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CONTENTS

PART I. FROM THE HISTORY

OF BRIDGE AND TUNNEL BUILDING………………………………………...….…….3

Text 1

The Ancient World........................................…………………………….…………….3

Text 2

Roman Arch Bridges.…………..………………………………..…………………..…3

Text 3

Asian and European Cantilever and Arch Bridges…….…….………………………...4

Text 4

The Renaissance and after……………….…………………………………………......5

Text 5

The Forth Bridge.....……………………………..………….…………………….........7

Text 6

Ancient Tunnels..........…………………………………….….….…………………….8

Text 7

From the Middle Ages to the Present………………………………….……………….9

PART II. BRIDGES AND TUNNELS…..............................................................................12

Text 1

Bridges ….....................................................................................................................12

Text 2

Constructional Works on Railways and Motorways……………………....………….15

Text 3

Bridge Crossing and Its Members….............................................................................19

Text 4

Bridges Classification…...............................................................................................22

Text 5

On Bridge Building…………............…………………………….……………….….27

Text 6

Form and Structure in Bridge Design….......................................................................29

Text 7

Timber and Masonry Bridges…....................................................................................34

Text 8

Reinforced Concrete Bridges........................................................................................

38

Text 9

Deterioration of Concrete Bridge Decks………….........................….……………….42

Text 10

Metal Bridges…............................................................................................................45

Text 11

Steel and Concrete For Highway Bridges…….………….....................................…….49

Text 12

Suspension and Cable-Stayed Bridges…......................................................................52

Text 13

Supports and Footings Construction Technology.........................................................

57

Text 14

Bridge Superstructure Erection.....................................................................................

61

Text 15

Moscow Bridges............................................................................................................

65

Text 16

St. Petersburg Bridges...................................................................................................

69

Text 17

Novosibirsk Bridges......................................................................................................

74

Text 18

Irtysh Bridge..................................................................................................................

77

Text 19

New Bridge across the Volga River, Russia.................................................................

79

Text 20

South Bridge over the Dnepr River in Kiev..................................................................

83

Text 21

Strengthening a Road Bridge over the River Dvina......................................................

86

Text 22

Bridges of Great Britain................................................................................................

88

Text 23

Footbridge at Wiesbaden-Schierstein Harbour.............................................................

91

Text 24

French and Swiss Bridges.............................................................................................

93

Text 25

Ancient and Modern Chinese Bridges..........................................................................

98

Text 26

Ounasjoki Bridge.........................................................................................................

102

Text 27

A Unique Transporter Highway Bridge......................................................................

104

Text 28

Bridging the Channel..................................................................................................

106

Text 29

Bridge Maintenance....................................................................................................

108

Text 30

Composite Materials in Bridge Repair........................................................................

112

Text 31

Bridge or Tunnel.........................................................................................................

119

Text 32

Tunnels Classification.................................................................................................

122

Text 33

Rock Tunneling...........................................................................................................

127

Text 34

Shield-Driven Tunnels................................................................................................

130

Text 35

Automobile Tunnel under the Alps.............................................................................

133

Text 36

The Mersey Tunnel.....................................................................................................

135

Text 37

Tunneling Couch of Thames.......................................................................................

137

Text 38

General Idea of the Underground................................................................................

139

Text 39

The Underground Railway System Structures............................................................

142

Text 40

Tunnel Maintenance....................................................................................................

145

Text 41

Failures and Collapses of Constructional Works........................................................

150

PART III. TEXTS FOR ADDITIONAL READING.....................................……………154

Breaking Barriers of Scale:

A Concept for Extremely Long Span Bridges…....................................................................154

West Seattle Swing Bridge, Seattle, Washington…...............................................................159

Precast Segmental Highway Viaducts, Hawaii…...................................................................164

Talmadge Memorial Bridge, Savannah, Georgia…................................................................168

Acosta Bridge Replacement, Jacksonville, Florida…............................................................172

The Normandie Bridge, France:

A New Record for Cable-Stayed Bridges…...........................................................................174

The Rainbow Bridge, Japan…................................................................................................183

The Tähtiniemi Bridge, Finland…..........................................................................................188

The Pitan Bridge, Taiwan….....................................................................................192

Roosevelt Lake Bridge, Gila County, Arizona…....................................................................196

Bridge Scour Failures…..........................................................................................................198

A New Footbridge, Austria….................................................................................................202

Is ISO 9001 Effective For Engineering Consultancies? …....................................................205

VOCABULARY …...............................................................................................................209

ANSWER KEYS...................................................................................................................

227

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