Содержание
ВВЕДЕНИЕ………………………………………………………………………….. 3
1. ENERGY IS THE SOURCE OF LIFE
1-1. ENERGY………………………………………………………………………7
1-2. SOLAR ENERGY……………………………………………………………10
1-3. HEAT ENERGY……………………………………………………………..14
1-4. NUCLEAR ENERGY………………………………………………………..16
1-5. HOW MUCH ENERGY DO WE USE?.......................................................... 18
TESTS……………………………………………………………………………. 20
2. SOURCES OF ENERGY
2-1. SOURCES OF POWER……………………………………………………...21
2-2. FOSSIL FUELS……………………………………………………………… 24
2-3. WATER POWER…………………………………………………………… 27
2-4. TIDAL POWER……………………………………………………………... 29
2-5. WIND POWER……………………………………………………………… 30
2-6. SOLAR POWER…………………………………………………………….. 32
2-7. HOW CAN SUN POWER BE USED?............................................................ 35
2-8. HYDROGEN SOURCE OF POWER…………………………………….….38
2-9. ATOMIC ENERGY………………………………………………………….40
2-10. IS NUCLEAR POWER A GOOD CHOICE? 44
2-11. IN SEARCH OF NEW SOURCES OF ENERGY 46
TESTS 48
3. POWER PLANTS
3-1. DIFFERENT TYPES OF POWER PLANTS……………………………….. 49
3-2. ELECTRIC POWER PLANTS……………………………………………… 51
3-3. HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANTS……………………………………. 54
3-4. WIND-DRIVEN POWER PLANTS………………………………………... 56
3-5. TIDES AND TIDAL POWER PLANTS……………………………………. 59
3-6. THERMAL ELECTRIC PLANTS…………………………………………. 62
3-7. THERMAL STEAM-TURBINE POWER PLANTS……………………….. 65
3-8. GEOTHERMAL POWER STATIONS……………………………………... 67
3-9. NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS……………………………………………… 69
3-10. CHERNOBYL ACCIDIENT………………………………………………. 72
TESTS……………………………………………………………………………. 74
4. THERMODYNAMICS
4-1. WHAT IS HEAT?............................................................................................ 75
4-2. SOURCES OF HEAT……………………………………………………….. 78
4-3. WHAT ARE THE THINGS THAT HEAT CAN DO?................................... 81
4-4. AMOUNT OF HEAT DEPENDS ON CURRENT AND RESISTANCE….. 84
4-5. FOUR STATES OF MATTER: SOLID, LIQUID, GAS, PLASMA……….. 86
4-6. PLASMA…………………………………………………………………….. 89
4-7. EXPANSION OF SOLIDS, LIQUIDS AND GASES………………………. 92
4-8. SPECIFIC HEAT OF GASES………………………………………………. 94
4-9. COMBUSTION……………………………………………………………... 96
4-10. TRANSMISSION OF HEAT……………………………………………… 99
4-11. HOW IS HEAT TRANSFERRED?............................................................. 102
4-12. LATENT HEAT…………………………………………………………... 105
4-13. MELTING………………………………………………………………… 107
4-14. EVOPORATION…………………………………………………………. 110
4-15. BOILING…………………………………………………………………. 113
4-16. WHAT ARE THE LAWS OF BOILING?.................................................. 116
4-17. WET STEAM, DRY STEAM AND SUPERHEATED STEAM………… 119
4-18. STEAM NOZZLES………………………………………………………. .121
TESTS…………………………………………………………………………… 124
5. ENGINES
5-1. A STEAM-ENGINE……………………………………………………….. 126
5-2. HOW DOES THE STEAM ENGINE WORK?............................................. 129
5-3. A GASOLINE-ENGINE…………………………………………………… 131
5-4. DIESEL ENGINE………………………………………………………….. 134
5-5. A STEAM-TURBINE……………………………………………………… 137
5-6. THE STEAM TURBINE AND ITS TYPES………………………………. 142
5-7. A GAS TURBINE…………………………………………………………. 145
5-8. A JET ENGINE……………………………………………………………. 146
5-9. AN ATOMIC PILE………………………………………………………… 148
TESTS………………………………………………………………………...… 150
KEYS FOR TESTS……………………………………………………………….. 152
APPENDIX 1……………………………………………………………...………. 153
APPENDIX 2…………………………………………………………………...…. 158
ADDITIONAL TEXTS……………………………………………………………. 161
VOCABULARY…………………………………………………………………… 172
LITERATURE……………………………………………………………………... 177