- •1. Basic properties and functions of biological membranes.
- •2. Transport of substance through membrane.
- •3. Methods of research of structure and functions of biological membranes: optical microscopy, electronic microscopy
- •4. Methods of research of structure and functions of biological membranes: method of diffraction of X-rays radiation, luminescent methods, nuclear magnetic resonance research
- •5. Potential of rest:
- •6. Potential of action.
- •7. Properties of liquids.
- •8. Superficial tension. Method of falling drops.
- •9. The general scheme of transfer and registration of the information. Electrodes.
- •10. Sensors. Kinds of sensors.
- •11. Application of sensors.
- •14. Kinds of X-rays.
- •16. Law of weakening of X-rays.
- •17. Methods of using of X-rays in medicine.
- •18. Structure of a nucleus, nuclear forces. Energy of connection of nucleons.
- •19. Radioactivity. Kinds of radioactive disintegrations.
- •20. The basic law of radioactive disintegration. A half-life period.
- •21. Ionizing radioactive radiation and its biological action.
- •22. The absorbed and exposition doze. Power of a doze.Relative biological efficiency.
- •23. Heart. Biophysical property of heart.
- •24. Rhythm of heart. Parameters of cardiac activity.Heart tones.
- •25. Electric activity of cells of a myocardium.
- •26. The electrocardiogram. Main assignments of ecg.
- •27. Basic peaks of ecg.
- •28. Imposing of electrodes at ecg. Main assignments.
- •30. Basic rhythms of eeg.
- •31. Technique of record of electroencephalogram.
- •32. Methods of research of electroencephalograms. Magnetoencephalography.
- •33. Luminescence and its kinds.
- •34. Stimulated radiation. Laser.
- •35. Mechanisms of action of laser radiation on biological tissues.
- •36. Aplication of laser radiation in medicine. (lilr, hilr)
- •38. Dispersion of light.
- •40. Law of Buger-Lambert-Ber. Optical density and transparency of substance.
- •41. Method of determination of substance concentration. Method of the caliber graph, method of comparison.
- •42. Polarization of light by bio-systems. Light natural and polarized.
- •43. Phenomenon of double refraction. Dichroism.
- •44. Research of microstructures in polarizing light.
- •45. Rotation of a plane of fluctuations of polarized light.
- •46) Special methods of light microscopy. Method of a dark field.Method of a light field.
- •47) Method of phase contrast. Polarizing microscopy.
- •48) The method interference contrast. Method of research in a view of a luminescence.
- •49) Device of a microscope. Characteristics of microscope.
- •50) Kinds of muscles and its properties.
- •51) Contractive apparatus of the muscles.
- •52) Basic provisions of model of sliding strings.
- •53) Biomechanics of a muscle.
- •54) Electromechanical interface in muscles.
- •55) Stages of a breath. Gas exchange in lungs.
- •56) Surfactant, its importance.
- •57) Biomechanics of external breath.
- •58) Ventilation of lungs. Act of inhalation, act of exhalation.
- •59) Elastic draft of lungs.
- •60) Pulmonary resistance. Extensibility.Minute volume of breath.
- •61) Bernoulli’s equation. Static and dynamics pressure.
- •62) Viscosity of liquid. Laminar and turbulent fluid flow.
- •63) Current of a liquid on a horizontal pipe. Puazal’s law.
- •64) Definition of speed of blood-groove.
- •65) Physical bases of rheography.
- •66) Hemodynamics. Linear and volumetric speed of blood-groove.
- •67) Physical model of vascular system.
- •68) Measurement of pressure of blood.
- •69) Systolic, diastolic, pulse pressures. Pulse wave.
- •70) Work of heart.
- •71) Systolic and minute volume of a blood-groove.
- •72) Biophysical features of an aorta. Arterial and venous pulse.
- •73) Introscopy, its kinds.
- •74) Computer tomograph.
- •75) Magnetic-resonant tomography.
- •76) Ultrasonic (Ultrasonic diagnostics).
- •77) Influence of electromagnetic fields. Diathermy, darsonvalism, inductothermy, uhf-therapy.
- •78) Physiotherapy. Ultrasonic therapy, microwave therapy.
- •79) Amplipulse therapy, microcurrent therapy, magnetotherapy.
- •80) Mobility of ions. Electrophoresis its kinds.
