȚȤ ȕȍȖȉȌțȔȈȕȕȖȋȖ ȏȈȐȔșȚȊȖȊȈȕȐȧ ȟțȎȐȝ șȝȍȔ Ȑ ȘȍȠȍȕȐȑ. ǹ ȌȘțȋȖȑ șȚȖȘȖȕȣ, ǨȘȔȧȕșȒȐȑ ȔȐȘ Ȋ șȊȖȍ ȊȘȍȔȧ țșȗȍȠȕȖ șȗȘȈȊȐȓșȧ ș ȗȘȖȉȓȍȔȈȔȐ, ȗȘȐȊȍȌȠȐȔȐ Ȓ ȘȈȏȘȣȊȈȔ Ȋ ȍȊȘȖȗȍȑșȒȖȔ ȌțȝȖȊȕȖȔ ȗȘȖșȚȘȈȕșȚȊȍ, Ȑ șțȔȍȓ șȖȝȘȈȕȐȚȤ șȊȖȦ ȞȍȓȖșȚȕȖșȚȤ Ȑ ȋȈȘȔȖȕȐȦ5. ȅȚȖ ȖȏȕȈȟȈȍȚ, ȟȚȖ ǨȘȔȍȕȐȧ ȐȔȍȍȚ Ȋșȍ

1 Gray, Transformation and Strategy Surprise, p. 17.

2 Hanson, Victor Davis. Carnage and Culture: Landmark Battles in the Rise of Western Power. New York: Doubleday, 2001, pp. 20-22. Ǫ ȒȕȐȋȍ ȘȈȏȊȐȊȈȦȚșȧ ȐȌȍȐ, ȐȏȓȖȎȍȕȕȣȍ Ȋ ȉȖȓȍȍ ȘȈȕȕȍȑ ȘȈȉȖȚȍ Hanson, Victor Davis. The Western Way of War: The Infantry Battle in Classical Greece. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1989.

3 Echevarria II, Antulio J. “On the Brink of the Abyss: The Warrior Identity before the Great War,” War & Society, Vol 13, No. 2, October 1995, pp. 23-40.

4 ǬȍȊȐȏ ȏȊțȟȐȚ ȒȈȒ «Mehr sein als scheinen» Ȑ ȗȍȘȍȊȖȌȐȚșȧ ȒȈȒ «șȚȈȘȈȚȤșȧ ȉȣȚȤ ȉȖȓȤȠȍ, ȕȍȎȍȓȐ ȊȣȋȓȧȌȐȠȤ ȕȈ șȈȔȖȔ Ȍȍȓȍ». Ƕȕ ȗȖȧȊȐȓșȧ Ȋ ȕȍȔȍȞȒȖȑ ȓȐȚȍȘȈȚțȘȍ Ȋ ȒȖȕȞȍ 18 ȊȍȒȈ Ȑ ȖȚȕȖșȐȓșȧ Ȓ ǷȘțșșȐȐ. ǷȖȏȌȕȍȍ Ȗȕ șȚȈȓ ȗȖȗțȓȧȘȕȣȔ Ȋ ȋȍȘȔȈȕșȒȖȔ ȋȍȕȍȘȈȓȤȕȖȔ ȠȚȈȉȍ ȉȓȈȋȖȌȈȘȧ ǴȖȓȤȚȒȍ.

5 Ƕ ȞȍȓȖșȚȕȖșȚȐ ǨȘȔȧȕșȒȖȋȖ ȔȐȘȈ Ȑ ȈȘȔȧȕșȒȖȔ ȗțȚȐ ȌȖșȚȐȎȍȕȐȧ ȋȈȘȔȖȕȐȐ șȔ. ǯȈȘȧȕ Dz., Dz ǨȘȈȘȈȚț. – ǭȘȍȊȈȕ: «ǹȈȘȋȐș ǽȈȟȍȕȞ», 2001. – 418 ș., (ȕȈ ȈȘȔ. ȧȏ.). Ƕ ȕȍȒȖȚȖȘȣȝ Ȑȏ ȕȈȐȉȖȓȍȍ ȊȈȎȕȣȝ ȐȌȍȑ ǯȈȘȧȕȈ, ȒȈșȈȦȡȐȝșȧ ȐȌȍȐ ǨȘȔȧȕșȒȖȋȖ ȔȐȘȈ ȒȈȒ ȖșȖȉȖȑ șȈȔȖȉȣȚȕȖȑ ȘȍȈȓȤȕȖșȚȐ, șȔ. ǨȘȏțȔȈȕȧȕ Ǹ., ǹȚȘȈȕȕȐȒ. DzȖșȚȈȕ ǯȈȘȧȕ Ȑ ǨȘȔȧȕșȒȈȧ ȌțȝȖȊȕȈȧ ȚȘȈȌȐȞȐȧ, «ǨȕȐȊ», ȈȘȔȧȕșȒȐȑ ȎțȘȕȈȓ ȹ4(7), ǴȐȕșȒ/ǴȖșȒȊȈ, 2006, șș. 16-21.

