45-1

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disks, the so-called dry-disk joints (hardy disks) especially in lorry (Truck) manufacture. For lorries (trucks) with a long wheel base, the universal shaft is frequently subdivided. Its front part is supported in the frame and in line with the transmission: its rear part is designed as an oscillating universal, shaft in dry-disks or universal joints. The rear end of the universal shaft is connected with the drive shaft of the rear-axle drive (rear-axle step-up gearing) by a universal or dry-disk joint.

GLOSSARY

Rear-wheel drive –привод на задние колеса, передача на ведущие колеса

Chassis – шасси

Propeller shaft – карданный вал

Rear axel – задняя ось

Casing = case – кожух, корпус, картер Rear axel casing – картер заднего моста

Flexibility – приспособляемость, гибкость, эластичность

Universal-joint shaft – карданный вал

Universal-joint – универсальный шарнир, карданный шарнир с крестовиной

Sleeve – 1) гильза, втулка 2) трубка 3) муфта 4) гулок (полуоси) Grease – смазка

Tasks

1. Translate the following words and word combinations into Russian: most, vehicle, wheel, chassis, universal, transmission, to vibrate, metal, rubber,

fabric disks, lorry manufacture, front, line, dry, rear, drive, propeller (shaft), cardan shaft, universal joint, special, rubber-vulcanized, dry disk, wet disk, oscillating, base, wheel base, axel (axle), upward, downward, movement, motion, housing.

2.Make list of irregular verbs.

3.White down all the adverbs you find in the text.

4.Put a word from the list into each gap.

The flexibility, required, isn’t, made, placed, what, are, shaft, where, is, end

1)What is .........in most vehicles?

2)It is flexibility connected,....... it?

3)....... of this shaft is achieved by the cardan of universal shaft?

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4)Universal joints are ........ of metal?

5)Where are universal joints.............. ?

6)Instead of ................ is it possible to use rubber-vulcanized fabric disks?

7)What ...........rubber-vulcanized disks called?

8)The universal............is frequently subdivided.

9)…..... is its front part supported?

10)The rear ..........of the universal shaft is connected with the drive shaft.

5. Choose the correct sentence. One sentence is correct. Which one?

1.a) A propeller shaft is required in most vehicles.

b)A propeller shaft required in most vehicles.

2.a) It is flexibly connect to permit the upward and downward movement of the rear axle casing.

b)It is flexibly connected to permit the upward and downward

movement of the rear axel casing.

3.a) The flexibility of the shaft achieves by the cardan of universal joint.

b)The flexibility of the shaft is achieved by the cardan of universal joint.

4.a) Universal joints makes of metal are placed in sleeves.

b)Universal joints made of metal are placed in sleeves.

5.a) Instead of the universal joint possible to use rubber-vulcanized fabric disks.

b)Instead of the universal joint it is possible to use rubber-vulcanized

fabric disks.

6.a) The rear end of the universal shaft connecting with the drive shaft. b) The rear end of the universal shaft is connected with the drive shaft.

6.Make a list of key words.

7.Make a plan of the text.

8.Give a name to each passage of the text.

9.Compare the text with your ideas in "Pre-reading activity”.

10.Compose a short summary of the text using the useful phrases:

The heading of the text is...

The text dwells upon.

The text goes on to say that... Besides In addition it should be said that...

In conclusion it should be mentioned that...

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Unit X

Wheels and tyres

The wheel is composed of wheel hub, wheel body and rim. A principal difference is made between traveling wheel and driving wheels. While the traveling wheels are not arranged on the axle shaft, the driving wheels are firmly attached to the axle shaft by key-ways and keys. The detachable wheel body is bolted to the wheel hub or attached by means of a special mounting hub.

The tyre assembly comprises the tyre and the tube with valve. Tubeless tyres are frequently used. They are convenient for the motorist. Depending on the air pressure in the tube, a difference is made between high-pressure tyres and lowpressure tyres.

The wear of the tyres is influenced by the driving speed and by overloading of the vehicle. In case of a 25-per cent overload, the tyre service life is reduced to 65 per cent.

The tread pattern has an essential influence on the driving properties and readability. The tread patterns are designed to meet the particular requirements of the vehicles. Highly worn tyres increase the hazards of skidding and, especially on wet roads, lead to side-slipping and don’t provide reliable braking.

Good care of the tyres is decisive for their long service life.

GLOSSARY

wheel hub – ступица колеса;

rim – обод, реборда, бандаж (обода); traveling wheels – ходовые колеса; driving wheels – ведущие колеса;

key-ways – шпоночные колеса, шпоночный паз, гнездо под шпонку; key здесь – n. шпонка, гека; v. сажать на шпонку, заклинивать; detachable wheelbody – съемочное колесо;

tread pattern – рисунок протектора.

