101-1

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8.They are dependent on the water.

9.The operating cycle is divided into four strokes.

10.The upper limit of the piston movement is called the top dead center.

11.The mixture is delivered to the cylinder.

12.The both valves are closed in order to rise pressure.

X. Write down a summary of this text.

Unit III

I. Read the text which gives the information on construction of automobile.

Construction of an Automobile

The primary components of a car are the power plant, the power transmission, the running gear, and the control system. These constitute the chassis, on which the body is mounted.

The power plant includes the engine and its fuel, the carburetor, ignition, lubrication, and cooling systems, and the starter motor.

The piston engine

The greatest number of cars use piston engines. The four – cycle piston engine requires four strokes of the piston per cycle. The first downstroke draws in the petrol mixture. The first upstroke compresses it. The second downstroke – the power stroke

– following the combustion of the fuel, supplies the power, and the second upstroke evacuates the burned gases. Intake and exhaust valves in the cylinder control the intake of fuel and the release of burned gases. At the end of the power stroke the pressure of the burned gases in the cylinder is 2.8 to 3.5 kg/sq cm. These gases escape with the sudden opening of the exhaust valve. They rush to a silencer (muffler), an enlarged section of piping containing expanding ducts and perforated plates through which the gases expand and are released into the atmosphere.

Greater smoothness of operation of the four – cycle engine were provided by the development of the four – cylinder engine, which supplies power from one or

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another of the cylinders on each stroke of the cycle. A further increase in power and smoothness is obtained in engines of 6, 8, 12, and 16 cylinders, which are arranged in either a straight line or two banks assembled in the form of a V.

II. What words and word combination can be referred to the environment vocabulary:

engine, to compress the petrol mixture, burned gases, to evacuate the burned gases, cylinder, exhaust valve, a stroke of the cycle, increase in power, to release the expanded gases into the atmosphere

III. Finish up the sentences:

a)Piston engines are used in the greatest …

b)The first upstroke compresses …

c)The second upstroke evacuates …

d)Exhaust valve controls the release of …

e)Gases expand and are released into …

f)Four – cycle engine proved greater …

IV. Restore the sentences:

1)The 4 – cycle piston engine requires … strokes of the piston … … .

2)Intake and … valves in the cylinder control the intake of fuel and the … of burned gases.

3)The first upstroke … petrol mixture.

4)Most automobiles have … engines.

5)A four – cylinder … supplies power from one to another of the … on each stroke of the cycle.

6)The more cylinder … has the more … it is.

V. Each cycle consist of four strokes. Describe the work of these strokes.

1 stroke –

2 stroke –

3 stroke –

4 stroke –

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VI. Find the English/Russian equivalents:

VII. Read the general information on the text and learn it:

The text deals with the general information on the internal combustion engine, with each of the 4 stroke described. It explains to the reader the source of automobile emissions.

Unit IV

I. Read and translate the text.

Brakes

Every motor vehicle is to be equipped with two independent brakes. Each brake must be able to stop the vehicle within the shortest distance. Above all, braking of a vehicle depends on the friction between tyres and road surface. Brakes operate efficiently when they are applied so that the wheels do not quite lock but continue to turn without slipping on the road. The force of the slipping friction between tyres and road is much smaller than the brake power. In addition, the wheel loses all of its roadholding ability and tends to skidding. In order to utilize the whole wheel load, i.e. the total ground adhesion of a vehicle for its braking, all vehicles are now equipped with all-wheel brakes.

Almost without any exception, motor vehicle brakes are "shoe-type brakes". Depending on their actuation, a difference is made between foot brakes and hand brakes. The foot brake is also called, service brake, while the hand brake is called parking brake. However, the parking brake should not be considered as an interior brake.

According to their mode of operation, the brakes are classified as mechanical (rod-linkage and cable-operated) brakes, hydraulic brakes (oil brakes), air brakes.

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Depending on their action on the front or rear wheels, the brakes are classified as front-wheel brakes, rear-wheel brakes or transmission brakes respectively.

Besides, brakes are classified as external-contracting or internal-expanding brakes.