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ǸȈȟȤȧ ǨǸǯǻǴǨǵȇǵ

ȕȍȖȉȝȖȌȐȔȣȍ ȗȘȍȌȗȖșȣȓȒȐ Ȑ Ȍȓȧ șȖȝȘȈȕȍȕȐȧ ȞȍȓȖșȚȕȖșȚȐ ȈȘȔȧȕșȒȖȋȖ ȐȌȍȑȕȖȋȖ Ȑ ȐȕȚȍȓȓȍȒȚțȈȓȤȕȖȋȖ ȗȘȖșȚȘȈȕșȚȊȈ Ȑ țșȗȍȠȕȖȋȖ ȗȘȍȖȌȖȓȍȕȐȧ ȗȖȒȈ ȟȚȖ ȗȖȚȍȕȞȐȈȓȤȕȖȑ ȗȘȖȉȓȍȔȣ ȘȈȏȘȣȊȖȊ ȔȍȎȌț ȗȖȓȐȚȐȒȖȑ Ȑ șȜȍȘȖȑ ȊȖȑȕȣ.

ǨȔȍȘȐȒȈȕșȒȖȍ ȊȐȌȍȕȐȍ ȊȖȑȕȣ (American Way of War) ȘȍȌȒȖ ȊȣȝȖȌȐȚ ȏȈ ȗȘȍȌȍȓȣ ȏȈȌȈȟȐ ȌȖșȚȐȎȍȕȐȧ ȊȖȍȕȕȖȑ ȗȖȉȍȌȣ Ȑ țșȗȍȝȈ Ȋ ȊȖȍȕȕȖȑ ȒȈȔȗȈȕȐȐ Ȑ ȊȣȕțȎȌȈȍȚ șȖȋȓȈșȐȚȤșȧ ș ȚȖȟȒȖȑ ȏȘȍȕȐȧ ǸȈșșȍȓȈ ǻȐȋȓȐ, ȟȚȖ ȥȚȖ șȒȖȘȍȍ ȊȐȌȍȕȐȍ șȘȈȎȍȕȐȧ, ȕȍȎȍȓȐ ȊȖȑȕȣ, Ȑ ȘȍȟȤ ȐȌȍȚ Ȗ ȕȍȏȘȍȓȖșȚȐ Ȑ ȖȗȘȍȌȍȓȍȕȕȖȔ ȕȍșȖȖȚȊȍȚșȚȊȐȐ ȔȍȎȌț ȚȍȘȔȐȕȖȔ Ȑ ȍȋȖ ȘȍȈȓȤȕȣȔ șȖȌȍȘȎȈȕȐȍȔ1. ǹȖȉȣȚȐȧ ȗȖșȓȍȌȕȐȝ ȓȍȚ ȗȖȒȈȏȣȊȈȦȚ, ȟȚȖ ǹȀǨ ȖșȚȈȦȚșȧ Ȋ ȖȉȡȍȔ ȒȖȕȚȍȒșȚȍ ȏȈȗȈȌȕȖȑ ȊȖȍȕȕȖȑ ȒțȓȤȚțȘȣ, Ȉ ȈȔȍȘȐȒȈȕșȒȈȧ ȊȖȍȕȕȈȧ ȔȈȠȐȕȈ ȗȘȖȌȖȓȎȈȍȚ ȊȍșȚȐ ȉȖȍȊȣȍ ȌȍȑșȚȊȐȧ Ȑ ȒȈȔȗȈȕȐȐ, ȕȖ ȕȍ ȊȖȑȕț. ǰ ȥȚȖ ȕȍșȔȖȚȘȧ ȕȈ ȚȖ, ȟȚȖ ǹȀǨ ȐȔȍȦȚ ȌȖșȚȈȚȖȟȕȖ ȕȍȓȐȞȍȗȘȐȧȚȕȣȑ ȐșȚȖȘȐȟȍșȒȐȑ ȖȗȣȚ ȕȍșȗȖșȖȉȕȖșȚȐ ȚȘȈȕșȜȖȘȔȐȘȖȊȈȚȤ ȊȖȍȕȕțȦ ȗȖȉȍȌț Ȋ ȗȖȓȐȚȐȟȍșȒȐȑ țșȗȍȝ, Ȉ ȏȈȚȍȔ Ȑ ȎȍȓȈȍȔȖȍ ȗȖșȓȍȊȖȍȕȕȖȍ țșȚȘȖȑșȚȊȖ. ǹȀǨ, ȒȈȒ Ȑ ȗȘȍȎȌȍ, ȏȈșȚȈȦȚșȧ ȊȘȈșȗȓȖȝ, ȒȖȋȌȈ șȚȈȓȒȐȊȈȦȚșȧ ș ȕȍȖȉȝȖȌȐȔȖșȚȤȦ ȊȍșȚȐ ȊȖȑȕț ȗȖșȓȍ ȖȒȖȕȟȈȕȐȧ ȊȖȍȕȕȖȑ ȒȈȔȗȈȕȐȐ. ǵȈ ȗȍȘȊȣȑ ȊȏȋȓȧȌ ȗȘȍȌșȚȈȊȓȧȍȚșȧ, ȟȚȖ ȥȜȜȍȒȚ ȕȍȖȎȐȌȈȕȕȖșȚȐ ȔȖȎȍȚ ȉȣȚȤ ȌȖșȚȈȚȖȟȕȖ ȓȍȋȒȖ ȗȘȍȖȌȖȓȍȕ ȟȍȘȍȏ șȖȖȚȊȍȚșȚȊțȦȡȍȍ șȚȘȈȚȍȋȐȟȍșȒȖȍ ȖȉȘȈȏȖȊȈȕȐȍ, ȗȘȈȊȐȓȤȕțȦ ȒȈȌȘȖȊțȦ ȗȖȓȐȚȐȒț

