Table 9

Tenses

Simple

Continuous

Perfect

Present

Schools are constructed here (regularly, day by day, weekly)

The school is being constructed in our street (now)

The school has been constructed in our street this year (by this month)

Past

Schools were constructed here (usually, regularly, yesterday, in the past)

The school was being constructed in our street (in May last year, from May to August last year)

The school had been constructed (by that moment in the past)

Future

Schools will be constructed here (in future, in a day, in a year, tomorrow)

—

The school will have been built by May next year

Изъявительное наклонение

Повелительное наклонение

Сослагательное наклонение

He likes coffee.

Go on reading!

Don`t open the window!

Please, sit down.

Will you give me that book, please?

I should write a letter to him if I knew his address.

He would have written a letter to him if I had known his address.

If I were you I should write him a letter.

It is necessary that he should come.

He suggests (proposes, demands, orders, requests, insists) that I (should) take a leave.

I wish I knew her address.

Can / could

1. Способность, умение

2. Просьба

3. Сильное сомнение

4. Be able to (эквивалент сan в будущем времени)

1. You can/could do it

2. Can / could you do it now? (Не могли бы вы…)

3. Can / could he have done? (Неужели он это сделал?)

4. He will be able to explain everything

Must

1. Твердая необходимость

2. Приказ

3. Запрещение

4. Уверенное предположение о настоящем (прошлом)

5. Have to (эквивалент must в будущем). Вынужденная необходимость

6. Be to (эквивалент must) долженствование в силу договоренности, плана, расписания

1. I must do it. (Надо, должен)

2. You must do it. (Должен)

3. You must not do it. (Нельзя, не должен)

4. He must know her. He must have done it (должно быть, вероятно)

5. I had to do it. I’ll have to stay at home. (Мне придётся остаться…)

6. The train is to come at 6 p. m.

May (might)

1. Разрешение (в вопросах)

2. Запрещение

3. Сомнение might выражает более сильное сомнение, чем may

4. Be allowed to (эквивалент may в будущем времени)

1. May I come in? (Можно… ?)

2. You may not go there. (He смей!)

3. It may (might) snow. (Возможно, может быть)

4. We shall be allowed to go to the sports ground

Ought to

1. Настоятельный совет

2. Моральный долг

1. You ought to visit your old father (должен, следует)

Should

1. Совет, рекомендация

2. Упрек, сожаление

1. You should read a lot (следует, нужно бы)

2. You should not smoke so much

Need

1. Отсутствие необходимости (= have to)

2. Критика действия в прошлом, которое можно было и не совершать

1. You needn’t do it. You don’t have to do it (можно не…)

2. He needn’t have done it. Ему не нужно было этого делать (а он сделал). НО! Не didn’t have to do it. Ему не нужно было … делать этого (а он и не делал)

Dare

Посметь (в вопросах и отрицаниях), дерзнуть, осмелиться

How dare you speak to me?