Sb96896

Depressed – not to mention hungry – you go to clean your teeth. Put down that nylon toothbrush at once! It will ruin your gums. Do you have the courage to weigh yourself? Horrors! You are at least half a stone overweight, which is sure to help send you to an early grave.

Hesitating, you make your way to the car, knowing that (according to statistics) there's a good chance that either you or one of your nearest and dearest will be involved in an accident sometime during your life. After a heartthumping journey, you reach work.

Filled with relief you get into the lift. Get out at once and race up those stairs, unless you want a heart attack tomorrow.

Panting, you reach the office, where you collapse into a chair. The cleaner has just left, leaving an aerosol's delightful aroma floating in the air. You inhale deeply, enjoying the sweet fragrance. Danger! Breathing in the substance will ruin your lungs (not to mention our atmosphere, if we are to believe the experts).

With trembling hands you light a cigarette to calm your nerves. A what? How dare you? In comes your colleague, Ms Brown, all ready for a busy day, blonde hair and make-up in place. Do you think she's heard about the cancer scare concerning hair dyes and eye-liners?

At last lunch-time comes. You join your mates in the local for a sandwich. White bread, eh? A low-fibre diet is no good at all. You have “just one more drink”, which helps you on your way to liver failure, and you return to the office. You spend the afternoon fighting a battle with high blood pressure and chronic indigestion (or is it your heart at last?) and give a sigh of relief as 5.30 arrives.

What a jam on the by-pass tonight. It gets your fingers tapping on the steering wheel, doesn't it? You look in the driving mirror and see a large vein throbbing up and down on your forehead. It throbs even faster as you suddenly remember that article you were reading about strokes.

A nervous wreck, you reach home. You crawl up the path and fall into your wife's protective arms. She won't last much longer, of course. She's inhaled a large amount of washing powder, quite a few asbestos particles from her hair drier and a great number of chemicals from aerosol sprays.

But do not fear, civilization is here. Are we really that much happier in our modern technological world with all its new-found knowledge than our ancestors who knew nothing of these things? Is it any surprise that there were no analysts or psychiatrists in any century before ours? I'm sure they didn't need any.

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3. ТИПЫ ОРГАНИЗАЦИИ ТЕКСТА

Прочитайте иронические советы для молодых людей. Какой из типов выдвижения (сцепление, конвергенция, обманутое ожидание) использует автор?

1.Only wear white socks if you are playing tennis

2.If you call your daughter Victoria or Samantha, she will grow up to call herself Vic or Sam.

3. All young women should own a Swiss Army Knife – the one with a screwdriver, tweezers, nail file, can opener and corkscrew. It should be kept in their handbags at all times.

4.All young men should own a Swiss Army Knife – but they should not take it out of the house or they will be arrested for possessing an offensive weapon.

5.Stop drinking alcohol the moment you are unable to pronounce the word succinct.

6.If you enjoy doing everything in the most difficult way possible - whether it is working, studying, socializing or travelling – get pregnant by an unreliable youth and have his baby.

7.Bear it in mind that the fire brigade has been busier since it became more fashionable to bathe by candlelight.

8.Eat a raw onion and raw garlic every day if you are tired of being pestered by men.

9.Before going abroad, have ten one-dollar notes sewn inside each of your bra's. This will be enough to enable you to eat, drink and telephone the British Embassy to tell them about the theft or loss of your money, passport, credit cards and plane tickets.

10.If at seventeen years of age you have a little monkey tattooed on your belly, stop to consider that, by the time you are thirty-one and nine months

by Florists and card companies, ditch him immediately. (He's probably right, but ditch the miserable git anyway).

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13. Never read advice columns. They are inevitably written by Middle-aged women with a grievance against the young.

4. ФУНКЦИОНАЛЬНЫЕ СТИЛИ АНГЛИЙСКОГО ЯЗЫКА

4.1. Научный стиль

Прочитайте отрывок из научной статьи. Отметьте лексические, морфологические и синтаксические особенности, присущие научному стилю:

To choose a scientific problem, let us begin with a simple graph, as a starting point for discussion (Figure 1). We will compare problems by imagining two axes. The first is feasibility – that is, whether a problem is hard or easy, in units such as the expected time to complete the project. This axis is a function of the skills of the researchers and of the technology in the lab. It is important to remember that problems that are easy on paper are often hard in reality, and that problems that are hard on paper are nearly impossible in reality.