ȐȗȘ. ǶȌȕȈȒȖ ȗȘȖȉȓȍȔȈ ȕȈȔȕȖȋȖ ȋȓțȉȎȍ Ȑ țȝȖȌȐȚ ȒȖȘȕȧȔȐ Ȋ ȊȖȍȕȕțȦ ȒțȓȤȚțȘț

ȐȗȘȖȊȍȌȍȕȐȍ ȟȘȍȏȔȍȘȕȖ ȟȍȚȒȖȑ ȋȘȈȕȐ ȔȍȎȌț ȊȖȑȕȖȑ Ȑ ȗȖȓȐȚȐȒȖȑ2.

ǪȐȌȍȕȐȍ ȊȖȑȕȣ Ȋ ȏȈȗȈȌȕȖȑ ȊȖȍȕȕȖȑ ȒțȓȤȚțȘȍ. ǽȖȚȧ ȗȘȐȕȧȚȖ ȗȘȖȊȖȌȐȚȤ ȘȈȏȓȐȟȐȧ Ȋ ȊȐȌȍȕȐȐ ȊȖȑȕȣ ț ȘȈȏȓȐȟȕȣȝ ȍȊȘȖȗȍȑșȒȐȝ ȋȖșțȌȈȘșȚȊ Ȑ ǹȀǨ, ȖȌȕȈȒȖ Ȋșȍ ȖȕȐ ȕȈȝȖȌȧȚșȧ Ȋ ȖȉȡȍȔ ȒȖȕȚȍȒșȚȍ ȏȈȗȈȌȕȖȑ ȊȖȍȕȕȖȑ ȒțȓȤȚțȘȣ. ǪȖȍȕȕȣȑ ȐșȚȍȉȓȐȠȔȍȕȚ ȒȈȎȌȖȑ Ȑȏ ȏȈȗȈȌȕȣȝ șȚȘȈȕ, ȘȈȏȘȈȉȈȚȣȊȈȧ șȖȉșȚȊȍȕȕȣȍ ȊȖȍȕȕȣȍ ȌȖȒȚȘȐȕȣ, șȚȘȈȚȍȋȐȦ Ȑ ȚȈȒȚȐȒț, ȚȍȔ ȕȍ Ȕȍȕȍȍ, ȊȍșȤȔȈ șȝȖȎȍ ȘȍȈȋȐȘțȍȚ ȕȈ ȊȣȏȖȊȣ Ȋ ȖȉȓȈșȚȐ ȋȍȖȗȖȓȐȚȐȒȐ, șȖȞȐȈȓȤȕȖ-ȗȖȓȐȚȐȟȍșȒȖȑ șȜȍȘȍ. ǶșȕȖȊȕȖȑ ȞȍȓȤȦ ȊȖȑȕȣ Ȍȓȧ ȏȈȗȈȌȕȣȝ ȖȉȡȍșȚȊ ȗȖ-ȗȘȍȎȕȍȔț ȖșȚȈȍȚșȧ ȘȈȏȋȘȖȔ ȊȖȖȘțȎȍȕȕȣȝ șȐȓ ȗȘȖȚȐȊȕȐȒȈ. ǰ ȍșȓȐ ȌȈȕȕȖȍ ȗȖȕȐȔȈȕȐȍ ȖȚȒȘȣȚȖ ȕȍ ȈȘȚȐȒțȓȐȘțȍȚșȧ, ȖȕȖ Ȋ ȚȖȑ ȐȓȐ ȐȕȖȑ ȜȖȘȔȍ ȗȘȐșțȚșȚȊțȍȚ Ȋ ȔȣȠȓȍȕȐȐ, ȖȉȘȈȏȖȊȈȕȐȐ Ȑ ȗȘ.3 ǯȈȗȈȌȕȈȧ ȊȖȍȕȕȈȧ ȒțȓȤȚțȘȈ ȘȈșșȔȈȚȘȐȊȈȍȚ ȜȈȒȚ ȘȈȏȋȘȖȔȈ ȊȖȖȘțȎȍȕȕȣȝ șȐȓ ȗȘȖȚȐȊȕȐȒȈ, ȏȈȝȊȈȚ ȍȋȖ șȚȖȓȐȞȣ ȒȈȒ ȗȘȐȏȕȈȒ ȖȒȖȕȟȈȕȐȧ ȊȖȑȕȣ Ȑ ȕȈȟȈȓȈ ȗȘȖȞȍșșȈ ȗȖșȓȍȊȖȍȕȕȣȝ ȗȍȘȍȋȖȊȖȘȖȊ. ǺȖ ȍșȚȤ ȉȖȍȊȣȍ ȌȍȑșȚȊȐȧ Ȑ ȊȖȑȕȈ, ȊȖȗȘȍȒȐ ȚȖȟȒȍ ȏȘȍȕȐȧ ȚȖȋȖ Ȏȍ DzȓȈțȏȍȊȐȞȈ, ȘȈșșȔȈȚȘȐȊȈȦȚșȧ șȒȖȘȍȍ ȒȈȒ ȈȓȤȚȍȘȕȈȚȐȊȈ ȗȖșȓȍȌțȦȡȍȔț ȗȍȘȍȋȖȊȖȘȕȖȔț ȗȘȖȞȍșșț, ȕȍȎȍȓȐ ȒȈȒ Ȑȝ ȖȘȋȈȕȐȟȕȈȧ ȟȈșȚȤ4.

