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ББК 81.432.1

Милованова, И. В. Иностранный язык. Английский язык [Текст] : методические указания к практическим занятиям для студентов по направлениям подготовки 23.03.01 – Технология транспортных процессов, 23.03.03 – Эксплуатация транспортно-технологических машин и комплексов / И. В. Милованова, Ю. Ю. Киселева ; М-во образования и науки РФ, ФГБОУ ВО «ВГЛТУ». – Воронеж, 2017. – 67 с.

Печатается по решению учебно-методического совета ФГБОУ ВО «ВГЛТУ» (протокол № 4 от 12 мая 2017 г.)

Рецензент директор Центра коммуникативных исследований ФГБОУ ВО «ВГУ» д-р филол. наук, проф. И.А. Стернин

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Unit I

Motor Car

Basically, the motor car consists of three parts: the power plant, or the engine, the chassis and the body. The accessories are the heater, lights, radio/audio system, speedometer and other devices.

The power plant or engine is the source of power that makes the wheels rotate and car move. It includes electric, fuel, cooling and lubricating systems. Most motor car engines have six or eight cylinders. The two most common types of engine for land vehicles are the petrol engine and the diesel engine. Petrol engines are usually lighter and smaller than diesel ones. This makes them cheaper, and this is why most cars and motorbikes use petrol engines. Petrol engines are also less noisy than diesel engines. They usually go faster. On the other hand, diesel engines use less fuel and last longer than petrol engines, and this is why larger vehicles such as trucks and trains use them. Most car engines are cooled by water. The water flows around the engine and then passes through the heater. It then passes through the water pump and around the engine again. Many cars have a fuel warning light. When the level of fuel (petrol) in the tank is very low, this light switches on and the driver can see that he needs more petrol. When the driver sees the fuel warning light, he puts more petrol into the tank. This makes the fuel level rise and the fuel warning light then switches off.

The chassis consists of a power train, frame with axles, wheels and springs. The chassis includes brakes and steering system. The power train carries the power from the engine to the car wheels and contains the clutch, gearbox, cardan shaft. The clutch is a friction device connecting the engine crankshaft to the gears in the gearbox.

Brakes are important mechanisms of the car. They are used to slow or to stop the car. Most braking systems in use today are hydraulic. They are operated by the brake pedal. When the driver pushes down on the brake pedal, the car stops.

I. Give Russian equivalents to the following words:

II. Find in the text English equivalents for the following words:

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V.Correct mistakes if any:

1.Basically the motor car consists of two parts: the chassis and the body.

2.The body is the source of power that makes the wheels rotate and the car move.

3.Most motor car engines have five cylinders.

4.The two most common types of engine for land vehicles are the petrol engine and the diesel engine.

5.Diesel engines are usually lighter and smaller than petrol ones.

6.Most motor cars and motorbikes use petrol engines.

7.Larger vehicles such as trucks and trains use petrol engines.

8.The chassis consists of the body and the engine.

9.Brakes are not important mechanisms of the car.

10.Most braking systems in use today are hydraulic.

VI. Answer the questions:

1.What parts does the motor car consist of?

2.What is the source of power of the car?

3.What are the two most common types of engine for land vehicles?

4.What are advantages/disadvantages of the petrol engine?

5.What are advantages/disadvantages of the diesel engine?

6.What parts does the chassis consist of?

7.Why are brakes important mechanisms of the car?

VII. Choose the right form of the verb:

1.The engine (is/are) the source of power.

2.Most car engines (is/are) petrol or diesel.

3.Petrol engine (is/are ) rather light or small.

4.Petrol engines (is/are) cheaper than diesel ones.

5.This car (is/are) very fast.

6.Diesel engines (is/are) very noisy.

7.Most car engines (is/are) cooled by water.

8.Truck and trains (is/are) large vehicles.

9.The level of the fuel in the tank (is/are) low.

10.Brakes (is/are) important mechanism of the car.

11.The clutch (is/are) a friction device.

12.They (is/are) used to stop the car.

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VIII. Write the sentences in the Past Indefinite Tense:

1.Most braking systems are hydraulic.

2.This makes them cheaper.

3.Many cars have a fuel warning light.

4.They usually go taster.

5.The driver sees the fuel warning light.

6.The car is very fast.

7.Diesel engines use little fuel.

8.The fuel level rises and the fuel warning light switches off.

9.This is why larger vehicles use them.

10.The water passes through the heater.

11.Most car engines are cooled by water.

12.Most motor car engines have six cylinders.

