Міністерство освіти і науки України

Національний технічний університет України

«Київський політехнічний інститут»

Англійська мова

Методичні вказівки до самостійної роботи

для студентів 2 курсу інженерно-фізичного факультету

ЧАСТИНА II

Київ

НТУУ «КПІ»

Contents

UNIT 10	IMPROVEMENT OF MATERIALS PROPERTIES	3
UNIT 11	FERROUS METALS. STEEL	6
UNIT 12	FERROUS METALS. METHODS OF STEEL TREATMENT	10
UNIT 13	NON-FERROUS METALS. MAGNESIUM	13
UNIT 14	NON-FERROUS METALS. NICKEL	15
UNIT 15	NON-FERROUS METALS. TITANIUM	17
UNIT 16	NON-FERROUS METALS. PALLADIUM	19
UNIT 17	NON-FERROUS METALS. TANTALUM	21
UNIT 18	NON-FERROUS METALS. SILVER	23

UNIT 10 IMPROVEMENT OF MATERIALS PROPERTIES

Task 1.

Think about the properties of metals you know.

Task 2.

Match the following material properties with their Ukrainian equivalents:

tensile strength ductility fatigue resistance impact resistance low temperature strength high temperature strength oxidation resistance corrosion resistance magnetic properties machinability weldability

ковкість (текучість) корозійна стійкість жаростійкість зварюваність магнетичні властивості межа міцності на розтяг/розрив ударна в’язкість оброблюваність стійкість до окислення втомна міцність, межа втоми межа міцності при низьких температурах

Task 3.

Read the following text and find English equivalents to the following Ukrainian words and word combinations:

вимоги, покращувати властивість, видатний, ударна в’язкість, корозійна стійкість, оброблюваність, легування сталі, термообробка, м’який, високоміцний, електрошлаковий переплав, плавлення в інертному газі, виробництво та обробка, застосування концепції, методи обробки.

Improvement of materials properties

Present day technological progress is making ever-increasing demands on materials, and this is particularly true in the field of iron and steel. Thus there is a driving urge to up-grade almost every property in which ferrous materials are pre-eminent, e.g. in tensile strength and ductility, fatigue resistance, impact resistance, low temperature strength, high temperature strength, oxidation and corrosion resistance, magnetic properties, machinability, weldability, etc.

Intensive background research is steadily bringing to light new concepts on the alloying of steels and on their thermal and mechanical treatment to provide the advanced properties required. Many of these ideas have now reached the stage at which laboratory [ ] development is essential for further progress to be made, and other more recent ideas are approaching this stage. Typical examples of the projects in this category cover such subjects as:

• New soft magnet irons, such as iron-aluminium alloy.

• Development of ultra-high strength in current and new alloy steels by unusual thermal or thermo-mechanical treatment.

• Development of tough, high strength mild steels by control [ ] of minor element content and hot mechanical working techniques.

• Development of new alloys for high temperature use.

• Production of clean steels by electro-slag refining, inert gas melting, etc.

• Chemical analysis of minor elements and gas content of steels.

In order to promote intensive progress of such new developments new and improved facilities for the manufacture and processing of experimental steels under closely controlled conditions are available. The potential for application of new concept in industry is being improved by increasing availability of new alloying elements and by new development in plant and processing techniques.

Task 4.

Build the nouns of the following verbs and adjectives and translate them into Ukrainian:

verb/adjective		noun	translation
to demand
strong
to resist
to develop
to impact
ductile
to oxidize
proper
to treat
to contain
available
to manufacture
to apply
Task 5.	Find the endings to the following words and translate them into Ukrainian. Use each word only once:

1) to up-grade ..., 2) to control ..., 3) to bring to light ..., 4) to reach ...,

5) to develop ..., 6) to promote ..., 7) to produce ..., 8) to provide ....

intensive progress, clean steels, the concepts, conditions, the property, new alloys, the stage, the advanced properties

Task 6.

Fill in the gaps with the words given below. Use each word only once:

technological ...	the ... properties
... and steel	manufacture and ... of steels
driving ...	soft ... irons
high ... mild steels	... materials
tensile ...	... steels
magnetic ...	inert ... melting

strength, iron, magnet, urge, properties, gas, alloy, advanced, processing, ferrous, progress, strength,

Task 7.

