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ББК 81.432.1

Милованова, И. В. Иностранный язык. Английский язык [Текст] : методические указания к практическим занятиям для студентов по направлениям подготовки 15.03.02 – Технологические машины и оборудование, 15.03.04 – Автоматизация технологических процессов и производств / И. В. Милованова, Ю. Ю. Киселева ; М-во образования и науки РФ, ФГБОУ ВО «ВГЛТУ». – Воронеж, 2017. – 51 с.

Печатается по решению учебно-методического совета ФГБОУ ВО «ВГЛТУ» (протокол № 4 от 12 мая 2017 г.)

Рецензент директор Центра коммуникативных исследований ФГБОУ ВО «ВГУ» д-р филол. наук, проф. И.А. Стернин

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Unit I

Technical construction of a motor car

There are numerous types of motorcars. It is impossible to describe their particular construction in detail. But the classification into groups with respect to their general construction may be undertaken. These are motorcars with carburetor engines and motorcars with diesel engines.

Every motorcar has the following components: engine, power train, chassis and

body.

ENGINE

The engine is the power plant of the vehicle. In general, internal-combustion engines are used operating with some fuel (petrol, benzol, diesel oil). Depending on their combustion process, the engines are fundamentally classified as carburetor engines and diesel engines.

Sometimes, the carburetor engines are called light-oil engines and the dieselengines are called heavy-oil engines.

Another difference results from the working method of the internal-combustion engine. A difference is made between four-stroke cycle engines and two-stroke cycle engines.

The engine is assembled of various cast pieces: its foundation and main stationary body is formed by the cylinder block with the top portion of the crankcase to which the cylinder heads and the bottom portion of the crankcase are bolted. The crankcase with its main bearings houses the crank-drive assembly, comprising the pistons, the wrist-pins, the connecting rods and the crankshaft. Besides, the valves, valve-operating mechanism with camshaft, control gears and valve tappets, ignition system, carburetor, water pump, fan, fuel feed pump and oil pump are parts of the engine.

Arrangement and number of cylinders in the engine are decisive for its external shape. There are motorcar engines with two, three, four, six, eight, twelve and more cylinders arranged in various forms to each other. In most cases they are arranged in one block (cylinder block).

Tasks

I. Read the text and find the answers to the questions:

1. Are there numerous types of motorcars?

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2.What kinds of engines do the motorcars have?

3.What components does every motorcar have?

4.What is the engine?

5.What kind of fuel do internal-combustion engines operate with?

6.What are the carburetor engines sometimes called?

7.What are the diesel engines called?

8.What are the main parts of the engine?

9.What can you say about the arrangement of the cylinders in the engine?

10.How many cylinders are there in the motorcar engine?

II. Write out the special terms while reading the text. III.Find out the verbs in present Simple Active.

IV. Find out the verbs in Present Simple Passive.

V. Find out the verbs denominating the arrangement of the engine. VI. Make a list of words describing the main parts of the engine. VII. Underline verbs in the first 2 passages.

VIII. Write out the modal verb in the first passage.

IX. Complete the following sentences:

1.It is impossible to describe ... .

2.These are motorcars with ... .

3.In general, internal-combustion engines are . .

4.Depending on their combustion process . .

5.Another difference results from ... .

6.A difference is made between . .

X. Remember the following phrases:

The title of the text is ... .

The text gives a detailed account of ... .

The text deals with ... .

It should be noted/said/mentioned/summarized ... .

Much attention is paid to ... .

The text carries information about ... .

XI. Compose a short summary of the text using these phrases.

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Unit II

Engine components

The chemical energy stored in the fuel is converted into mechanical energy by the expansion of the gases and by the interaction of the various engine components. The piston sliding in the cylinder under the impulse of the expanding gas exerts a pressure and transmits it to the crankshaft via the connecting rod, converts the reciprocating motion of the piston into the rotating motion of the crankshaft. The pistons are equipped with piston rings for better sealing between pistons and cylinder wall and in order to prevent any seizing of the pistons. The small end of the connecting rod is rotatably connected to the piston by the piston pin. The big end of the connecting rod is also relatably connected with the crankshaft. The fly wheel is located on the rear end of the crankshaft. The purpose of the flywheel is to balance the impacts resulting from the permanent reversal of piston direction by its rotating mass, thus giving the engine a smooth running. In addition, it overcomes the dead centers of the pistons. The flywheel is equipped with a toothed rim for meshing with the starter pinion. Piston with piston pin, connecting rod and crankshaft with flywheel are called crank-drive assembly.

Inlet of the fuel-air mixture into the cylinder and outlet of the burned gases are controlled by valves. The valves are actuated by the camshaft generally supported in the crankcase. Valves, camshaft and camshaft drive are forming the control mechanism of the engine.

