101-1

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way most often results in cutting someone else off or possibly driving off the road way. It might also result in the car behind you crashing into you or other cars around you. If another driver "cuts" in front of you, it would be better if you just take your foot off the gas. Don't overreact if you are cut off. Plan your emergency escape route before an emergency happens.

Keep a space cushion on each side of your car. Don't drive in the blind spot of another driver. The other driver may not see your car and could change lanes and hit you. If possible, make room for vehicles entering freeways even though you have the right-of-way.

Keep a space between yourself and parked cars. Someone may step out from between them. A car door may open. A car may start to pull out suddenly.

Be careful when riding near bicycles. A bicycle rider could be seriously hurt in an accident. Always leave plenty of room between your car and bicycle. Watch for tailgaters! If one is following you, be careful! Brake slowly before stopping. Tap your brake lightly a few times to warn the tailgater before you slow down. Your brake lights will flash. "Lose" the tailgater as soon as you can by changing lanes. If you can't change lanes, slow down enough to encourage the tailgater to go around you. If this does not work, pull off the road when it is safe and let the tailgater pass.

Sometimes there will be dangers on both sides of the road. If one danger is greater than the other, give the most room to the worst danger.

I. Find the Russian equivalents:

to maneuver, to follow closely, to steer, to avoid trouble, to swerve, to drive in the drive spot of another driver, emergency escape route, to slam on the brake, to take the foot off the gas, to brake slowly, to tap the brake slightly, to slow down, safe following distance, enough space between cars, to keep a space cushion, lo leave plenty of room.

II. Find the English equivalents:

закрывать вид (пространство) дороги, ухать близко к обочине дороги, подрезать другого водителя, «врезаться» в другой автомобиль, «слепое место» водителя, припаркованные машины, велосипедисты в потоке движения.

III. Find the difference between synonyms, consulting the dictionary: 1) Space – room, 2) route – way

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IV. Guess the term:

1)A means of transport;

2)To have the opportunity to move any direction;

3)The distance between the vehicles on the road;

4)The fact of crashing the vehicles during traffic;

5)A part of the road in one direction;

6)The place where another driver cannot see you;

7)It gives you the right to go first;

8)A two-wheeled vehicle;

9)A car following your vehicle without a safe following distance;

10)A plan to help you to avoid an accident.

V. Translate the Russian sentences into English:

1.«Слепая» зона водителя – опасное место, о котором водителю следует всегда помнить.

2.Соблюдение безопасной дистанции между машинами помогает избежать неприятности на дороге.

3.Ничто не должно мешать водителю видеть дорогу хорошо.

4.Водители, которые «подрезают» других участников движения, не соблюдают дистанцию между машинами и создают условия для ДТП.

VI. Define the main idea of each passage of the text. Choose the right variant:

Passage 1speaks about: a) enough time for a driver to react;

b)means to react;

c)space cushion.

Passage 2speaks about: a) to see well is to drive well;

b)“a big picture” of the road;

c)a way to see better while driving.

Passage 3speaks about: a) driving skills;

b)different reactions of a driver if he/she is cut ;

c)emergency escape route.

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Passage 4speaks about: a) the blind spot of a driver;

b)driving in the blind spot;

c)possible results of driving in the blind spot..

Passage 5speaks about: a) parked cars;

b)ways to be careful in traffic;

c)ways to drive safely when cyclists ride along the road.

Passage 1speaks about: a) enough time for a driver to react;

b)means to react;

c)space cushion.

VII. Make the plan of the text.

VIII. Translate into English:

В этом тексте рассказывается о дистанции следования. Она необходима для безопасного вождения. Следующие абзацы описывают опасности на дороге. Они многочисленны и разнообразны. Это «подрезание» другой машины, вождение в слепой зоне другого водителя и рядом с припаркованными машинами, вождение в присутствии велосипедистов. Каждая чрезвычайная (угрожающая) ситуация на дороге должна иметь свои способы решения.

IX. Complete the sentences using one of the following verbs in the correct form: crash, avoid, park, slam, brake, enter, hug, stop, react, pull

1.When another driver makes a mistake, you need time to...

