- •Ответственный редактор
- •Рецензент
- •Pronouns personal and possessive pronouns
- •They, them, their, theirs
- •Demonstrative pronouns
- •Indefinite and negative pronouns
- •Defining and reciprocal pronouns
- •Reflexive prounouns
- •Interrogative, relative and conjunctive pronouns
- •Numerals
- •Articles
- •Revision
- •Adjectives and adverbs
- •It is the highest mountain in the Caucasus.
- •Andy's Friends
- •I am hungry. – So am I. So is she.
- •I'm not married. – Neither am I. Neither is she.
- •Any more, any longer, no longer
- •Prepositions and conjunctions prepositions of place and direction
- •Prepositions and conjunctions of time
- •Difficult verbs
- •Predicative constructions complex object
- •Complex subject
- •I’m sure it won’t rain. – It’s not likely (It’s unlikely) to rain.
- •Gerund patterns
- •It’s no use going there now. Going there now is out of the question. We are used to reading English texts.
- •Tenses in the indicative mood the present indefinite tense
- •Is it warm or cold today? It is warm today, isn't it?
- •The present continuous tense
- •The past indefinite tense
- •The past continuous tense
- •The present perfect tense
- •I met him long ago.
- •I have known him for a long time.
- •I haven’t seen him lately (of late).
- •The present perfect continuous tense
- •The future indefinite tense
- •The future continuous tense
- •The future perfect and the future perfect continuous
- •The past perfect tense
- •The past perfect continuous tense
- •When we entered the hall, the concert had already started.
- •The future tenses in the past
- •Indirect speech and sequence of tenses
- •Situations:
- •Passive voice
- •Revision
- •Modal verbs
- •Can he help me or can she?
- •I'm afraid you won't be able to do this. It's too dark. Can I turn on the light?
- •Syntax subject – predicate agreement
- •Patterns of syntactic and morphological analysis
- •Task I.
- •Task II.
- •Task III
- •Task IV.
Complex subject
Complex subject is a predicative construction used with some verbs. In this construction an infinitive or a participle is in predicate relation to a noun in the common case or a pronoun in the nominative case. In a sentence this construction is used as a subject.
The verbs of sense perception, verbs denoting mental activity, compulsion and permission used as predicates of the sentence, have the form of the Passive Voice.
VERBS |
COMPLEX SUBJECT |
Verbs of sense perception: see, watch, feel, hear |
Sb is seen to do sth Sb is seen doing sth |
She was heard to say it. She was seen writing this letter. |
|
Verbs denoting mental activity: know, think, consider, believe, expect |
Sb is known to do sth Sb is known to have done sth |
They are expected to arrive by train on Sunday. She is believed to be the fastest runner. |
|
Verbs denoting compulsion: make and permission: let |
Sb is made to do sth Sb is let to do sth |
We were made to return. He was made to repeat his words. The children were let to play. |
|
The verbs seem, happen, turn out, prove |
Sb seems to do sth Sb seems to be doing sth |
He seems to be able to do it himself. He seems to be working hard. I happened to meet him. He turned out to know everything. |
|
The phrases be sure, certain, likely |
Sb is sure to do sth |
He is sure to help you. She is certain to know the news. They are likely to come tonight. |
|
Ex. 5 Paraphrase using the adjectives sure, certain, likely, unlikely:
Model: I’m sure it will rain. – It is sure (likely) to rain.
I’m sure it won’t rain. – It’s not likely (It’s unlikely) to rain.
1. I’m sure he will help you. 2. I’m sure she will answer all your questions. 3. I’m sure we will meet her there. 4. I’m sure they will like the film. 5. I’m sure the cat will like the fish. 6. I’m sure your dog wants to go out. 7. I’m sure the baby will enjoy this toy. 8. I’m sure the teacher will ask you. 9. I’m sure this question will be asked. 10. I’m sure you will be asked. 11. I’m sure somebody will come soon. 12. I’m sure he will remember everything. 13. I’m sure he won’t help you. 14. I’m sure she won’t come today. 15. I’m sure you won’t like this book.
Gerund patterns
Gerund is an –ing form that can be used as a subject, object, predicative, attribute, a part of a compound verbal aspect predicate and an adverbial modifier.
SUBJECT Reading is a good pastime. |
DIRECT OBJECT (after such verbs as: enjoy, mind, avoid, like, hate, suggest, remember, forget, deny, can’t help and adjective worth) We enjoyed watching the play. I remember telling you this. The book is worth reading. |
PREPOSITIONAL OBJECT (be fond of, be good at, go in for, be against, burst out, think of, say to) I am fond of reading. What do you say to going there now? She is good at painting. |
PREDICATIVE His hobby is reading |
ATTRIBUTE I don’t like your idea of reading the letter aloud. |
A PART OF A COMPOUND VERBAL ASPECT PREDICATE go on, keep on, continue, start, stop, finish, give up + Gerund They were tired and stopped working. |
Ex. 1 Compare the use of the Gerund and the Infinitive after the verbs want and need and translate the sentences into Russian:
1. The room needs cleaning. 2. I want to clean the room. 3. I want you to clean the room. 4. I want the room to be cleaned. 5. The room needs to be cleaned. 7. The plants want watering. 8. I want to water the plants. 9. I want you to water the plants.
Ex. 2 Remember the following patterns with the Gerund and complete the following sentences: