1.4 Match the sentence halves

1 A biochemist studies the chemical processes within living organisms

2 PH meters, a balance for weighing out chemicals, a variety of buffers and other chemicals are

3 Special freezers are

4 Proteins and tissues are kept at

5 Enzymes and reagents are kept chilled and stable with the help of

6 Gel electrophoresis is used

7 A spectrophotometer is necessary for

8 A fluorescence spectrophotometer is used for

9 A cold room is necessary for

10 Agar forms a gel

11 Incubators and shakers are used for.

A in a biochemistry laboratory

B basic components of science research labs

C kept at -94° F

D (-70° C)

E for examining proteins

F an ice machine which generates ice

G measuring protein concentrations

H more specialized applications

I isolating and purifying protein

J that the microorganisms grow on

K growing bacteria or yeast

1.5 Name the laboratory equipment and say what theyare used for

1 2

3 4

1.6 Mark the sentences as true or false

1 Refrigerators and freezers are used for storing supplies.

2 All biochemistry labs have gel electrophoresis supplies and other equipment for examining proteins.

3 Some chemistry labs have a fluorescence spectrophotometer for more specialized applications.

4 Chromatography equipment is special equipment which all the labs have.

5 HPLC systems separate enzyme or conduct assays on small molecules.

6 GC systems evaporate volatile compounds.

7 FPLC systems purify large quantities of protein to examine them.

8 Proteins can be isolated and purified at in cold rooms to keep them stable.

9 Genetic engineering involves manipulating DNA or RNA in organisms.

10 A sterile hood can be wiped down with a germicidal lamp.

11 Biotechnologists sterilize the supplies in an autoclave.

1.7 Ask 10 questions to the text

1.8 Look at the picture and say what is what? Where can they be used?

Chemical dishes: funnel, flask, plastic glass, gradated cylinder, test tube, automatic pipet, spouts.

1.9 Make your investigation. Design a plan for preparing caustic potash solution using pictures from Ex.1.8

II Scientific measurement

1.1 Read the text, memorize the safety rules to use them in your laboratory

In scientific research, data is gathered. In biology laboratories, mathematical data is' also used. To be understood easily and fully everywhere in the world, there must be one system used by scientists. That's why, in such research, the IS (International System of Measurement) standards are used. The metric system is commonly used, in which the meter is the unit of length, the gram is the unit of mass, and the second is the unit of time. Among these, some that are used especially in the biology laboratory are as follows:

Length

The unit of length is the meter. Other units are arranged in relation to the meter. For instance, 1 m=100 cm; centi - means 1/100, so a centimeter is 1/100 meter. That means there are 100 centimeters in 1 meter.

Mass

Mass is the amount of matter in an object. The units of mass are the gram and kilogram. 1kg=1,000 g = 1,000,000 mg.

Volume

Volume is the amount of space an object occupies. Its unit is the liter.

Time

The unit of time is the second. In a minute there are 60 seconds, and one hour is 60 minutes.

Temperature

To measure temperature, there are three familiar scales: Celsius (°Q, Fahrenheit (°F) and Kelvin (K). The unit of temperature commonly used all over the world is the degree Celsius (°C).

Lab safety

The laboratory has the potential to be either a safe place or a dangerous place. The difference depends on your knowledge of and adherence to safe laboratory practices. As a result, it is very important that you read the information provided here. A few basic rules for working safely in

the laboratory include the following:

General rules

1 - Always keep your work area clean.

2 - Wear proper safety clothing.

3 - Wear proper eye protection.

4 - Read all directions for an experiment several times.

5 - Follow the direction exactly as they are written.

6 - Be careful not to spill any material in the lab.

7- Always wash your hands before and after each experiment.

8 - Do not eat or drink in the lab.

First aid and rules

Report all accidents to your teacher immediately.

- Know where the first aid kits and fire extinguishers are located.

- Know where and how to report an accident or fire.

Heat and fire safety

- Never use a heat source without wearing safety goggles or glasses.

- Never heat a chemical that you have not been instructed to heat.

- Never reach across a flame.

- When working with a Bunsen burner, do not touch a hot burner.

- Never leave a lighted burner unattended.

- When heating a test tube or bottle, always point it away from yourself and others.

- Never heat a liquid in a closed container.

- Use tongs and clamps when handling hot containers.

Chemical safety

- Never taste, touch or smell a chemical unless you are instructed to do so by your teacher.

- Use only those chemicals needed in the activity.

- Dispose of all chemicals properly.

- Never mix chemicals for the fun of it.

- Always wear safety goggles.

- Handle chemicals carefully

Glassware safety

Besides the microscope, dissection kits, certain chemicals and dyes, and models and posters, the glassware above is commonly used for practical work in the biology laboratory.

- Never eat or drink from lab glassware.

- Do not handle glassware with your bare hands.

- Never use cracked or chipped glassware in the lab.

- Broken glassware should be swept up immediately.

- Never pick up broken glassware with your fingers.

- Use proper equipment when handling hot glassware.

- Make sure glassware is clean before you use ft.

- Make sure glassware is clean before you put it away.

2.1 Make 15 true and false statements to the text

2.2 Speak about Lab safety

I. Focus on new language

Present Simple

1. Look at the sentences and compare them. Pay attention to the verb form. What is the difference between them?

A. Living organisms share many common characteristics.

B. Biology helps us understand ourselves and other organisms in the world.

2 What tense is used in the sentences?

Read the rules and do the exercises.

	I/you/we/they	He/she/it
+ - ?	I usually work at home. They don't live near here. Do you smoke? Yes, I do. / No, I don't.	Danny knows me very well. It doesn't often rain here. Des Nina like music? Yes, she does. No she doesn't.

• Use the present simple for things you do every day, week, year, or which are always true.

Remember the word order in questions (ASI and QUASI)

We often use the present simple with adverbs of frequency (always, often, sometimes, usually hardly ever, never).

Adverbs of frequency go before the main verb but after “be”.

He often goes out. NOT He goes often out. She's always late. NOT She's late always. Expressions of frequency (every day, once a week, etc.) usually go at the end of a sentence. I have English classes twice a week.