15. SDs based on the extension of the sentence model.

Repetition is recurrence of the same word, word combination, phrase for two or more times in close succession. Skillfully used and justified repetition never creates the redundancy of information. On the contrary, the additional stylistic meanings that arise as a result of repetition are indispensable elements of emotional and artistic impact upon the reader or listener. Repetition is a powerful means of emphasis, besides it adds rhythm and balance to the utterance.

Ordinary repetition. In ordinary repetition the repeated element has no definite place in the utterance.

I wake up and I’m alone and I walk round Warley and I am alone; and I talk with people and I am alone and I look at his face when I’m home and it’s dead (J. Braine).

Anaphora - identity of beginnings, initial elements.

There are many anaphora examples found in literature, and particularly in poetry, where the anaphora drives the pace of the poem

Epiphora - opposite of the anaphora, identical elements at the end of: sentences, paragraphs, chapters, stanzas.

Framing - repetition of some element at the beginning and at the end of a sentence, paragraph or stanza.

Polysyndeton многосоюзие – a stylistic device in which several coordinating conjunctions are used in succession in order to achieve an artistic effect.

And then you came with those mournful lips.

And with you came the whole of the world’s tears.

16. SDs based on the change of word-order.

Inversion is a syntactic phenomenon of the deliberate changing of word order in the initial sentence model. Word order is a crucial syntactical problem in many languages. In English it has peculiarities which have been caused by the concrete and specific way the language has developed. The English language has developed a fixed word order which in the great majority of cases shows without fails what is the Subject of the sentence. This fixed word order is Subject— Verb (Predicate) — Object (S—P—O).

This predominance of fixed word order makes conspicuous any change in the structure of the sentence and inevitably calls forth a modification in the stylistic meanings.

There are two types of inversion: grammatical and stylistic. Grammatical inversion is aimed at the change of the communicative type of sentence and has no stylistic value.

Stylistic inversion is aimed at logical or emotional intensification of a certain sentence element. It attaches the additional emotional colouring to the surface meaning of the utterance. It is always semantically and stylistically motivated:

Talent Mr. Micawber has; capital Mr. Micawber has not (Ch. Dickens).

Rude am I in my speech... ( W.Shakespeare).

Of his own class he saw nothing (J. London).

Detachment разделение is a stylistic device based on singling out structurally and semantically a secondary member of the sentence with the help of punctuation: dashes, commas or even a full stop. When placed in a certain syntactic position, a detached sentence component may seem formally independent of the words it refers to, though the word order may not be violated and semantic connections between the elements remain strong:

He had been nearly killed, ingloriously, in a jeep accident (I. Show).

I have to beg you for money. Daily (S. Lewis).

There was a world of anticipation in her voice and of confidence too, as she walked past me on to the terrace (D. du Maurier).

Stylistic function of detachment is determined by the syntactic role of the isolated element, its place in the sentence, general linguistic and stylistic context of the utterance.

+Detachment is aimed at foregrounding of the isolated sentence element which according to author’s standpoint acquires greater emotional or logical importance. Detachment is used in descriptive and narrative discourses in order to make a written text akin to the spoken one, live and emotionally charged.