2.It will give you space to ... if you need it.

3.It might also result in the car behind you ... into you.

4.If possible, make room for vehicles ... freeways.

5.A car may start to ... out suddenly.

6.You will have "a bigger picture" of what lies down the road and steering to ... trouble will be easier.

7.You can travel in the center of the lane instead of one side of the other.

8.You keep a space between yourself and ... cars.

9.Brake slowly before ...

10.The normal reaction is to ... on your brakes.

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X.Put special questions to the text about:

1.a "space cushion";

2.a safe following distance;

3.a "bigger picture";

4.another driver "cuts" in front of you;

5.the blind spot of another driver;

6.the tailgaters;

7.brake lights;

8.changing lanes;

9.bicycle riders;

10.emergency escape route.

XI. Make a brief summary of the text using ex. VIII. Write down the conclusion.

XII. Express your opinion concerning the topic of the text. Why is it necessary to observe distance? Have you ever been in dangerous situations on the road? What is it necessary to do in order to avoid hazards while driving?

Unit X

I. Read and translate the text:

Know Your Signs

In the world of communications, signs form a vital part. Traffic signs are an integral part of the system of safeguard for the safety of road users.

Traffic signs may be classified into three categories:

1. Mandatory signs:

They are also known as regulatory signs.

All mandatory signs are indicated in a circular form and they have to be followed compulsorily.

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2. Cautionary signs:

These are meant for your safety. These are given in triangular form.

3. Information signs:

These signs are those which provide information to help you. They are in Blue color in square shape.

Mandatory signs:

1.Violation of these traffic signs, which denote a specific traffic regulation, is a legal offence under Section 119 of Motor Vehicle Act.

2.Speed limit, stop and give way signs are the most important of these signs. The other major signs relate to prohibiting entry or turn and permitting entry or turn only in one direction. No parking signs and signs relating to No stopping or standing and No ’U’ turn, No entry etc. should be observed scrupulously and violation of these signs would affect the road users by creating jams and accidents.

Cautionary signs:

Signs denoting Pedestrian crossing, school zones and Intersections are the most important among the cautionary signs. As already pointed out in the pedestrian crossing, the pedestrian has the right of way and you should not proceed when the pedestrian is crossing nor should you stop the vehicle on pedestrian crossing hindering his movement.

In school zones, you have to drive very cautiously and reduce the speed since any time a boy or girl can run or dart across.

Comments to the text

A vital part – жизненно важная роль Traffic signs – дорожные знаки

Mandatory signs – предписывающие знаки

Compulsorily – обязательно

Cautionary signs – предупреждающие знаки Information-signs – информационно-указательные знаки

Violation – нарушение

Jam – дорожная пробка „U‟-turn – разворот

Right of way – преимущество на дороге Hinder – мешать, препятствовать

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II. Answer the questions:

1.What are the three categories of traffic signs?

2.What form are all mandatory signs indicated in?

3.What are cautionary signs meant for?

4.What signs provide information to help you?

5.What are the most important mandatory signs?

6.What are the most important cautionary signs?

III. Write out of the text all the terms connected with traffic rules, laws and safety on the road.

IV. Use these terms in the sentences of your own. Compose at least five sentences.

V. Give a few examples of traffic signs (mandatory, cautionary and information signs). Consult a dictionary.

VI. Comment on grammar patterns used in the text:

1)Write out of the text sentences in Passive voice. Define their tenses.

2)Write out of the text two sentences containing modal verbs and their equivalents with Indefinite infinitive active.

3)Write out of the text two sentences containing modal verbs and their equivalents with Indefinite infinitive passive.

4)Write out of the text a sentence with Gerund.

5)Write out of the text a sentence with Participle I.

6)Write out of the text a sentence with Participle II.

