5. Translate the sentences paying attention to the word-combinations with the noun “case”.

1. When the magnetic field is produced by more than one charge, as is usually the case, the resultant force must be obtained by a vector summation of the forces due to individual charges.

2. Every material body is made either of an element or of a combination of two or more elements. Almost always, the latter is the case.

3. The realization of space flight is closely connected with the development of suitable power plants and propulsion systems. Such has been the case for the development of aircraft and missiles, and to a certain extent, such is the case for space flight.

4. The word “atom” means “indivisible” and at the time this term was invented atom was believed to be the smallest unit. Though this is now known not to be the case.

5. Since Venus is the nearest of the planets it should logically be an easy object to study. Unfortunately, the this is not case.

6. Translate the sentences paying attention to the meaning of the word “once”.

once (adv)

once more

once (cj)

at once

1. The Earth revolves in its orbit once a year and also rotates uniformly on its axis once a day.

2. Earth and Moon travel together, making a complete trip around the Sun once a year.

3. Heat was once considered as being a fluid.

4. The rare earth elements are a group of 15 elements whose position in the periodic table was once considered exceptional.

5. Once a space vehicle is in its orbit, the crew will no longer experience the Earth’s gravitational pull and will be weightless.

6. It is surprising how simple many problems of physics become once the meaning of each concept involved is completely understood.

7. At ordinary atmospheric pressure helium, once liquefied, remains liquid to the lowest temperature that can be reached.

8. Before taking off the pilot checked his controls once more.

9. The thrust magnitude and direction are at once known in terms of the motor performance.

10. It should not be thought that Newton’s theory of gravitation was at once universally accepted.

7. Translate the sentences containing the noun “art” and its derivatives.

1. Applications of solid propellant rockets to long-range missiles, guided missiles and boosting have grown with the continuing improvements in the art of rocketry.

2. Radar has been defined as “the art” of detecting by means of radio echoes the presence of objects, determining their direction and range, recognizing their character and employing the data thus obtained.

3. This paper will attempt to review the state-of-the-art in the field of orientation and stabilization of satellites.

4. The launching of the first artificial Earth satellite was of great value for space research and exploration.

5. Artificially radioactive materials, made available through the use of nuclear reactors, have proved extremely valuable.

Text 19 b The automated factory

Give a summary of the text

If a computer can control the machine directly, this leads to the natural evolution of computer-controlled multiple machines and eventually computer control of the entire factory. The totally automated factory is a manufacturing facility which processes raw materials or components into finished products without direct human intervention. Factory automation can therefore be defined as a process without direct human activity within the process. The human would only be involved in designing the system and monitoring its operation. Realistically, this is an objective for the future. In the near term we can look for more automated material handling intelligent work stations for processing, fabrication and assembly, and for integrated automated inspections as well as computer-aided product design. The worker’s involvement in an automated factory would be in a control centre from which all operation could be remotedly monitored, or in equipment maintenance, or in computer aided design of the original product. All of the industrialized countries are working toward the development of automated factories and most countries have examples of such systems in operation.

Today factories are becoming more flexible as well as more productive. Increased flexibility achieved through the use of computers will enable the manufacturing plants of tomorrow to incorporate robots, NC machine tools, computer-aided design (CAD) and computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) systems, unmanned parts carriers, automatic warehouses, and sensors for control of the overall system. Thus the future plant will also be more controllable.

The flexible manufacturing systems (FMS) of the future will combine the technologies of NC machine tools, computers, material handling systems, and industrial robots. They will also include CAD systems and automatic warehouses.

Many FMS exist today in the world of automation. We can expect that tomorrow more integrated factory systems will become economically viable. With the enhanced functions of computer software and hardware, the introduction of computers for industry automation becomes more prevalent.

The application of FMS requires advanced technical know-how.

Notes:

manufacturing facility – виробничi засоби (потужностi), human intervention – втручання людини, to be involved – бути включеним, intelligent work – iнтелектуальна робота, automated inspection – автоматизована перевiрка, computer-aided product design – проектування виробу за допомогою комп’ютера, to be remotedly monitored – керуватися на вiдстанi (дистанцiйно), computer-aided design (CAD) – автоматизоване проектування, computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) system – система автоматизованого виробництва, flexible manufacturing systems (FMS) – система гнучкого виробництва, material handling system – система транспортування, technical know-how – технiчнi знання.