1 Echevarria II. Toward an American Way of War, p. 1. 2 Gray, Transformation and Strategy Surprise, pp. 16-17.

3 Posen, Barry The Sources of Military Doctrine: France, Germany, and Britain between the World Wars. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1984.

4 Echevarria II. Toward an American Way of War, p. 1.

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ǹdzǶǮǵǶǭ ǴȃȀdzǭǵǰǭ ǰ ǹǭǺȄ: ǷǨǸǨǬǰǫǴǨ ǵǭdzǰǵǭDZǵǶǹǺǰ ǰ ǹǸǭǬǨ ǩǭǯǶǷǨǹǵǶǹǺǰ 21 ǪǭDzǨ

ǹȍȘȤȍȏȕȣȍ ȌȐșȒțșșȐȐ ȊȖȒȘțȋ ȈȔȍȘȐȒȈȕșȒȖȋȖ ȊȐȌȍȕȐȧ ȊȖȑȕȣ ȕȈȟȈȓȐșȤ Ȋ ȕȈȟȈȓȍ 70-ȝ ȋȖȌȖȊ 20 ȊȍȒȈ ȗȖșȓȍ ȗțȉȓȐȒȈȞȐȐ ȔȖȕȖȋȘȈȜȐȐ ǸȈșșȍȓȈ ǻȐȋȓȐ «ǨȔȍȘȐȒȈȕșȒȖȍ ȊȐȌȍȕȐȍ ȊȖȑȕȣ» (The American Way of War)1. ǰșșȓȍȌȖȊȈȊ, ȒȈȒȐȔ ȖȉȘȈȏȖȔ ȊȍȓȐșȤ ȊȖȑȕȣ ȕȈ ȗȘȖȚȧȎȍȕȐȐ ȈȔȍȘȐȒȈȕșȒȖȑ ȐșȚȖȘȐȐ, ǻȐȋȓȐ ȗȘȐȠȍȓ Ȓ ȊȣȊȖȌț, ȟȚȖ ǹȀǨ ȗȘȐȌȍȘȎȐȊȈȦȚșȧ șȚȘȈȚȍȋȐȐ ȕȈȕȍșȍȕȐȧ șȖȒȘțȠȐȚȍȓȤȕȖȋȖ ȊȖȍȕȕȖȋȖ ȗȖȘȈȎȍȕȐȧ ȗȘȖȚȐȊȕȐȒț ȟȍȘȍȏ ȍȋȖ ȐȏȕțȘȍȕȐȍ ȐȓȐ țȕȐȟȚȖȎȍȕȐȍ2. ǸȍȏțȓȤȚȈȚȣ, ȗȖȓțȟȍȕȕȣȍ ǻȐȋȓȐ Ȋ ȘȈȔȒȈȝ ȐșșȓȍȌȖȊȈȕȐȧ ȈȔȍȘȐȒȈȕșȒȖȑ ȐșȚȖȘȐȐ Ȋ ȞȍȓȖȔ, ȗȘȐȔȍȕȐȔȣ ȒȖ Ȋșȍȑ ȏȈȗȈȌȕȖȑ ȊȖȍȕȕȖȑ ȒțȓȤȚțȘȣ, Ȑ ȋȍȘȔȈȕșȒȖȍ ȊȐȌȍȕȐȍ ȊȖȑȕȣ, șȜȖȘȔțȓȐȘȖȊȈȕȕȖȍ ǴȖȓȤȚȒȍ, ȊȖ ȔȕȖȋȖȔ șȖȊȗȈȌȈȍȚ ș ȈȔȍȘȐȒȈȕșȒȐȔ3.

