9. Graphical expressive means and stylistic devices

The aim: to convey the emotions from oral speech that expressed by intonation and stress in the written form

What included in common: 1) emphatic use of punctuation 2) deliberate change of the spelling of the word 3) various types of print Emphatic use of punctuation

All types of punctuation are used to express emphatic intonation of the speaker

Used in many syntactical stylistic devices (e.g. rhetorical questions, suspense) and may be not connected with any stylistic devices

• Marks of exclamation (!) and interrogation (?) are of greater importance than any other marks. Their abundant use in the text is a sign of the text being emotional and expressive.

• Emotional pauses are often reflected by a dash (–): Please – not that.

• Suspension marks (dots …) reflect various emotional states of a character: disappointment, hesitation, embarrassment.

• The absence of punctuation marks may also be meaningful (e.g. stream of consciousness – James Joyce)

Types of print They are used to indicate the additional stress of the emphasized word or part of the word

• Bold type

• Italics

• CAPITALIZATION / Capitalization

• Hy-phe-na-tion (hyphen – дефис) – the way of reflecting person’s manner of speaking, which is often combined with other graphic EMs: e.g.“His wife,” I said. “W-I-F-E.”

• S p a c e d l e t t e r s

• M-m-multiplication – the repetition of the same letter or a combination of letters, helps to express person’s manner of speaking (e.g. Pleeeeeease don’t hurt me)

Change of spelling of a word

It’s graphical fixation of phonetic peculiarities of pronunciation resulting in the violation of the accepted spelling e.g. gimme (give me), gonna (going to), etc.

• It’s used to convey the sound and sometimes written peculiarities of the words and this way to highlight the character's age, social status, origin, etc.

• It’s also good at conveying the atmosphere of authentic live communication and informality of the speech

Often used in advertisements e.g. The Donut (doughnut) Place

10. Figures of substitution Figures of substitution are subdivided into the figures of quality – metaphor, antonomasia, personification, allegory, epithet, metonymy, synecdoche, periphrasis, euphemism and irony; and figures of quantity – hyperbole, meiosis, litotes.

There is a family of figures of speech where one thing is substituted for another. Here they are: ·

Allegory:Allegory is a literary device used to express large, complex ideas in an approachable manner. Allegory allows writers to create some distance between themselves and the issues they are discussing, especially when those issues are strong critiques of political or societal realities Narrative using sustained metaphor. The Lord of the Flies by William Golding presents allegories about society, morality, and religion, to name a few. Specifically, the island represents the whole world, the conch stands for law and order, and the fire represents hope and destruction. ·

For example, 'chill' was originally a noun, a synonym for 'cold'. It has become a verb ('to chill vegetables') and, with the "-ly" ending, an adjective ('a chilly morning'). Most recently, 'chill' has become a verb, meaning roughly 'to relax'.

Antonomasia: Naming a person with other than their given name.

A lover - "Cassanova"

A smart, scientific person - "Einstein"

· Euphemism: Substituting offensive words with gentle ones.

Passed away instead of died ·

Metaphor: A metaphor is a figure of speech that makes a comparison between two unlike things. As a literary device, metaphor creates implicit comparisons without the express use of “like” or “as.” Metaphor is a means of asserting that two things are identical in comparison rather than just similar.

Is there a black sheep in your family? ·

Metonymy: Metonymy is a figure of speech in which one object or idea takes the place of another with which it has a close association. In fact, metonymy means “change of name.” As a literary device, it is a way of replacing an object or idea with something related to it instead of stating what is actually meant.

I met him at the reception when he took me for a spin during a slow song. (Spin is metonymy for dance)

·Synecdoche: Synecdoche is a figure of speech in which, most often, a part of something is used to refer to its whole. For example, "The captain commands one hundred sails" is a synecdoche that uses "sails" to refer to ships—ships being the thing of which a sail is a part.

· personification Personification is a figure of speech in which an idea or thing is given human attributes and/or feelings or is spoken of as if it were human.

I like onions, but they don’t like me.

My phone is not cooperating with me today.

· epithet

Epithet is a descriptive literary device that describes a place, a thing, or a person in such a way that it helps in making its characteristics more prominent than they actually are.

“Death lies on her like an untimely frost. Upon the sweetest flower of all the field…” (Romeo and Juliet).

· periphrasis

Periphrasis is both a grammatical principle and manner of speaking that uses more words than necessary to evoke a certain meaning. ... For example, a person might not know or remember the word for “bee” in a different language and instead say, “a yellow and black thing that makes honey.”

· hyperbole

Is exaggeration of dimensions or other properties of the object.

The shopping cost me a million dollars.

My dad will kill me when he comes home.

· meiosis

Meiosis examples are sometimes used in the sense of a synonym of litotes. ... For example, when Mercutio is wounded mortally and says, “ay, ay, a scratch, a scratch…” (Romeo and Juliet, by William Shakespeare) it is a form of meiosis.

· litotes Litotes is a figure of speech featuring a phrase that utilizes negative wording or terms to express a positive assertion or statement.

They spent seven months apart; that’s no small amount of time. (i.e., That's a long time.)

They don’t exactly have an ordinary relationship. (i.e., Their relationship is different.)