Топик По Английскому Языку (Воронов Р. И.) / History of printing

History of printing.
Printing is a means of graphic communication. It is the reproduction of quantities of images mostly on paper
which can be seen or perceived visually. Modern printing has become highly sophisticated. As new digital
workflows with new pre-media systems, lasers, plates, presses, inks, papers, electronic control, nd digital
imaging and printing systems have been developed, printing has been transformed almost completely from an art
to a science. Printing from movable type appeared in China and Korea in the 11th century. In 1440 Johannes
Gutenberg introduced to the Western world his invention of printing with ink on paper, using movable cast
metal type mounted on a converted wine press. The invention of printing by Gutenberg has been declared the
most important invention of the second millennium (101-2000). To Gutenberg we credit the invention of
combining movable cast metal type, ink, paper, and press to produce printing that changed the world in
the middle of the last mlliennium. Book printing in Rusian was first introduced in the middle of the 16-th
century by Ivan the Terrible. In 1563 Ivan Fedorov printed "Apostle"- the first book in Russian. The first
books in Europe were printed in block letter or gothic type. Formore than 400 years after the invention of
printing, all type was set by hand. in the 19th centure, men began to consider the possibility of creating
typesetting machines. The first of these was designed by an American, Dr. William Church, in 1822. The
first illustrations in books weremade from woodcuts. The earliest known book using woodcuts was printed by
Albrecht Pfister in Bamberg, Germany about 1460. Paper making was inrented in China mare than, 1800 yeara ago.
Ancient papers were made almost entirely from rags and were produced with hand-operated devices. Most papers
currently used in printing are manufactured from wood pulp. The machine for producing continuous web of paper
using a wire mash screen to form the paper was inventad by a Frenchman, Louis Robert, in 1798. Early inks
consisted of lampblack mixed with animal glue or vegetable oils. The first ink factory was established in
America in 1742. The digital revolution in typesetting occurred in 1985 with the introduction of the plain
paper typesetter and the film image setter. in 1985 the image setter and Raster Image Processor(RIP) fostered
the development of device-independent prepress systems known as Desktope Publishing which displaced the
device-dependent CEPS and eventually replaced conventional prepress system. Digital printers are like copiers
and use the dynamic image carriers. Each cycle of the printer transfers a fresh image to the substrate.
Digital printing started in 1970 with the intriduction of ink-jet printing.