Ǫ ȖȗțȉȓȐȒȖȊȈȕȕȖȑ Ȋ 2002ȋ. ȔȖȕȖȋȘȈȜȐȐ «ǹȊȐȘȍȗȣȍ ȊȖȑȕȣ ȏȈ ȔȐȘ» (Savage Wars of Peace), ǴȈȒș ǩțȚ (Max Boot), ȐșșȓȍȌțȧ ȐșȚȖȘȐȦ ȗȘȖȊȍȌȍȕȐȧ ǹȀǨ ȚȈȒ ȕȈȏȣȊȈȍȔȣȝ ȔȈȓȣȝ ȊȖȑȕ, ȗȘȐȝȖȌȐȚ Ȓ ȊȣȊȖȌț, ȟȚȖ ǹȀǨ ȖȉȓȈȌȈȦȚ ȕȍșȒȖȓȤȒȐȔȐ ȊȐȌȍȕȐȧȔȐ ȊȖȑȕȣ4. ǩțȚ ȗȖȒȈȏȣȊȈȍȚ, ȟȚȖ ȔȈȓȣȍ ȊȖȑȕȣ, ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ Ȗȕ ȕȈȏȣȊȈȍȚ «ȐȔȗȍȘȐȈȓȐșȚȐȟȍșȒȐȔȐ», ȕȍ ȊȖȏȌȍȑșȚȊțȧ ȕȍȗȖșȘȍȌșȚȊȍȕȕȖ ȕȈ ȎȐȏȕȍȕȕȣȍ ȐȕȚȍȘȍșȣ șȚȘȈȕȣ, ȊȕȍșȓȐ ȉȖȓȤȠȖȑ ȊȒȓȈȌ Ȋ șȚȈȕȖȊȓȍȕȐȍ ǹȀǨ Ȋ ȒȈȟȍșȚȊȍ ȋȓȖȉȈȓȤȕȖȑ șȐȓȣ. Ǫ ȏȈȒȓȦȟȐȚȍȓȤȕȖȔ ȈȕȈȓȐȏȍ ǩțȚ șȒȖȘȍȍ ȗȖȌȚȊȍȘȎȌȈȍȚ ȚȍȏȐș ǻȐȋȓȐ, ȕȍȎȍȓȐ ȖȗȘȖȊȍȘȋȈȍȚ ȍȋȖ5.