Modern motor vehicles are almost exclusively equipped with internalexpanding brakes acting on all the wheels of the car.

II. Answer the questions.

1.What do you know about brakes?

2.What are the brakes for?

3.Is there a need in brakes?

4.What may happen if the brakes are broken down?

5.Is the information given in the text useful for you?

III. Read and translate the following words:

vehicle, independent, brakes, exception, surface, efficiently, slipping, skidding, exception, foot brake, parking brake, road linkage, hydraulic brakes, externalcontracting, internalexpanding.

GLOSSARY

slipping – скольжение, буксование (не путайте со словом sleeping - спящий); in addition – в дополнение к чему-то сказанному, кроме того;

above all – устойчивое выражение – более того (вышеуказанного); ground adhesion – сцепление с дорогой;

mode of operation – вид работы;

road-linkage – сцепление с дорогой – синонимичное выражение – ground adhesion;

internal wheel brake – колесный тормоз с колодками внутри тормозного барабана;

external contracting brake – тормоз с наружными зажимными колодками; shoe-type brakes – тормоза колодочного типа.

IV. Guess the meaning of the following words and word expressions:

V. Make a list of the unknown words. Pay attention to the words characterizing breaks.

VI. Give English equivalents to the following words and word-

VII. Find in the text the synonyms to the following words:

Motor car, rear, to be mounted, power train, to work, outer-constricting, to use, inner widening, to go on, mechanical, skidding, hydraulic breaks, total, pneumatic brakes, to fit, oil, action, force.

VIII. Find in the text the antonyms to the following words and phrases:

Dependent, longest distance, inefficiently, stop to turn, whole, total, similarity, rear, internal, front, outer, to compress.

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IX. Here are the answers to the questions. Write different types of

1.Every motor car is.

2.Each brake must be able to stop.

3.On the friction between tyres and road surface.

4.Its road-holding ability.

5.Yes, it is.

6.Service brake.

7.Mechanical, hydraulic and air brakes.

8.With internal – expanding brakes.

X. Comment on grammar patterns in the text. XI. Find modal verbs in the text.

XII. Find comparatives and superlatives in the text. XIII. Find in the text passive verb forms.

XIV. Write out Participles.

XV. Look through the text once again. Make a plan of the whole text. Compose a short summary of the text using the following expressions:

The heading of the text is. The text runs about ...

Much attention is devoted to ...

The text goes on to say that ...

In conclusion it should be summarized…

Unit V

I. Read and translate the text:

The body

The body is designed to contain and protect not only the engine and frame but also the passengers in the car. Much is done to make the body sturdy and thus safe. Also, since the appearance of the body is one of the important factors, an attempt has been made to shape the contours so that the external structure could have a pleasing

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appearance and at the same time could provide an ample room for the driver and his passengers. It should be noted that most modern cars have flowing lines with few evident sharp angles. Curves are more pleasing to the human eye than sharp angles. One factor that has received much attention in recent years is stream line. This involves shaping the car in such a manner as to offer less resistance to the passage of the body through air. As car speed increases, the resistance of the air also increases. The air resistance increases approximately as the cube of the car speed. Thus, as car speed increases, a larger and a larger part of the total driving power is being used to overcome the effects of air resistance.

Streamlining helps to reduce this air resistance so that greater power economy could be achieved at higher speeds. The body is made up of a basic framework of rigid members onto which metal panels are fastened. It is usually supported on the frame by rubber-insulated bolts that prevent vibration and noise from traveling to the car body and hence to the passengers.

II. Find the answers to the next questions:

1.How is the body designed?

2.Is the appearance of the body one of the important factors?

3.What do most modern cars have?

4.What factor has received much attention in recent years?

5.What does the stream line involve?

6.Why is the resistance of the air increase?

7.What does stream lining help to reduce?

8.What is the body made of?

9.What details prevent vibration and noise from?

III. Put general questions to the sentences:

1.The body is designed to protect the passengers from noise in the roads.

2.The external structure of the body must be attractive.

3.Most modern cars have flowing lines.