The second axis is interest: the increase in knowledge expected from the project. We generally value science that ventures deep into unknown waters.

the interest of the problem.

In a forthcoming section, we will discuss the subjective nature of the interest axis. But first, let us first consider aspects of problem choice using our diagram.

Looking at the range of problems in this two-dimensional space, one sees that many projects in current research are of the easy-but-not-too-interesting variety, also known as „„low-hanging fruit.‟‟ Many other projects in science today are unfortunately both difficult and have low interest, partially stemming from a view that hard equals good. A few problems are grand challenges: tough problems with the potential to considerably advance understanding. But most often we would like problems in the top-right quadrant, both feasible and with high interest, likely to extend our knowledge significantly.

The diagram suggests a way to choose between problems, using the Pareto front principle of optimization theory. If problem A is better on both axes than problem B, one can erase B from the diagram. Applying this criterion to all problems, one is left only with problems for which there are no problems clearly

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better in both feasibility and interest. These remaining problems are on the Pareto front.

To decide which problem to select along the front depends on how we weigh the two axes. For example, a beginning graduate student needs a problem that is easy; positive feedback can thus be rapidly provided, bolstering confidence. These

in the top-right quadrant, since time is limited. Beginning PIs, who need to select a field on which to spend at least 10 years and with which to train students, may seek a grand challenge that can be divided into many good, smaller projects. Thus, the optimal problems move along the Pareto front as a function of the life stages of the scientist.

4.2. Публицистический стиль

Прочитайте текст. Определите, к какому стилю – публицистическому или научному – он относится. Аргументируйте свой выбор:

There are some things everyone would rather forget – and scientists believe they may be able to help us do just that, with a pill that would block out painful memories.

In a medical breakthrough, researchers have discovered that proteins can be removed from the brain‟s fear centre to wipe out traumatic memories. Their findings could be of benefit to soldiers who have experienced distressing events and victims of violence. They could even help us get over the hurt of a painful break-up.

The U.S. research has parallels to the plot of the science fiction film “Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind”, which starred Kate Winslet and Jim Carrey.

In the 2004 film, a couple‟s past is wiped in a fictional procedure called “targeted memory erasure”. For the U.S. study, scientists at Johns Hopkins University used rats to try to focus on the part of the brain that copes with fear. They discovered a “window of vulnerability” when unique receptor proteins are created in the brain as painful memories are made. Because the proteins are unstable, they could be removed with drugs to eliminate the memory forever.

“When a traumatic event occurs, it creates a fearful memory that can last a lifetime and have a debilitating effect on a person‟s life,” said researcher Professor Richard Huganir. He said his findings “raise the possibility

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of manipulating those mechanisms with drugs to enhance behavioural therapy for such conditions as post-traumatic stress disorder”.

Although the scientists used mice in the tests, they believe the results would be the same in humans. The rodents were conditioned using electric shocks so they would fear a tone. The sound then triggered the creation of the proteins, which formed for just a day or two in the fear centre, or amygdala, of the mice‟s brains.

The Johns Hopkins scientists are working on re-opening the window by artificially recalling the painful memory and using drugs to get rid of the protein.

Professor Huganir believes the window may exist in other centres of learning in the brain and the treatment may one day be used to alleviate pain or combat alcohol or drug addictions.

However, Kate Farinholt, of a mental health support group in Maryland, warned there are still many unanswered questions. “Erasing a memory and then everything bad built on that is an amazing idea,” she said.

“But completely deleting a memory is a little scary. How do you remove a memory without removing a whole part of someone‟s life, and is it best to do that, considering that people grow and learn from their experiences?”

Paul Root Wolpe, of the Centre for Ethics, at Emory University in Atlanta, said: “Human identity is tied into memory. It creates our distinctive personalities.

It‟s a troublesome idea to begin to be able to manipulate that, even if for the best of motives.”