Tasks

1. Make a list of the unknown words.

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2.Read the text and guess the meaning of the following words and word combinations:

wheel, wheel body, difference, traveling wheel, driving wheel, axle, axle shaft, keys, to bolt, tyre, motorist, air pressure, tube, high-pressure tyres, low-pressure tyres, speed, to design, vehicle, increase, wet roads.

3.Answer the questions by choosing the correct noun.

1.What can be traveling? (hub, motor, engine, wheel)

2.What can be detachable? (body, speed, vehicle, wheel body)

3.What can be principal? (traveling, axle, difference)

4.Find answers to the following questions:

1.What is the wheel composed of?

2.What part is the detachable wheel body bolted to?

3.What does the tyre comprise?

4.What is the difference between high-pressure tyres and low-pressure tyres?

5.What is the wear of the tyres influenced by?

6.What increases the hazards of skidding especially on wet roads?

5. Here are the answers to the questions. Write the questions (depending

1.A principle difference is made between travelling wheel and driving wheel.

2.By keyways and keys.

3.The detachable wheel body is.

4.The tyre and the tube with the valve.

5.The tyre service life is reduced to 65 percent.

6.The tread patterns are.

7.By the driving speed.

6. Reproduce the sentences from these prompts.

1.The wheels is ... of . . . , . . . , . . . .

2.The tyre ... comprises .., ..., and ... .

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3.The wear of tyres is ... by the ... and by ... the vehicle.

4.Highly worn ... are ... to meet the particular requirements on the. .

5.Good ... of the ... is ... for their service.

7. Fill in the gaps with correct verb tense.

1.The wheel ... composed of wheel hub, wheel body, and rim (is, are, was,

were).

2.The tyre assembly ... the tyre, the tube with valve and the shafting strips (to comprise).

3.The wear of the tyres ... by the driving speed and by overloading the vehicle (to influence).

4.The tread pattern ... an essential influence on the driving properties (have, has, had, has been).

5.Worn tyres ... the hazards of skidding on wet roads. (to increase).

6.Good care of the tyres ... decisive for their service life (is, are, was).

8. Here are sentences about wheels and tyres. Are they true or false? Correct the false sentences.

An example:

The wheel is composed of only wheel hub.

No, it is not. The wheel is composed of wheel hub, wheel body and rim.

1.There is a difference between traveling wheel and driving wheel.

2.The driving wheels are attached to the body.

3.The tyre assembly comprises wheel hub, wheel body and rim.

4.A difference is made between high-pressure tyres and low-pressure tyres.

5.The wear of the tyres is influenced by the steering wheel.

6.The tread pattern has an essential influence on the body.

7.Good care of the tyres is decisive for their service life.

9.Find in the text Participles in the function of attribute.

10.Find verbs in Present Simple Active.

11.Find verbs in Present Simple Passive.

12.Find adverbs in the text. Pay attention to the position of the adverb.

13.Find adjectives in the text.

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14.Make a plan of the text. Name each passage.

15.Make a list of keywords.

16.Compose a short summary of the text according to the plan you have made. Use the following useful phrases:

The heading of the text is.

The bulk of the material is devoted to. The text runs/comments on.

The text goes on to say that.

In conclusion it should be said that.

Unit XI

Automation

Automation is the system of manufacture performing certain tasks, previously done by people, by machines only. The sequences of operations are controlled automatically. The most familiar example of a highly automated system is an assembly plant for automobiles or other complex products.

The term automation is also used to describe non-manufacturing systems in which automatic devices can operate independently of human control. Such devices as automatic pilots, automatic telephone equipment and automated control systems are used to perform various operations much faster and better than could be done by people.

Automated manufacturing had several steps in its development. Mechanization was the first step necessary in the development of automation. The simplification of work made it possible to design and build machines that resembled the motions of the worker. These specialized machines were motorized and they had better production efficiency.

Industrial robots, originally designed only to perform simple tasks in environments dangerous to human workers, are now widely used to transfer, manipulate, and position both light and heavy workpieces performing all the functions of a transfer machine.

In the 1920s the automobile industry for the first time used an integrated system of production. This method of production was adopted by most car manufacturers and became known as Detroit automation.

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The feedback principle is used in all automatic-control mechanisms when machines have ability to correct themselves. The feedback principle has been used for centuries. An outstanding early example is the flyball governor, invented in 1788 by James Watt to control the speed of the steam engine. The common household thermostat is another example of a feedback device.

