- •Grammatical categories of the gerund
- •Gerundial phrases
- •The gerund as subject
- •The gerund as predicate
- •The gerund as predicative
- •The gerund as part of compound verbal aspect predicate
- •The duration or continuation of the action,
- •4. The end of the action,
- •The gerund as attribute
- •Preposition ‘for’
- •Preposition ‘in’
- •Preposition ‘at’
- •The gerund as adverbial modifier
- •1. Adverbial Modifier of Time
- •Examples:
- •2. Adverbial Modifier of Manner and Attendant Circumstances
- •Examples:
- •3. Adverbial Modifier of Concession
- •Examples:
- •4. Adverbial Modifier of Comparison
- •Examples:
- •5. Adverbial Modifier of Cause/Reason
- •Examples:
- •6. Adverbial Modifier of Condition
- •Examples:
- •Adverbial Modifier of Exception
- •Examples:
- •Adverbial Modifier of Purpose
- •Examples:
- •The gerund as object
- •To advise to allow to permit to recommend to encourage
- •Preposition ‘for’
- •Preposition ‘at’
- •Preposition ‘from’
- •The Gerund and the verbal noun
- •Revision of gerund and infinitive
- •Appendix: verbals (2010-2011)
- •Infinitive and gerund
- •Verbs followed immediately by the infinitive
- •Verbs followed by either gerunds or infinitives without any change in meaning
- •Adjectives followed by the infinitive
- •Set expressions used with the infinitive
- •VI. Verbs commonly used with the gerund
- •VII. Adjectives always used with the gerund
- •Verbs with prepositions commonly used with the gerund
- •Set phrases with prepositions commonly used with the gerund
- •Gerunds after certain nouns with prepositions
- •Gerunds after prepositions
- •Infinitives and gerunds used with difference in meaning t o stop
- •T o remember, to forget, to regret,
- •T o mean
- •T o prefer
- •T o like
- •T o hate
- •T o be sorry
- •To be afraid, to dread, to fear
- •T o afford
- •T o consider
- •T o need
- •To advise to allow to recommend
- •T o be interested
- •T o imagine
- •Cannot help (used to say that it is impossible to avoid or prevent something)
The Gerund and the verbal noun
The gerund should not be confused with the verbal noun, which has the same suffix -ing. The main points of difference between the gerund and the verbal noun are as follows:
|
Gerund |
Verbal Noun |
1 |
Like all the verbals the gerund has a double character — nominal and verbal, e.g. Reading is taught using a combination of several methods. – Обучение чтению (существительное) проводится с использованием нескольких методов. = Научить читать (глагол) можно с использованием нескольких методов. / Навчання читанню (іменник) проводиться з використанням декількох методів. = Навчити читати (дієслово) можна з використанням декількох методів. |
The verbal noun has only a nominal character, e.g. Even a casual reading of the text gives you an idea of the theme. – Даже поверхностное чтение (существительное) текста дает вам представление о его тематике. / Навіть поверхневе читання (іменник) тексту дає вам уяву про його тематику.
|
2 |
The gerund is not used with an article, e.g.
Liking that cute little puppy was easy. – Полюбить того маленького симпатичного щенка было легко. / Полюбити того маленького симпатичного щеняти було легко. |
The verbal noun may be used with an article, e.g.
Jim and Kate had a liking and respect for each other. – Джим и Кейт проявляли симпатию и уважение друг к другу. / Джим і Кейт проявляли симпатію й повагу одне до одного. |
3 |
The gerund has no plural form. |
The verbal noun may be used in the plural, e.g. Our likings are regulated by our circumstances. – Наши симпатии обуславливаются обстоятельствами, в которых мы находимся. / Наші симпатії обумовлюються обставинами, у яких ми знаходимось. |
4 |
The gerund of a transitive verb can be followed by a direct object, e.g. He received more and more letters, so many that he had given up reading them. |
A verbal noun cannot be followed by a direct object; instead it is followed by an indirect object with the preposition of, e.g. The reading of the verdict took up almost all the afternoon. |
5 |
The gerund may be modified by an adverb (an adverbial modifier), e.g. In her eyes, drinking, even occasionally, was a sin. |
The verbal noun may be modified by an adjective (attribute) with a preposition, e.g. It was amazing how he could act after a night of heavy drinking. |
TASK 27. Sort out the sentences below into corresponding column of the table. Explain what helped you to decide. The first one is done for you.
The Gerund |
|
The Verbal Noun |
1; |
At the core of Internet is a sharing of information. (It’s a verbal noun as it is preceded by an article and followed by the preposition ‘of’)
Everything depends on your sharing this information with me.
What bothers me, Theodora, is the getting of the American visas. It’s really very difficult now.
Thanks to Fred, we no longer had difficulties in financing our project.
Financing the project by this method will lead to little or no growth in the money supply.
Something tells me that these young men should have a talking to.
My older brother loved talking to his friends and was also fond of swimming.
"I'm the one who's been doing most of the talking," she said with an apologetic smile.
You know that our parents will kill you if you ruin the new wall-to-wall carpeting.
The barking and howling of the dog kept me awake.
While I was giving my report, some guy in the back kept interrupting me every two minutes.
The insistent ringing of the telephone awakened Meredith with a sudden start.
Then the clapping grew louder and the singing became more enthusiastic.
This story is not about the suffering of great heroes, or the sufferings of the mighty.
Will you stop sobbing; it’s getting on my nerves!
The sobbing of the two women slowly began to subside.
Poor Nancy was seized by a terrible weeping which really frightened her little brother.
They kept bickering over who should answer the phone.
And the constant bickering! How did you close your eyes to that?
We have a chance for a gathering at Mandy’s today. Will you come?
The monotonous ticking of the clock told Dina she had little time to waste.
Coaching is also beginning to be recognized as an essential tool which has to be developed systematically, not left to chance or the interest of a few concerned managers.
In two or three years with the proper coaching she could be brought up to university standard.