Answer the following questions:

1. What are the most important properties of ferrous materials?

2. How can material properties be improved?

3. What new developments are mentioned in the text?

4. In what way can we promote intensive progress of such new developments?

UNIT 11 FERROUS METALS. STEEL.

Task 1.

Before reading the text answer the following questions:

1. What big groups are all metals divided into?

2. Name non-ferrous metals you know.

3. What ferrous metals can you mention?

Task 2.

Check if you know the translation:

iron steel manganese silicon chromium carbon nitrogen tungsten vana­dium molybdenum		- залізо - сталь - марганець - кремній - хром - вуглець - азот - вольфрам - ванадій - молібден
Task 3.	Read the following text and find English equivalents to the following Ukrainian words and word combinations:

сплав заліза та вуглецю, міцний та жорсткий, роз’їдати, ржавіти, нержавіючий, чинити опір, дріт, середньо-вуглецеві сталі, ковка, зварювання, ріжучі інструменти, хірургічні інструменти, пружина, зміцнювати, закалювання, відпуск, включення, стійкий до іржі, швидкоріжучі сталі, верстат

STEEL

The most important metal in industry is iron and its alloy — steel. Steel is an alloy of iron and carbon. It is strong and stiff, but corrodes easily through rusting, although stainless and other special steels resist corrosion. The amount of carbon in steel influences its properties considerably. Steels of low carbon content (mild steels) are quite ductile and are used in the manufacture of sheet iron, wire, and pipes. Medium-carbon steels containing from 0.2 to 0.4 per cent carbon are tougher and stronger and are used as structural steels. Both mild and medium-carbon steels are suitable for forging and welding. High-carbon steels contain from 0.4 to 1.5 percent carbon, are hard and brittle and are used in cutting tools, surgical instruments, razor blades and springs. Tool steel, also called silver steel, contains about 1 percent carbon and is strengthened and toughened by quenching and tempering.

The inclusion of other elements affects the properties of the steel. Manganese gives extra strength and toughness. Steel containing 4 per cent silicon is used for transformer cores or electromagnets because it has large grains acting like small magnets. The addition of chromium gives extra strength and corrosion resistance, so we can get rust-proof steels. Heating in the presence of carbon or nitrogen-rich materials is used to form a hard surface on steel (case-hardening). High-speed steels, which are extremely important in machine-tools, contain chromium and tungsten plus smaller amounts of vanadium, molybdenum and other metals.

Task 4.	Match the following words with their translation:
	strong stiff stainless ductile tough hard brittle	твердий, жорсткий міцний крихкий міцний, пружний жорсткий, ламкий ковкий нержавіючий

Task 5.

Find in the box the endings to the following words and translate them into Ukrainian:

1) to resist …, 2) to influence …, 3) to be used …, 4) to form …, 5) to contain …, 6) to be suitable …, 7) to be strengthened ….

a) a hard surface, b) for forging, c) properties, d) corrosion, e) by quenching and tempering, f) carbon, g) in manufacture

Task 6.	Match the following words and translate them into Ukrainian:
	carbon sheet structural cutting surgical razor transformer corrosion hard	blades resistance iron tools content surface core steels instruments

Task 7.		Give antonyms to the following words:
soft				slightly
weak				cooling
big				the least
low				high

Task 8.

Translate into English the following word combinations. Use the words from the box.

сплав заліза та вуглецю, міцний та жорсткий, легко кородує, нержавіюча сталь, низький вміст вуглецю, листове залізо, конструкційні сталі, придатний для кування та зварювання, ріжучі інструменти, хірургічні інструменти, інструментальна сталь, додавання марганцю.

welding content instruments iron alloy strong tool carbon sheet suitable structural forging steel cutting low stiff addition corrode easily stainless surgical chromium

Task 9.

Answer the following questions:

1. What is steel?

2. What are the main properties of steel?

3. Does steel have any limitations?

4. How many kinds of steel are mentioned in the text? What are they?

5. Where are different kinds of steel used?

6. How does the addition of manganese, silicon and chromium influence the properties of steel?

7. What kind of steels can be forged and welded?

8. How can we obtain rust-proof steel?

9. What is used to form a hard surface on steel?

Task 10.

Fill in the table with the missing information: