- •1. Basic properties and functions of biological membranes.
- •2. Transport of substance through membrane.
- •3. Methods of research of structure and functions of biological membranes: optical microscopy, electronic microscopy
- •4. Methods of research of structure and functions of biological membranes: method of diffraction of X-rays radiation, luminescent methods, nuclear magnetic resonance research
- •5. Potential of rest:
- •6. Potential of action.
- •7. Properties of liquids.
- •8. Superficial tension. Method of falling drops.
- •9. The general scheme of transfer and registration of the information. Electrodes.
- •10. Sensors. Kinds of sensors.
- •11. Application of sensors.
- •14. Kinds of X-rays.
- •16. Law of weakening of X-rays.
- •17. Methods of using of X-rays in medicine.
- •18. Structure of a nucleus, nuclear forces. Energy of connection of nucleons.
- •19. Radioactivity. Kinds of radioactive disintegrations.
- •20. The basic law of radioactive disintegration. A half-life period.
- •21. Ionizing radioactive radiation and its biological action.
- •22. The absorbed and exposition doze. Power of a doze.Relative biological efficiency.
- •23. Heart. Biophysical property of heart.
- •24. Rhythm of heart. Parameters of cardiac activity.Heart tones.
- •25. Electric activity of cells of a myocardium.
- •26. The electrocardiogram. Main assignments of ecg.
- •27. Basic peaks of ecg.
- •28. Imposing of electrodes at ecg. Main assignments.
- •30. Basic rhythms of eeg.
- •31. Technique of record of electroencephalogram.
- •32. Methods of research of electroencephalograms. Magnetoencephalography.
- •33. Luminescence and its kinds.
- •34. Stimulated radiation. Laser.
- •35. Mechanisms of action of laser radiation on biological tissues.
- •36. Aplication of laser radiation in medicine. (lilr, hilr)
- •38. Dispersion of light.
- •40. Law of Buger-Lambert-Ber. Optical density and transparency of substance.
- •41. Method of determination of substance concentration. Method of the caliber graph, method of comparison.
- •42. Polarization of light by bio-systems. Light natural and polarized.
- •43. Phenomenon of double refraction. Dichroism.
- •44. Research of microstructures in polarizing light.
- •45. Rotation of a plane of fluctuations of polarized light.
- •46) Special methods of light microscopy. Method of a dark field.Method of a light field.
- •47) Method of phase contrast. Polarizing microscopy.
- •48) The method interference contrast. Method of research in a view of a luminescence.
- •49) Device of a microscope. Characteristics of microscope.
- •50) Kinds of muscles and its properties.
- •51) Contractive apparatus of the muscles.
- •52) Basic provisions of model of sliding strings.
- •53) Biomechanics of a muscle.
- •54) Electromechanical interface in muscles.
- •55) Stages of a breath. Gas exchange in lungs.
- •56) Surfactant, its importance.
- •57) Biomechanics of external breath.
- •58) Ventilation of lungs. Act of inhalation, act of exhalation.
- •59) Elastic draft of lungs.
- •60) Pulmonary resistance. Extensibility.Minute volume of breath.
- •61) Bernoulli’s equation. Static and dynamics pressure.
- •62) Viscosity of liquid. Laminar and turbulent fluid flow.
- •63) Current of a liquid on a horizontal pipe. Puazal’s law.
- •64) Definition of speed of blood-groove.
- •65) Physical bases of rheography.
- •66) Hemodynamics. Linear and volumetric speed of blood-groove.
- •67) Physical model of vascular system.
- •68) Measurement of pressure of blood.
- •69) Systolic, diastolic, pulse pressures. Pulse wave.
- •70) Work of heart.
- •71) Systolic and minute volume of a blood-groove.
- •72) Biophysical features of an aorta. Arterial and venous pulse.
- •73) Introscopy, its kinds.
- •74) Computer tomograph.
- •75) Magnetic-resonant tomography.
- •76) Ultrasonic (Ultrasonic diagnostics).
- •77) Influence of electromagnetic fields. Diathermy, darsonvalism, inductothermy, uhf-therapy.
- •78) Physiotherapy. Ultrasonic therapy, microwave therapy.
- •79) Amplipulse therapy, microcurrent therapy, magnetotherapy.
- •80) Mobility of ions. Electrophoresis its kinds.
- •81) Medicinal electrophoresis.
- •82) Galvanizing.
- •83) Electrosecurity.
- •84) Primary stages of photobiological processes.
- •85) Photochemical reactions.
- •86) Chemiluminescence and its diagnostic importance.
- •87) Migration of energy.
- •88) Action of ultra-violet radiation on proteins and nucleonic acids.
- •89) Modelling. The basic stages of modeling.
- •90) Modelling. Classification of models.
89) Modelling. The basic stages of modeling.
Modelling- one of the basic methods of biophysics. It is used at all levels of studying of alive systems, beginning from molecular biophysics, biophysics of membranes, biophysics of a cell and bodies, finishing biophysics of complex systems.
The basic stages of modelling
1. Primary gathering of the information. The researcher should receive as much as possible information on various characteristics of real object: properties of processes, occurring in it, laws of behaviour under various external conditions.
2. Statement of a problem. The purpose of research, its basic problems is formulated, defined, what new knowledge as a result of carried out research the researcher wishes to receive. This stage often is one of the most important and labour-intensive.
3. A substantiation of the basic assumptions. In other words, the real object becomes simpler, characteristics with which can be neglected are allocated.
4. Creation of model, its research.
5. Check of adequacy of model to real object. The instruction of borders of applicability of model. Thus, the model coordinates real object with the purpose of research:, simplifies object, enables to carry out research, keeps that interests the researcher.
90) Modelling. Classification of models.
When studying difficult systems the studied object can be replaced by another, simpler, but keeping the properties, main, most essential to this research. Such simpler object of research is called model.
Modeling is a method at which replacement of studying of some difficult object (process, the phenomenon) is made by research of his model. Any method of scientific research as theoretical and experimental in essence is based on idea of modeling.
Classification:
Physical model has the physical nature, is frequent the same that the studied object. For example, the current of a blood on vessels is modelled by the movement of liquid on pipes. When modeling electric processes in heart it is considered as an electric current dipole. For studying of processes of a permeability of ions through biological membranes a real membrane replaced by artificial (liposome).
Biological model is represented by biological objects which is suitable for the experimental of research on which properties, patterns of biophysical processes in real difficult objects are studied. For example, patterns of emergence and distribution of action potential in nervous fibers were studied only after finding of successful biological model as a huge axon of a squid. Existence of active transport was proved on a skin of a frog which modelled property of a biological membrane.
Mathematical models descriptions of processes in real object by means of the mathematical equations, as a rule, differential. By means of the COMPUTER it is possible to solve the difficult equations and to prognosticate behavior of system: course of a disease, treatment efficiency, effect of pharmaceutical drug. If processes in model have other physical nature, than the original, but is described by the same mathematical apparatus, then the model is called analog. For example, analog model of vascular system is the electric chain from resistance, capacities and inductance.