- •Grammatical categories of the gerund
- •Gerundial phrases
- •The gerund as subject
- •The gerund as predicate
- •The gerund as predicative
- •The gerund as part of compound verbal aspect predicate
- •The duration or continuation of the action,
- •4. The end of the action,
- •The gerund as attribute
- •Preposition ‘for’
- •Preposition ‘in’
- •Preposition ‘at’
- •The gerund as adverbial modifier
- •1. Adverbial Modifier of Time
- •Examples:
- •2. Adverbial Modifier of Manner and Attendant Circumstances
- •Examples:
- •3. Adverbial Modifier of Concession
- •Examples:
- •4. Adverbial Modifier of Comparison
- •Examples:
- •5. Adverbial Modifier of Cause/Reason
- •Examples:
- •6. Adverbial Modifier of Condition
- •Examples:
- •Adverbial Modifier of Exception
- •Examples:
- •Adverbial Modifier of Purpose
- •Examples:
- •The gerund as object
- •To advise to allow to permit to recommend to encourage
- •Preposition ‘for’
- •Preposition ‘at’
- •Preposition ‘from’
- •The Gerund and the verbal noun
- •Revision of gerund and infinitive
- •Appendix: verbals (2010-2011)
- •Infinitive and gerund
- •Verbs followed immediately by the infinitive
- •Verbs followed by either gerunds or infinitives without any change in meaning
- •Adjectives followed by the infinitive
- •Set expressions used with the infinitive
- •VI. Verbs commonly used with the gerund
- •VII. Adjectives always used with the gerund
- •Verbs with prepositions commonly used with the gerund
- •Set phrases with prepositions commonly used with the gerund
- •Gerunds after certain nouns with prepositions
- •Gerunds after prepositions
- •Infinitives and gerunds used with difference in meaning t o stop
- •T o remember, to forget, to regret,
- •T o mean
- •T o prefer
- •T o like
- •T o hate
- •T o be sorry
- •To be afraid, to dread, to fear
- •T o afford
- •T o consider
- •T o need
- •To advise to allow to recommend
- •T o be interested
- •T o imagine
- •Cannot help (used to say that it is impossible to avoid or prevent something)
T o mean
gerund |
infinitive |
to involve smh |
to intend to do smth |
Being a pilot means travelling a lot. = Быть летчиком – означает много путешествовать./ Бути льотчиком - означає багато подорожувати. |
B arbara means to open her own shop. = Барбара намеревается открыть свой магазин. / Барбара має намір відкрити свій магазин. |
T o prefer
gerund |
infinitive |
general preference |
future preference |
Stewart prefers spending his holidays at home. |
This year Stewart prefers to go to the sea. |
T o like
gerund |
infinitive |
to enjoy smth – general preference |
to think that smth is good or right to do |
Martha likes swimming. = She enjoys doing it. |
I like to exercise every day because I know that it is good for my health. |
T o hate
gerund |
infinitive |
general |
|
She hates making mistakes. |
She’s a person who hates to make mistakes. |
t o try
gerund |
infinitive |
to do smth as an experiment; the action possible - see if it succeeds |
to attempt to do one’s best; the action may not be possible - see if you still can do it |
|
|
T o be sorry
gerund + for |
infinitive |
to apologise for an earlier action |
to apologise for a present/future action |
I am sorry for shouting at you this morning. |
Sorry to interrupt, but can I ask you a question? |
To be afraid, to dread, to fear
gerund |
infinitive |
apprehension that smth bad may happen = phobia |
unwillingness to do smth in a certain situation |
|
|
T o afford
gerund |
infinitive |
in general |
in a particular situation |
In fact Isabella could afford buying expensive things but she didn’t feel like it. |
This month Tim could afford to buy more books than usual and he was happy about that. |