VII. Compose a plan of the text.

VIII. Write down the key idea of each part.

IX. Compose a summary using your plan.

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Unit XI

I. Read the text:

Dashboard gauges and other devices in modern cars

The minimum number of gauges on a passenger car dashboard is the speedometer and the fuel gauge. The most common additional gauge is the temperature gauge followed by the tachometer, voltmeter and oil pressure gauge. If your car does not have a temperature gauge, oil pressure gauge or charging system gauge, then you will have a warning light for these functions. The most common configuration in today‟s family car is: Speedometer, Tachometer, Fuel &

Temperature.

Oil pressure gauge or warning lamp measures oil pressure in pounds per square inch. Oil pressure is just as important to an engine as blood pressure to a person. If you run an engine with no oil pressure even for less than a minute, you can easily destroy it. If it comes on while you‟re driving, stop the vehicle as soon as is safely possible and shut off the engine. Then, check the oil level and add oil as necessary.

The tachometer measures how fast the engine is turning in RPM (Revolutions PER Minute). This information is useful if your car has a standard shift transmission and you want to shift at the optimum RPM for the best fuel economy or best acceleration. One of the least used gauges on a car with an automatic transmission. You should never race your engine so fast that the tach moves into red zone as this can cause engine damage. Some engines are protected by the engine computer from going into red zone. Usually, the tachometer shows single digit markings like 1, 2, 3 etc. Somewhere, you will also see an indicator that says RPM 1000. This means that you multiply the reading by 1000 to get the actual RPM, so if the needle is pointing to 2, the engine is running at 2000 RPM.

Most cars have stereo radios with cassetts and CD players in them. Some big cars even have televisions and video machines. Many people have telephones in their cars too. Have you ever called home from your car?

In modern cars there are windows that roll up and down by touching a button. And you can lock the doors by touching a different button.

Almost every car has a heater and an air conditioner to keep us warm in winter and cool in summer.

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People love their cars and spend a lot of time in them. Some cars will tell you the outside temperature and what direction you are traveling (north, south, east, or west). There are even cars that can talk to you. Can you imagine a car telling you to put your seatbelts on? Disciplined drivers always wear a seatbelt.

Comments to the text

Gauge – измерительный прибор, измерять

Dashboard – приборная панель, доска

Additional – дополнительный

Warning light – предупреждающая лампочка

To measure – измерять

Comes on – загорается

Revolution – оборот

Useful – полезный

Least used – меньше всех используемый

Damage – повреждение, поломка

Digit – цифра

Multiply – умножать

Needle – стрелка

Is pointing – показывает

II. Answer the questions:

1.What are the most common gauges on a passenger car dashboard?

2.What will you have if your car does not have a temperature gauge?

3.What does oil pressure gauge do?

4.Why is oil pressure so important to an engine?

5.What should you do when oil pressure is low?

6.What does tachometer measure?

7.Why is this information useful?

8.Why should you never race your engine so fast that the tach moves into the red zone?

III. Find the English equivalents:

a)нажать на кнопку;

b)от(при)стегнуть ремень;

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c)двигаться на (север);

d)зимой, летом;

e)в одной из наших машин;

f)звонить домой из машины;

g)разговаривать с тобой;

h)в каком направлении вы двигаетесь

IV. Find the meaning of the words in a dictionary:

V.Guess what it is:

1)You use these when you want to go left or right.

2)You use it to stop.

3)You use it to lessen the effect of collision.

4)You can put luggage in it.

5)You turn this to steer the car.

6)You use this to warn other drivers.

7)You put gas in it.

8)This covers the engine.

9)You turn these on at night.

10)This is the band of rubber on the rim of a wheel.

VI. Translate from English into Russian:

a.There are lights on fenders and hoods of the car.

b.A combination trunk and rear window gives you access to luggage space in Renault sedan.

c.Development of tire design has resulted in many changes in suspension

design.

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d.We use brakes to stop a car.

e.Headlights help drivers to steer a car at night.

f.The drivers use turn signals when they want to go left or right.

g.My neighbor backed the car into a drive and parked in front of the house.

h.He got into the car, adjusted the mirror, fastened his seat-belt and started

the engine.

VII. Match the terms with their Russian equivalents:

1.Instrument panel

VIII. Match the terms with their Russian equivalents:

1.Dashboard