The crankcase bottom is closed by the oil pan holding the oil required for lubrication. The oil pan is connected to the crankcase.

Tasks

1.Read the text for the first time and find the verbs characterizing the work of the piston.

2.Find out the words characterizing the arrangement of the piston.

3.Find the answers to the following questions:

1)By means of what is the chemical energy converted into mechanical

energy?

2)How does the piston run (act, work) in the cylinder?

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3)What are the pistons equipped with?

4)What are the pistons equipped with piston rings for?

5)What is the small end of the connecting rod rotatably connected to the piston with (by)?

6)Where is the flywheel located?

7)What is the flywheel equipped with?

8)What is a crank-drive assembly called?

9)What controls the inlet and outlet of the fuel-air mixture?

10)What forms the control mechanism of the engine?

Vocabulary tasks

1.Find out in the text all the unknown special terms.

2.Make a list of words characterizing the arrangement of the connecting rod.

3.Write out all the adjectives in the function of attribute.

4.Write out the nouns in the first passage.

5.Translate the terms given below into Russian and then read the sentences where these terms are used.

Post-reading tasks

1. Complete the following sentences:

1)The small end of the connecting rod is ... .

2)The piston sliding in the cylinder under … .

3)The pistons are equipped with ... .

4)The flywheel is located ... .

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5)Inlet of the fuel-air mixture ... .

6)The crankcase bottom is closed ... .

2. Look at the following sentences. Which of them sound “right” and which of them sound "wrong"? Correct those that fall into the second category and compare them with the text.

1)The mechanical energy stored in the fuel is converted into the chemical

energy.

2)The cylinder sliding in the piston exerts speed.

3)The pistons are equipped with engine components.

4)The flywheel is located on the rear end of the crankshaft.

5)Inlet of the fuel-air mixture into the cylinder is controlled by the piston-

pins.

6)The oil pan is connected to the crankshaft.

3. Find out Russian equivalents to the following words and word phrases.

4. Find out the English equivalents to the following words and word expressions:

5. Reproduce the sentences from these prompts:

1)The piston sliding in the ... under ... gas exerts ... and ... to the ... via ... .

2)... are equipped with ... for better ... between ... in order ... any ... .

6. Fill gaps with correct verb voice (Active or Passive).

a)The chemical energy ... (to convert) into mechanical energy.

b)The piston sliding in the cylinder ... (to exert) a pressure.

c)The small end of the connecting rod ... (to connect) to the piston by the piston pin.

d)The big end of the connecting rod ... (to connect) with the crankshaft.

e)The fuel-air mixture ... (to enter) the cylinder and combustion chamber.

7. Compose a short summary using the following phrases:

The heading of the text is ... .

The bulk of the material is devoted to ... .

The substance of the text is that ... .

The text runs/comments on ... .

In conclusion it should be mentioned ... .

Unit III

Fuel ignition and piston movements

The liquid fuel is mixed with air and vaporized in the carburetor. This fuel-air mixture enters the cylinder and the combustion chamber. Inside the combustion chamber, the fuel-air mixture is ignited and burned by a spark jumping at the electrodes of a spark plug.

The generator is located at and driven by the engine. When the engine is running at sufficient speed, the generator supplies the ignition current and charges the storage battery.

The starting motor is a small electric motor. When it is actuated, a driving pinion is shifted and meshes with the toothed rim of the flywheel. Thus the crankdrive assembly begins cranking (working).

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The highest position of the piston in the cylinder is called "top dead centre", the lowest – "bottom dead centre". The path covered between these two positions is called the "piston stroke", the place cleared in this travel is called "piston displacement". The motion of the piston from dead centre to dead centre is called "stroke". The "combustion space" is the space between the piston in top dead centre and the cylinder head. In the combustion space, the fuel-air mixture is compressed by the upward movement of the piston, and ignited by the electric spark.

Tasks

1. Answer the questions:

1) What do you know about generator?

2) What does generator supply and change?

3) Ask your friend if he knows something about the starting motor?

2. Guess the meaning of the following words and word combinations:

3. Read and translate the following words and word combinations:

Liquid fuel, to mix, to vaporize, combustion chamber, to ignite, to burn, spark, spark plug, to supply, ignition current, storage battery, to actuate, driving pinion, to mesh, top dead centre, bottom dead centre, piston stroke.

4.Find in the text English equivalents:

жидкое топливо, испаряться, камера сгорания, воспламеняться, приводить в движение, стартер, ведущая шестерня, зубчатое колесо, маховик, верхняя мѐртвая точка, нижняя мѐртвая точка, движение, камера сгорания.

5. Make a list of words characterizing the generator.