Using feedback devices, machines can start, stop, speed up, slow down, count, inspect, test, compare, and measure. These operations are commonly applied to a wide variety of production operations.

Computers have greatly facilitated the use of feedback in manufacturing processes. Computers gave rise to the development of numerically controlled machines. The motions of these machines are controlled by punched paper or magnetic tapes. In numerically controlled machining centers machine tools can perform several different machining operations.

Automation has also had an influence on the areas of the economy other than manufacturing. Small computers are used in systems called word processors, which are rapidly a standard part of the modern office. They are used to edit texts, to type letters and so on.

Automation in industry

Many industries are highly automated or use automation technology in some parts of their operation. In communication and especially in the telephone industry dialing and transmission are all done automatically.

Railways are also controlled by automatic signaling devices, which have sensors that detect carriages passing a particular point. In this way the movement and location of trains can be monitored.

Not all industries require the same degree of automation. Sales, agriculture, and some service industries are difficult to automate, though agriculture industry may become more mechanized, especially in the processing and packaging of foods.

The automation technology in manufacturing and assembly is widely used in car and other consumer product industries.

Nevertheless, each industry has its own concept of automation that answers its particular production needs.

Vocabulary:

flyball governor – центробежный регулятор sequence – последовательность

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assembly plant – сборочный завод nonmanufacturing – непроизводственный household thermostat – бытовой термостат to facilitate – способствовать

punched – перфорированный dimension – измерение, размеры

I. Answer the questions:

1.What does the term “automation” mean?

2.What automatic devices and equipment are described in this text? Give several examples.

3.What was the first step in the development of automation?

4.What were the first robots originally designed for?

5.What was the first industry to adopt the new integrated system of production?

6.What principle is used in all automatic-control mechanisms?

7.What actions can machines perform using this principle?

8.In what spheres of human activity is automation applied?

9.Is automation widely used in all industries?

10.Why is the application of automation different in various spheres of manufacturing?

II. Find the following words and word combinations in the text:

1.автоматические устройства

2.автоматизированное производство

3.выполнять простые задачи

4.как лѐгкие, так и тяжѐлые детали

5.интегрированная система производства

6.принцип обратной связи

7.механизм может разгоняться и тормозить

8.компьютер автоматически посылает команды

9.высокоавтоматизированная система

10.непроизводственная система

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III. Write out of the text all the terms defining automatic devices and mechanisms by completing the table:

IV. Find some more examples of automatic equipment and add this information to your table. Consult a dictionary.

V. Write out of the text sentences describing the steps in the development of automated manufacturing. Make a scheme, a table or arrange them in a numerated list.

VI. Describe the principle of action of numerically controlled machines.

VII. Compose an essay explaining the role of computers in automation. Look for additional information in the Internet.

VIII. Comment on grammar patterns used in the text:

1)Write out of the text 5 examples of adjectives. Define their degrees of comparison.

2)Write out of the text adverbs and comment upon their usage.

3)Write out of the text one sentence in Present Simple tense. Put all possible questions to it.

4)Write out of the text one sentence in Past Simple tense. Put all possible questions to it.

5)Write out of the text one sentence in Present Perfect tense. Put all possible questions to it.

6)Write out of the text two sentences containing two different modal verbs.

7)Write out of the text 5 sentences in Passive voice. Define their tenses.

8)Write out of the text 3 sentences with the Infinitive. Define the function of the infinitive in each sentence.

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9)Write out of the text 3 sentences with Participle I. Define the function of the participle in each sentence.

10)Write out of the text 3 sentences with Participle II. Define the function of the participle in each sentence.

IX. Compose a plan of the text.

X. Write down the key idea of each part.

XI. Compose a summary using your plan.

Unit XII

Applications of automation and robotics in industry

Manufacturing is one of the most important application area for automation technology. There are several types of automation in manufacturing. The examples of automated systems used in manufacturing are described below.

1.Fixed automation, sometimes called “hard automation”, refers to automated machines in which the equipment configuration allows fixed sequence of processing operations. These machines are programmed by their design to make only certain processing operations. They are not easily changed over from one product style to another. This form of automation needs high initial investments and high production rates. That is why it is suitable for products that are made in large volumes. Examples of fixed automation are machining transfer lines found in the automobile industry, automatic assembly machines and certain chemical processes.

2.Programmable automation is a form of automation for producing products in large quantities, ranging from several dozen to several thousand units at a time. For each new product the production equipment must be reprogrammed and changed over. This reprogramming and changeover take a period of non-productive time. Production rates in programmable automation are generally lower than in fixed automation, because the equipment is designed to facilitate product changeover rather than for product specialization. A numerical-control machine-tool is a good example