Отметьте стилистические особенности заголовков газетных статей:

1.U.S. Soldier Who Defected to North Korea in 1962 Has Died, His Sons Say

2.Identity Thieves Hijack Cellphone Accounts to Go After Virtual Currency

3.Audi Engineer Implicates Superiors in Diesel Case, Lawyer Says

4.In the Berkshires, Musicals With Ambitions Not Always Realized

5.Missed the Solar Eclipse? You‟ll Have Another Chance in 7 Years

6.After Big Ben Rings Out, the Sound of Silence in London

7.Less Sleep Tied to Diabetes Risk in Children

8.Denzel Washington to Star in „Iceman Cometh‟ on Broadway

9.White House Bracing for an Angry Reception in Phoenix

10.Divers Find Remains in Search of U.S. Navy Ship Damaged in Collision

11.Are we still judged by our accent?

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12.In sickness and in health

13.Roads full of potholes? It‟s not our fault…blame the Romans

14.Lew ain‟t welcome

15.Cannibalism. Murder. Incest. What bees are really up to in your garden?

(статья посвящена особенностям разведения пчел)

16.A gift or a bone of contention?

Отметьте стилистические особенности, присущие публицистическому стилю:

1.It‟s not an easy place to come to, and they‟re fighting relegation, but we dominated the second half.

2.We have a high percentage of students who are first generation and low income.

3.Anyone expecting a tearful mea culpa would have been disappointed. With a rueful smirk and a hint of contrition, Andrew Marr returned to the airwaves yesterday after he revealed himself to be the beneficiary of a media-gagging super-injunction with a carefully worded admission that he had, recently, “featured in the newspapers”.

4.President Bush is a large fly in the Prime Minister‟s political ointment.

5.He is the hair of one of the richest men and also the president of the most popular soccer team. Now he wants to add a political feather to his cap, that of mayor of his city.

6.Mr. Vanunu was kidnapped from London after spilling the nuclear beans to The Sunday Telegraph and sentenced to18 years.

7.Ninety percent of them meet the criteria for diagnoses of A.D.H.D. or

O.D.D. Sixty percent suffer from serious anxiety. Twenty-five percent had an episode of major depression before they turned.

8. Flu normally hits older people, but last winter it acted differently as the main strain was swine flu, which the elderly have some resistance to.

9.But the ranks of those at the bottom, making less than $3,000 a year, also have grown, to 111 million, from 101 million in 2005.

10.24,1% of Peru's children of 5 years or younger suffer from malnutrition according to the latest demographic survey by Salud Familiar. “The high rate of undernourished children is evidence that most of the population has little knowledge of nutritional culture”, said Victoria Chimpen, dean of the Peru's School for Nutritionists.

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11. Ask not for whom the bell tolls – at least not for the next four years at Parliament.

4.3. Деловой стиль

Прочитайте письмо. Отметьте лексические, морфологические и синтаксические особенности, присущие деловому стилю:

Dear Sirs,

Thank you for your letter of 14 June.

We are glad to inform you that all the items listed in your enquiry are in stock. We are enclosing an invoice for the aluminum fittings you are interested in: if you wish to place a firm order, will you please arrange for settlement of the invoice by draft through your bank, and advise us at the same time.

We can guarantee delivery in Melbourne within 3 weeks of receiving your instructions. If you require the items urgently, we will arrange for them to be sent by air, but this will, of course, entail higher freight charges.

We are also enclosing a copy of the report, which appeared in the March issue of The Metal Worker, on our fitting.

We are looking forward to hearing from you, and assure you that your orders will receive our immediate attention.

Yours faithfully, Mark Jones

Измените письма таким образом, чтобы их стиль соответствовал стилю деловой документации:

1.I have heard that you are organizing an Industry Fair in Extown later this year. I think that it would be a good place for me to display examples of the handmade jewelry which is made in my working shop here, and I would like to do this. Please send particulars - I hope it is not too late to book a stand, as I know that this sometimes has to be arranged a very long time in advance.