- •81) Medicinal electrophoresis.
- •82) Galvanizing.
- •83) Electrosecurity.
- •84) Primary stages of photobiological processes.
- •85) Photochemical reactions.
- •86) Chemiluminescence and its diagnostic importance.
- •87) Migration of energy.
- •88) Action of ultra-violet radiation on proteins and nucleonic acids.
- •89) Modelling. The basic stages of modeling.
- •90) Modelling. Classification of models.
20. The basic law of radioactive disintegration. A half-life period.
The basic law of radioactive disintegration install: The same quantity of nucleuses of the given element breaks up for equal time intervals. The constant of disintegration λ to determine this quantity.The quantity dN of nucleuses, which are breaking up for a time interval dt, is proportional to quantity of the nucleuses, which have not broken yet to the beginning of the given time interval, and a time interval dt from the law.
Radioactive decay is determined by quantum mechanics – which is inherently probabilistic.
So it’s impossible to work out when any particular atom will decay, but we can make predictions based on the statistical behaviour of large numbers of atoms.
The half-life of a radioactive isotope is the time after which, on average, half of the original material will have decayed. After two half-lives, half of that will have decayed again and a quarter of the original material will remain, and so on.
A half-life period: Half-life period T 1/2 determinespeed of disintegration of various elements in practice. Half of initial number of radioactive nucleuses breaks up during this time. T1/2=ln2/λ=0,693/λ
21. Ionizing radioactive radiation and its biological action.
Radioactivity (alpha, beta, gamma rays) and hard X-rays, as well as streams of protons and neutrons are collectively called ionizing radiation. To ionizing radiation carry the same streams of protons and neutrons. The speed and energy of the protons emitted in reactions nuclear, and penetrating ionizing ability of these particles are the same as the alpha - particle. When neutrons collide with the nuclei of the atoms can be of elastic scattering, inelastic scattering and neutron capture the nucleus (radiative capture).
Effects of ionizing radiation can cause the same disruption in the molecular structure of substances. As an example, you can specify the radiolysis of water, which is the ionization and subsequent decay of ionized water molecules to form unsaturated radicals H and OH, without carrying electric charges, but having unsatisfied valences and therefore having an extremely high chemical activity, while also formed compounds of the type H 2 O 2 or NO 2 (hydroperoxide) is a strong oxidant.
22. The absorbed and exposition doze. Power of a doze.Relative biological efficiency.
Therefore, the main quantity characterizing the effects of ionizing radiation on matter, is the energy of radiation absorbed by a unit mass of material during irradiation. This is called the quantity absorbed dose of radiation or radiation dose (D).
Exhibit dose or dose is determined by the action of ionizing radiation in air. Roentgen give definition: it is the X-ray Player dose or - radiation that is a result of complete ionization of 1 cm 3 of pure dry air at 0 0 C and atmospheric pressure forms a rounded two billion. Ion pairs.
Quantify the effect To of radiation characteristics of the concept of usual dose of radiation R. The dose rate The measured value is the dose of radiation teaches object per unit of time. At sufficiently uniform action of the radiation dose rate The is numerically equal to the ratio P of doses radiation to the periods of time radiation effect:P=∆D/∆t .
Units of radiation The dose for -vatt are absorbed dose per kilogram (W / kg) and radians per second (rad / s); for exposure dose - amperes per kg (A / kg) and roentgens per hour (R / hr) or micro roentgen per second (mR / sec).
The relative biological effectiveness.
You know the If exposure dose D 0 in the X-rays which is irradiated object, using the transition coefficient f, which is usually determined empirically models (fontomah) can be found in the absorbed dose in rads site: Dz=f*D0
Factor f depends mainly on the atomic number and density of the object substance, and to a lesser extent - of photon energy. For example, for water, respectively, to soft human tissue factor f depends little on the photon energy and rounding can be taken unity as (f = 1).
Biological effects of different types of ionizing radiation is different. In this regard, the dosimetry introduced quantity called the biological dose of radiation D b.The unit of it is the biological equivalent of glad - rem. Baer is the amount of energy of any type of ionizing radiation, which is in its biological action is equivalent to 1 rad of X-ray Player or gamma - radiation. B iologicheskaya radiation dose to B erah numerically equal to the product of the absorbed dose in rads by a factor called the relative biological effectiveness of radiation (RBE): Db=Dn* RBE