4.Curves are more pleasing to the human eye.

5.Stream line of the body involves the shape of the car.

6.The resistance of the air increases as car speed increases.

7.Stream line helps to reduce air resistance.

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8.At high speeds the great power economy is achieved.

9.The body is made of a framework of rigid members.

10.Metal panels are fastened to rigid members.

of them.

VI. Find the verbs in Present Perfect Active. Make a list of them.

VII. Find the verbs in Present Perfect Passive. Write out these sentences and translate them.

VIII. Find the verbs in Future Simple Passive.

IX. Give synonyms to the following words. Find them in the text:

To construct, to maintain (to keep), to defend (to prevent), strong, nice, shape (form, look), outer (exterior, outward), to ensure, to include, to decrease, to enlarge (to enhance, to extend

X. Make a list of key words. XI. Make a plan of the text.

XII. Translate the last passage into Russian.

XIII. Compose a short summary using the following phrases:

The title of the text is ... .

The text deals with ... .

The text gives a detailed account of ... .

The text goes on to say that ... .

In conclusion it should be mentioned that ...

XIV. Fill in the gaps in the following sentences: 1. As car ... increases, ... of the air also ... .

2. ... helps to reduce the air ... .

3.The ... made of a basic ... of ... .

4.It is usually supported on the ... by ... bolts.

Unit VI

I. Read and translate the text.

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Basic Driver License Information

A driver license shows that you have been given permission by the state to drive on public roads. You will receive a license after you have paid the fee, correctly answered questions about the law and safety rules, shown that your physical and mental condition is satisfactory, demonstrated your ability to drive safely, and have no outstanding actions on your driver record. If you are 18 years old, meet the requirements, and pass the tests, you may be issued a driver license. There is no upper age limit.

Persons under 18 may not be employed to drive a motor vehicle. It is against the law to loan your vehicle to an unlicensed person. If the person is caught driving, your vehicle may be impounded. No person of any age may drive on a highway or in a public parking facility unless the person has a license. The law also says that you must not employ, permit, or authorize any person to drive a vehicle on a public street or highway unless the person is licensed to drive that class of vehicle. Your examination for a driver license includes the following:

•A vision test to measure how clearly you see. If you need glasses or corrective contact lenses to pass this test, you should wear them. Your license will be marked to show that you must wear "corrective lenses" while driving.

•A test of traffic laws, road signs, and driving safety rules to find out if you know how to handle your vehicle in keeping with the laws.

•A driving test to show that you can drive safely. Only you and the examiner may be in the vehicle with you. No animal may be in the vehicle. The examiner will give you directions. You will not be tricked or asked to do anything illegal. At the end of the test, the examiner will give you your score sheet and discuss the results with you.

You may take driver education (classroom training) and driver training (behind-the-wheel) in a state licensed professional driving school. The teaching cars are subject to annual inspection. Instructor must pass qualifying examinations every three years to show proof of education in traffic safety.

If your driver license is lost or damaged you must pay the required fee for a duplicate. Once a duplicate license has been issued the previous license is no longer valid.

You must have your driver license with you whenever you drive. You must show it to any police officer who asks to see it.

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I. Find the word combinations with drive(ing):

-безопасное вождение

-водить машину

-правила безопасности вождения

-обучение вождению

-автошкола

-водитель

-водительские права

-экзамен по вождению

II. Put the terms into the gaps in the sentences:

1)There are some rules to receive a driver … .

2)A person can receive a … … after passing a driving … .

3)An unlicensed person must not … a vehicle on public …, park anywhere.

4)Driver … can be in a state professional driving … .

III. Put the key ideas in order:

a)parts of a driving examination;

b)conditions to receive a driver license;

c)the instructions for driver license;

d)state professional driving school.

IV. Conditions to receive a driver license:

V. Answer these questions (mind the word order):

1.When can you receive the driver license?

2.What are the conditions to receive a driver license?

3.What are the parts of driving examination?

4.What are the instructions for a driver license?

VI. Translate into Russian correctly:

To drive; driver; driving.