ǬȍȔȐȓȐȚȈȘȐȏȈȞȐȧ ȏȈȗȈȌȕȖȑ ȒțȓȤȚțȘȣ. Ǫ ȕȈșȚȖȧȡȍȍ ȊȘȍȔȧ ȕȈȓȐȞȖ ȧȊȕȣȍ șȐȔȗȚȖȔȣ ȚȖȋȖ, ȟȚȖ ȒțȓȤȚțȘȈ șȚȈȘȣȝ ȍȊȘȖȗȍȑșȒȐȝ ȋȖșțȌȈȘșȚȊ șȚȈȕȖȊȐȚșȧ Ȋșȍ ȉȖȓȍȍ Ȑ ȉȖȓȍȍ «ȌȍȔȐȓȐȚȈȘȐȏȖȊȈȕȕȖȑ»6. ǬȈȕȕȖȍ ȧȊȓȍȕȐȍ ȊȗȐșȣȊȈȍȚșȧ Ȋ ȗȖȗȣȚȒȐ ȘȍȈȓȐȏȈȞȐȐ ȖȌȕȖȋȖ Ȑȏ țȚȖȗȐȟȍșȒȐȝ ȗȘȖȍȒȚȖȊ ȍȊȘȖȗȍȑșȒȖȑ ȔȣșȓȐ, șȊȧȏȈȕȕȖȋȖ ș ȐȏȉȈȊȓȍȕȐȍȔ ȖȉȡȍșȚȊȈ ȖȚ ȈȘȔȐȐ, ȒȖȋȌȈ «șȖȞȐȈȓȤȕȣȑ ȗȘȖȋȘȍșș», ȘȈȏȘȍȠȍȕȐȍ Ȋșȍȝ șȖȞȐȈȓȤȕȣȝ ȗȘȖȚȐȊȖȘȍȟȐȑ Ȑ ȗȘ. șȌȍȓȈȍȚ ȈȘȔȐȦ ȕȍȕțȎȕȖȑ. ǶȉȡȍșȚȊȖ ȗȘȍȖȌȖȓȍȊȈȍȚ «ȊȕțȚȘȍȕȕȦȦ ȌȐȒȖșȚȤ» Ȑ ȉȖȓȤȠȍ ȕȍ ȕțȎȌȈȍȚșȧ Ȋ șȖȞȐȈȓȤȕȣȝ ȐȕșȚȐȚțȚȈȝ, ȧȊȓȧȦȡȐȝșȧ ȐȕșȚȘțȔȍȕȚȖȔ Ȑ ȐșȚȖȟȕȐȒȖȔ ȕȈșȐȓȐȧ7. ȇȘȒȐȔ ȗȘȐȔȍȘȖȔ ȌȈȕȕȖȑ ȚȘȈȌȐȞȐȐ ȧȊȓȧȍȚșȧ ȒȈȕȚȖȊșȒȐȑ ȚȘȈȒȚȈȚ «Dz ȊȍȟȕȖȔț ȔȐȘț», ȋȌȍ ȖȗȐșȣȊȈȍȚșȧ ȜȍȌȍȘȈȞȐȧ ȗȘȖșȊȍȡȍȕȕȣȝ ȘȍșȗțȉȓȐȒ, Ȋ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȑ «ȗȖșȚȖȧȕȕȣȍ ȈȘȔȐȐ (miles perpetuus) șȖ ȊȘȍȔȍȕȍȔ ȌȖȓȎȕȣ ȗȖȓȕȖșȚȤȦ ȐșȟȍȏȕțȚȤ», ȚȈȒ ȒȈȒ, șȖȏȌȈȕȕȣȍ Ȍȓȧ ȊȖȑȕȣ, ȖȕȐ ȗȘȖȊȖȞȐȘțȦȚ ȍȍ8.

1 Weigley, Russell F. The American Way of War: A History of U.S. Military Strategy and Policy. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 1973.

2 Ibid, p. 475.

3 Moltke, Helmuth von. Über Strategie, 1871.

4 Boot, Max. Savage Wars of Peace: Small Wars and the Rise of American Power. New York: Basic Books, 2002. 5 Ibid, p. xvi.

6 Kagan, Robert. Paradise and Power: America and Europe in the New World Order. London: Atlantic Books, 2003.

7 DzȘȣȓȖȊ Dz., Dz ȜȐȓȖșȖȜȐȐ ȈȘȔȐȐ, ǶȚȍȟȍșȚȊȍȕȕȣȍ ǯȈȗȐșȒȐ, ȹ8, 2002. 12 January 2011. http://www.strana-oz.ru/?numid=9&article=360.

8 DzȈȕȚǰ., ǹȖȟȐȕȍȕȐȧ ȊȠȍșȚȐȚȖȔȈȝ. – Ǵ.: «ǴȣșȓȤ», 1966. – (ǼȐȓȖșȖȜ. ȕȈșȓȍȌȐȍ). Ǻ. 6. – 1966. 743 ș., șș. 257-347.

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ǬȍȔȐȓȐȚȈȘȐȏȈȞȐȧ ȒțȓȤȚțȘȣ «șȚȈȘȖȑ ǭȊȘȖȗȣ» ȧȊȓȧȍȚșȧ ȚȈȒȎȍ șȓȍȌșȚȊȐȍȔ șȓȖȎȐȊȠȍȋȖșȧ ȋȍȖȗȖȓȐȚȐȟȍșȒȖȋȖ ȒȖȕȚȍȒșȚȈ, ȒȖȋȌȈ ȍȊȘȖȗȍȑȞȣ ȕȍ ȕțȎȌȈȦȚșȧ Ȋ ȕȍȖȉȝȖȌȐȔȖșȚȐ șȍȘȤȍȏȕȖ ȖȚȕȖșȐȚȤșȧ Ȓ șȖȉșȚȊȍȕȕȖȑ ȖȉȖȘȖȕȍ. ǵȈ ȗȘȖȚȧȎȍȕȐȐ ȗȖșȓȍȌȕȐȝ 50 ȓȍȚ ȏȈȗȈȌȕȖȍȊȘȖȗȍȑșȒȖȍ ȖȉȡȍșȚȊȖ ȗȘȍȌȗȖȟȐȚȈȍȚ ȕȈȝȖȌȐȚȤșȧ ȗȖȌ ȏȈȡȐȚȖȑ șȚȘȈȚȍȋȐȟȍșȒȖȋȖ ȏȖȕȚȐȒȈ ǹȀǨ Ȑ ȐȋȕȖȘȐȘțȍȚ șȐȋȕȈȓȣ Ȗ ȗȘȖȐșȝȖȌȧȡȐȝ ȐȏȔȍȕȍȕȐȧȝ1. ǶȚȕȖȠȍȕȐȍ Ȓ ȊȖȑȕȍ ȒȈȒ Ȓ ȕȍȗȘȐȍȔȓȍȔȖȔț șȖȞȐȈȓȤȕȖȔț ȧȊȓȍȕȐȦ Ȑ ȐȕșȚȘțȔȍȕȚț ȌȖȓȎȕȖ ȉȣȚȤ ȗȘȐȏȕȈȕȖ ȊȘȍȔȍȕȕȣȔ Ȑ ȕȍțșȚȖȑȟȐȊȣȔ, Ȑ «ȚȈȉț ȕȈ ȊȖȑȕț, ȉțȌțȟȐ ȕȈȓȖȎȍȕȖ, ȐșȗȈȘȐȚșȧ ȒȈȒ țȚȘȍȕȕȐȑ ȚțȔȈȕ, ȍșȓȐ, ȐȓȐ șȒȖȘȍȍ ȊșȍȋȖ, ȒȖȋȌȈȕȈȟȕțȚȊȖȏȊȘȈȡȈȚȤșȧ ȗȓȖȝȐȍ ȊȘȍȔȍȕȈșȚȘȈȚȍȋȐȟȍșȒȖȑ ȕȍȕȈȌȍȎȕȖșȚȐ»2.

