5.4. Stable Combinations of Words

There are particular word combinations in which the meaning of words is not semantically bound. N. Аmоsоvа thinks that they do not belong to phraseology and determines them as a) phrasal combinations (фразеолоїди) and b) stylistic grammatical constructions.

The 1^st group сomprises such word combinations as to pay a visit / a call / compliments / respects. But one cannot say to pay celebration / welcome / greetings. Thus, a set of possible minimal contexts is limited here. It depends more on stylistic using (узус) than on semantic restrictions.

The 2^nd group is stylistic grammatical constructions. They include the verbs with wide meaning that express a repeated action or action that happens once at a time, e.g.: to take a walk, to have a swim, to give a laugh. But some of these word combinations underwent recomprehention and were transformed into phraseological units, e.g.: to give a lift, to give quite a turn, to make a move.

To non-phraseology also belong phrasal schemes built according to lexico-syntactic models consisting of a stable and a variable element, e.g.: such a good boy / girl / friend; at 1^st / 2^nd / 3^rd hand.

Some linguists leave beyond the phraseology phrases like clichés, e.g.: one thing after another, in the right place at the right time, Nice to meet you, I hereby confirm, I’m looking forward to hearing from you soon.

A.V.Кoonіn considers some expressions as borderline cases between phraseology and free word combinations. They are greetings and partings, e.g.: good day, good-bye, and phrasal verbs, e.g.: to give in, to give up, to put on, to put off.

5.5. Other Classifications of Phraseological Units

There are some more classifications of phraseological units. They are:

- grammatical classification that exists in two subdivisions:

a) morphological classification differentiates phraseological units according to the parts of speech (nominative, verbal, adjectival, adverbial);

b) syntactical classification divides phraseological units according to their function as sentence members (subject, predicate, object, attribute);

• stractural classification represents composition and structural models of phraseologisms;

- genetic classification devides phraseological units according to the source of their origin (Biblical, foreign borrowings, anaphoric quotations, proverbs and sayings);

- thematic / topical classification differentiates phraseological units on the basis of their notions (natural phenomena, psychological state, sensor activity, mode of behavior);

- functional stylistic classification states the relation of phraseological units to a particular literary style (academic, official, mass media, literary, colloquial);

- stylistic classification differentiates phraseological units according to their stylistic character (neutral, bookish, poetic, archaic, dialectal, colloquial, slangy, vulgar, etc.).

For further reading: Cowie A. P. Phraseology: Theory, Analysis, and Applications. – Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998; Crystal D. the Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English language. – Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000; The Linguistics Encyclopedia / Ed. by K.Malmkjar, L., 1996; Rаyevskа N. М. English Lexicology. – К.: Вища школа, 1979; Phraseology / Ed. by S. Granger and F. Meunier. – e-book // http://www.benjamins.com;Phraseology in Foreign Language Learning and Teaching / Ed. by F. Meunier and S. Granger. – e-book // http://www.benjamins.com; Weinreich U. Problems in the Analysis of Idioms // Substance and Structure of Language / Ed. by J. Puhvel. – Berkley, los Angelos: University of California Press, 1969. – P. 23-81; Баран Я. А., Зимомря М. І., Білоус О. М. та ін. Фразеологія: знакові величини. – Вінниця: Нова книга, 2008; Кунин А.В. Фразеология современного английского языка: Опыт системного описания. – М., 1972; Лингвистический энциклопедический словарь / Гл. ред. В.Н.Ярцева. – М.: Сов. энциклопедия, 1990; Пефтієва О. Ф. Лексикографічна фіксація образного компоненту в англійському словнику // Сучасні дослідження з іноземної філології: Зб. наук. пр. – Вип. 6. – Ужгород.: Папірус-Ф, 2008. – С. 543-549

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Seminar 6. Grammar.

Task 1. Explain the meaning of the following terms:

1.category

2.morphology

3.syntax

4.predicative line

5.actual division

Task 2. Explain the difference:

1.”notional parts of speech” vs. “functional parts of speech”

2.”theme” vs. “rheme”

3.”parataxis” vs. “hypotaxis”

4. “copulative” vs. “adversative” conjunction

5. “syndetic” vs. “asyndetic” sentence

Task 3. Answer the questions:

1.What does grammar study?

2. What are the ten objective categories by Aristotle?

3. What are the three referential grammatical categories?

4. What are the three communicative types of sentence? Give examples.

5.What are the minor types of sentence?