2.I am sorry I haven't replied earlier to your first letter. I was honestly surprised to get your letter this morning since when I wrote I was really only making a general enquiry about taking space. I didn't realize that the charges would be as high as they are, and it would never be worth my while to display my goods like this. I do hope that you will therefore agree to my canceling my order as a small business like mine could never stand with this expense.

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5. СТИЛИСТИКА ТЕКСТА

Определите все категории текста. Найдите в тексте средства целостности и связности:

Estela was a 47-year-old schoolteacher, housewife and mother of three in November 1977 when a death squad from Argentina‟s 1976–83 dictatorship picked her daughter Laura off a street in the city of La Plata where she lived. Laura, a 22-year-old political activist, became one of the thousands of young dissidents who were made to “disappear” by a bloody, fascist regime. Unknown to Estela, her long-haired, strikingly beautiful daughter was three months pregnant at the time of her abduction. She was taken to a secret “detention centre” called La Cacha.

There they killed the father of the child she was carrying, 26-year-old Walmir Montoya.

The child was born in June 1978 while his mother Laura was still in captivity. One report states she gave birth handcuffed and was allowed only five hours with her baby. Two months later her body was turned over to Estela. Survivors of the camp told Estela about the birth, and that she had named the newborn Guido, after her father.

For 36 years afterwards, Estela devoted herself to finding her grandson. All she had was a name, Guido, and an approximate birth date. An extremely difficult search led her through three decades of legal action against police officers, military officers and doctors involved in the “missing grandchildren” cases. Her grandson had been swallowed by the complicity and silence that surrounded so many of the regime‟s horrendous crimes.

Estela realized there were many others like herself looking for the babies of their “disappeared” daughters. They formed a group called the Grandmothers of Plaza de Mayo, named after the city square facing the presidential palace in downtown Buenos Aires where they marched, drawing attention to their plight. By 1989 Estela had become president of the association.

The group believes there are some 500 cases of grandchildren born in captivity. In most cases, the babies were turned over to military families to raise as their own. In the warped thinking of the profoundly Catholic yet murderous generals who ruled Argentina then, it would have been unchristian to kill an innocent, unborn child by executing the expectant mother. By the same token, in their macabre minds turning the babies over to “good” military families to raise

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as their own represented the ultimate victory over the “godless” left-wing enemy they wished to crush into nonexistence.

Over three decades of work, 113 cases had been resolved by the slowly ageing grandmothers, but despite this, Estela Carlotto‟s missing grandson remained unaccounted for, which left a deep, unhealed wound in the nation‟s psyche. Despite being behind the restitution of the grandchildren of so many of her fellow grandmothers, the white-haired, softly spoken woman had not yet been able to find her own slain daughter‟s son. “I am such a well-known public figure,” says Carlotto. “Everybody kept asking me: “When is it going to be your turn?”

At that time Ignacio Montoya Carlotto, the 36-year-old musician, still believed he was Ignacio Hurban. He was watching television and Estela came on talking about the search for her grandson and he thought: “It‟s heart-breaking – she‟s spent her whole life searching, and she may never find him.”

On 2 June 2014, fate intervened. It‟s the date the then Ignacio Hurban has always celebrated his birthday. Celia Lizaso, a woman who knew the true story of his birth told his wife that he was adopted and that he was the child of a couple killed by the dictatorship.

Over the decades of their search, it was inevitable that some of the Grandmothers of Plaza de Mayo died. The years are ticking by ever faster for those still in the fight – Estela is 84. With hundreds of grandchildren still unfound, they have set up a DNA bank with samples from their own DNA to ensure that anyone who suspects they are a “missing grandchild” can step forward after they are gone. In what was probably one of the last acts of his life as Ignacio

Hurban, Estela‟s missing grandson went to the Grandmothers of Plaza de Mayo, and took a DNA test. It not only showed that he was Estela‟s grandson, it also revealed he was the son of Walmir Montoya, Laura Carlotto‟s slain secret boyfriend. Suddenly the pieces fell into place. Montoya had been a drummer in a rock band.

Meanwhile Estela continues her work. Her grandson was the 114th missing grandchild to be identified. Two more have been identified since then. Hundreds of others remain unfound. She has no intention of stopping: “I‟m going to keep looking for the other missing ones.”

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