Ǫ ȚȍȟȍȕȐȍ 90-ȝ ȋȖȌȖȊ 20 ȊȍȒȈ Ȋ ǹȀǨ ȗȖȧȊȐȓȐșȤ ȔȐȜȣ Ȗȉ ȖȚȊȘȈȡȍȕȐȐ ȈȔȍȘȐȒȈȕȞȍȊ Ȓ ȕȈșȐȓȐȦ, ȊșȚțȗȓȍȕȐȐ ȔȐȘȈ Ȋ ȗȍȘȐȖȌ ȗȖșȚȋȍȘȖȐȟȍșȒȐȝ ȊȖȑȕ, ȒȖȋȌȈ ȜȈȒȚȖȘ ȓȐȟȕȖșȚȐ, ȟȍȓȖȊȍȟȍșȒȈȧ ȊȖȓȧ ȕȈ ȊȖȑȕȍ ȕȈȟȐȕȈȦȚ ȐȋȘȈȚȤ ȗȖȌȟȐȕȍȕȕțȦ, ȊȚȖȘȖșȚȍȗȍȕȕțȦ ȘȖȓȤ3. ǸȧȌ țȟȍȕȣȝ ȊȣșȒȈȏȣȊȈȓȐ ȚȖȟȒț ȏȘȍȕȐȧ, ȟȚȖ ȕȈ ȜȖȕȍ ȗȘȖȐșȝȖȌȧȡȐȝ ȋȓțȉȖȒȐȝ ȐȏȔȍȕȍȕȐȑ Ȋ ȊȖȍȕȕȖȑ șȜȍȘȍ Ȑ ȖȉȡȍșȚȊȍ Ȋ ȞȍȓȖȔ, ȜȖȘȔȐȘțȦȡȐȝșȧ ȕȖȊȣȝ ȒțȓȤȚțȘȕȣȝ ȚȈȉț, ȘȈȉȖȚȈȦȡȐȝ ȕȈ ȋȓȖȉȈȓȤȕȖȔ țȘȖȊȕȍ, ȊȖȑȕȈ ȗȍȘȍșȚȈȍȚ ȉȣȚȤ ȗȘȈȒȚȐȟȍșȒȐȔ ȐȕșȚȘțȔȍȕȚȖȔ ȗȖȓȐȚȐȒȐ Ȑ șȚȈȕȖȊȐȚșȧ ȔȖȘȈȓȤȕȖ ȕȍȗȘȐȍȔȓȍȔȖȑ4. ǶȌȕȐȔ Ȑȏ ȊȓȐȧȚȍȓȤȕȣȝ ȜȈȒȚȖȘȖȊ, ȖȒȈȏȣȊȈȦȡȐȝ ȊȓȐȧȕȐȍ ȕȈ ȌȍȓȍȋȐȚȐȔȐȏȈȞȐȦ ȊȖȑȕȣ, ȧȊȓȧȦȚșȧ ȋȓȖȉȈȓȤȕȣȍ ȔȈșș-ȔȍȌȐȈ. ǷȘȧȔȣȍ ȖȕȓȈȑȕ ȊȒȓȦȟȍȕȐȧ Ȋ ȉȖȍȊȣȍ ȌȍȑșȚȊȐȧ ȗȖȏȊȖȓȧȦȚ ȌȖȕȍșȚȐ ȕȍȓȐȞȍȗȘȐȧȚȕȖȍ, ȎȍșȚȖȒȖȍ ȓȐȞȖ ȊȖȑȕȣ ȉțȒȊȈȓȤȕȖ ȌȖ ȒȈȎȌȖȋȖ ȌȖȔȈ. ǶȌȕȈȒȖ ȖȚȊȘȈȡȍȕȐȍ Ȓ ȊȖȑȕȍ Ȑ ȊȖȍȕȕȖȔț ȕȈșȐȓȐȦ șȚȈȕȖȊȐȚșȧ ȘȍȏțȓȤȚȈȚȖȔ ȕȍ șȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȔȖȘȈȓȤȕȖȋȖ ȖșțȎȌȍȕȐȧ, șȒȖȓȤȒȖ ȊȖȏȔțȡȍȕȐȧ ȚȍȔ ȜȈȒȚȖȔ, ȟȚȖ ȊȖȑȕȈ Ȍȓȧ ȔȈșș-ȔȍȌȐȑ șȚȈȕȖȊȐȚșȧ ȉȐȏȕȍșȖȔ Ȑ ȌȈȎȍ șȊȖȍȋȖ ȘȖȌȈ șȗȖȘȚȖȔ, ȚȍȔ șȈȔȣȔ ȘȈȏȔȣȊȈȧ ȚȘȈȌȐȞȐȖȕȕȣȑ ȖȉȘȈȏ ȊȖȍȕȕȖȋȖ Ȑ ȊȖȍȕȕȖȑ ȗȘȖȜȍșșȐȐ Ȋ ȖȉȡȍșȚȊȍ5.