IX. Put general questions to the sentences in ex. VII and ex. VIII. X. Divide the text into logical parts.

XI. Compose a plan of the text.

XII. Write down the key ideas of each point of plan. XIII. Compose a summary of the text.

Unit II

Engines

Do you know what the first engine was like? It was called the "water wheel". This was an ordinary wheel with blades, and the current of the river turned it. These first engines were used for irrigating fields. Then a wind-powered engine was invented. Long wide wooden blades were attached to a small wheel. The new engine was driven by the wind. Both engines are very economical, they do not need fuel in order to function. But they are dependent on the weather.

Many years passed and people invented a new engine operated by steam. In a steam engine, there is a furnace and a boiler. The furnace is filled with wood or coal and then lit. The fire heats the water in the boiler and when it boils, it turns into steam, which does some useful work. The more coal is put in the furnace, the stronger the fire is burning, the faster a train or a boat is moving. However, the steam engine had its disadvantages. It was too large and heavy, and needed too much fuel.

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The imperfections of the steam engine led to the design of a new type. It was called the internal combustion engine, because its fuel was ignited and burnt inside the engine itself and not in a furnace. It is smaller and lighter than a steam engine because it does not have a boiler. It is also more powerful, as it uses better-quality fuel: petrol or kerosene. The operating cycle of the four-stroke engine can be divided into four strokes. The upper limit of the piston movement is called the top dead center. The lower limit of the piston movement is called the bottom dead center. A stroke is the piston movement from the top dead center to the bottom dead center. The piston completes a stroke each time it changes the direction of its motion. On the intake stroke the intake valve is opened. The mixture of air and vaporized gasoline is delivered into the cylinder. On the compression stroke the inlet valve is closed so that the mixture can be compressed. On the power stroke both valves (inlet and exhaust) are closed in order to rise pressure during the mixture combustion. On the exhaust stroke the exhaust valve is opened to exhaust the residual gas.

The internal combustion engine is now used in cars, diesel locomotives and motor ships. But to enable airplanes to fly faster than the speed of sound more powerful engine was needed. It was invented and given the name of 'jet engine'. The gases reached the temperature of over a thousand degrees.

I. Complete the table:

Types of engines

Fuel

Characteristic features (appearance and functioning)

The devices in which they were used and the purpose of their usage

II. Complete the table:

Type of engine Advantages Disadvantages

Water wheel

Wind-powered engine

Steam engine

Internal combustion engine

Jet engine

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III. What types of internal combustion engine do you know? Work with the dictionary and write out all the types of internal combustion engines you have found.

IV. Find the equivalents of the following words in the text:

V.Finish the sentences:

a)The first engine was called…

b)In steam engine there is…

c)The new type of engine was invented which was called…

d)It was called the internal combustion engine, because…

e)The operating cycle of the four-stroke engine can be divided…

f)The lower limit of the piston movement is called…

g)On the power stroke both valves…

h)The internal combustion engine is used in…

VI. Correct the mistakes if any:

1.The first engine was called a wind-powered engine.

2.The “water wheel” and the wind-powered engine need fuel in order to function.

3.Some time later people invented an engine operated by steam.

4.In a “water wheel” there is a furnace and a boiler.

5.Steam does some useful work.

6.The internal combustion engine is lighter and smaller because it has a boiler.

7.The internal combustion engine was called so because its fuel was ignited and burnt inside the engine itself.

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8.The upper limit of the piston movement is called the bottom dead center.

9.The piston completes a stroke each time it changes the direction of its

motion.

10.On the power stroke the pressure rises and the mixture of air and vaporized gasoline combusts.

VII. Answer the questions:

1.What was called the “water wheel”?

2.What were the first engines used for?

3.How does the internal combustion engine work?

4.Where is the internal combustion engine used?

5.What do we need jet engine for?

VIII. Put the verbs into the correct forms:

1.This (to be) an ordinary wheel with blades.

2.These first engines (to be) used for irrigating fields.

3.Then a windpowered engine (to be) invented.

4.Long wide wooden blades (to be) attached to a small wheel.

5.The new engine (to be) driven by the wind.

6.Both engines (to be) very economical.

7.There (to be) a spoiler in a steam engine.

8.The furnace (to be) filled by wood or coal.

9.The steam engine (to have) its disadvantages.

10.It (to be) too large and heavy.

11.It (to be) called the combustion engine.

12.It (to be) smaller and lighter than a steam engine.

IX. Make the sentences negative and interrogative:

1.This engine is more powerful.

2.A stroke is a piston movement.

3.On the intake stroke the intake valve is opened.

4.On the compression stroke the inlet valve is closed.

5.On the power stroke both valves are closed.

6.The internal combustion engine is now used in cars.

7.The fire is burning.