ǷȘȖȉȓȍȔȣ «ȚȘȈȕșȜȖȘȔȈȞȐȐ» ȏȈȗȈȌȕȖȑ ȊȖȍȕȕȖȑ ȒțȓȤȚțȘȣ. ǹȚȘȍȔȐȚȍȓȤȕȖȍ ȐȏȔȍȕȍȕȐȍ șȖȊȘȍȔȍȕȕȖȋȖ ȔȐȘȈ ȌȍȓȈȍȚ ȍȋȖ Ȋșȍ ȉȖȓȍȍ Ȑ ȉȖȓȍȍ șȓȖȎȕȣȔ Ȑ ȕȍȗȘȍȌșȒȈȏțȍȔȣȔ, ȒȖȋȌȈ șȜȍȘȈ ȉȍȏȖȗȈșȕȖșȚȐ ȖȉȡȍșȚȊȈ ȗȍȘȍșȚȈȍȚ șȖȖȚȊȍȚșȚȊȖȊȈȚȤ ȕȖȊȣȔ țȋȘȖȏȈȔ6. ǽȖȚȧ ȖșȕȖȊȕȖȑ ȝȈȘȈȒȚȍȘȐșȚȐȒȖȑ șȘȍȌȣ ȉȍȏȖȗȈșȕȖșȚȐ 21 ȊȍȒȈ șȚȈȕȖȊȐȚșȧ ȕȍȓȐȕȍȑȕȖșȚȤ, ȒȈȒ Ȋ ȖȉȡȍșȚȊȍ Ȋ ȞȍȓȖȔ, ȚȈȒ Ȑ Ȋ ȊȖȍȕȕȖȑ ȖȘȋȈȕȐȏȈȞȐȐ ȏȈȗȈȌȕȣȝ ȋȖșțȌȈȘșȚȊ ȗȘȖȌȖȓȎȈȍȚ ȋȖșȗȖȌșȚȊȖȊȈȚȤ ȓȐȕȍȑȕȣȍ ȒțȓȤȚțȘȈ, ȔȣȠȓȍȕȐȍ Ȑ ȖȉȘȈȏȖȊȈȕȐȍ. ǺȍȔ ȕȍȔȍȕȍȍ Ȋ ȊȖȍȕȕȖȔ ȐșȚȍȉȓȐȠȔȍȕȚȍ ǯȈȗȈȌȈ ȏȘȍȍȚ ȗȖȕȐȔȈȕȐȍ, ȟȚȖ ȈȌȍȒ-

1 Gray, Transformation and Strategy Surprise, pp. 21-22.

2 Gray. How Has War Changed Since the End of the ColdWar, p. 24.

3 Luttwak, Edward N. “Towards Post-Heroic Warfare,” Foreign Affairs, Vol. 74, No. 3, May/June 1995, pp. 109-222.

4 Kurth, James C. “Clausewitz and the Two Contemporary Military Revolutions: RMA and RAM,” in Bradford A. Lee and Karl F. Walling (ed.). Strategic Logic and Political Rationality: Essays in Honour of Michael I. Handel. London: Frank Cass, 2003, pp. 275-297.

5 McInnes, Colin. Spectator-Sport War: The West and Contemporary Conflict. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2002.

6 Alberts, Power to the Edge, p. 2.

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