- •1. Basic properties and functions of biological membranes.
- •2. Transport of substance through membrane.
- •3. Methods of research of structure and functions of biological membranes: optical microscopy, electronic microscopy
- •4. Methods of research of structure and functions of biological membranes: method of diffraction of X-rays radiation, luminescent methods, nuclear magnetic resonance research
- •5. Potential of rest:
- •6. Potential of action.
- •7. Properties of liquids.
- •8. Superficial tension. Method of falling drops.
- •9. The general scheme of transfer and registration of the information. Electrodes.
- •10. Sensors. Kinds of sensors.
- •11. Application of sensors.
- •14. Kinds of X-rays.
- •16. Law of weakening of X-rays.
- •17. Methods of using of X-rays in medicine.
- •18. Structure of a nucleus, nuclear forces. Energy of connection of nucleons.
- •19. Radioactivity. Kinds of radioactive disintegrations.
- •20. The basic law of radioactive disintegration. A half-life period.
- •21. Ionizing radioactive radiation and its biological action.
- •22. The absorbed and exposition doze. Power of a doze.Relative biological efficiency.
- •23. Heart. Biophysical property of heart.
- •24. Rhythm of heart. Parameters of cardiac activity.Heart tones.
- •25. Electric activity of cells of a myocardium.
- •26. The electrocardiogram. Main assignments of ecg.
- •27. Basic peaks of ecg.
- •28. Imposing of electrodes at ecg. Main assignments.
- •30. Basic rhythms of eeg.
- •31. Technique of record of electroencephalogram.
- •32. Methods of research of electroencephalograms. Magnetoencephalography.
- •33. Luminescence and its kinds.
- •34. Stimulated radiation. Laser.
- •35. Mechanisms of action of laser radiation on biological tissues.
- •36. Aplication of laser radiation in medicine. (lilr, hilr)
- •38. Dispersion of light.
- •40. Law of Buger-Lambert-Ber. Optical density and transparency of substance.
- •41. Method of determination of substance concentration. Method of the caliber graph, method of comparison.
- •42. Polarization of light by bio-systems. Light natural and polarized.
- •43. Phenomenon of double refraction. Dichroism.
- •44. Research of microstructures in polarizing light.
- •45. Rotation of a plane of fluctuations of polarized light.
- •46) Special methods of light microscopy. Method of a dark field.Method of a light field.
- •47) Method of phase contrast. Polarizing microscopy.
- •48) The method interference contrast. Method of research in a view of a luminescence.
- •49) Device of a microscope. Characteristics of microscope.
- •50) Kinds of muscles and its properties.
- •51) Contractive apparatus of the muscles.
- •52) Basic provisions of model of sliding strings.
- •53) Biomechanics of a muscle.
- •54) Electromechanical interface in muscles.
- •55) Stages of a breath. Gas exchange in lungs.
- •56) Surfactant, its importance.
- •57) Biomechanics of external breath.
- •58) Ventilation of lungs. Act of inhalation, act of exhalation.
- •59) Elastic draft of lungs.
- •60) Pulmonary resistance. Extensibility.Minute volume of breath.
- •61) Bernoulli’s equation. Static and dynamics pressure.
- •62) Viscosity of liquid. Laminar and turbulent fluid flow.
- •63) Current of a liquid on a horizontal pipe. Puazal’s law.
- •64) Definition of speed of blood-groove.
- •65) Physical bases of rheography.
- •66) Hemodynamics. Linear and volumetric speed of blood-groove.
- •67) Physical model of vascular system.
- •68) Measurement of pressure of blood.
- •69) Systolic, diastolic, pulse pressures. Pulse wave.
- •70) Work of heart.
- •71) Systolic and minute volume of a blood-groove.
- •72) Biophysical features of an aorta. Arterial and venous pulse.
- •73) Introscopy, its kinds.
- •74) Computer tomograph.
- •75) Magnetic-resonant tomography.
- •76) Ultrasonic (Ultrasonic diagnostics).
- •77) Influence of electromagnetic fields. Diathermy, darsonvalism, inductothermy, uhf-therapy.
- •78) Physiotherapy. Ultrasonic therapy, microwave therapy.
- •79) Amplipulse therapy, microcurrent therapy, magnetotherapy.
- •80) Mobility of ions. Electrophoresis its kinds.
- •81) Medicinal electrophoresis.
- •82) Galvanizing.
- •83) Electrosecurity.
- •84) Primary stages of photobiological processes.
- •85) Photochemical reactions.
- •86) Chemiluminescence and its diagnostic importance.
- •87) Migration of energy.
- •88) Action of ultra-violet radiation on proteins and nucleonic acids.
- •89) Modelling. The basic stages of modeling.
- •90) Modelling. Classification of models.
14. Kinds of X-rays.
The length of a wave depends on energy of photons which defines getting ability of radiation. Therefore getting ability characterize in the length of a wave. More absorbed long-wave radiation is called soft, and less absorbed - short-waveis called rigid. Getting ability of rigid rays is more, than at soft rays. The length of a wave can be adjusted, changing a pressure of a tube. The above the pressure, this is more “rigid” radiation.
15. Interaction of x-ray radiation with substance.
Radiation is partially reflected from a surface at falling R-rays on a body. Hence,occurs:
1. Coherent dispersion;
2. Photo effect
3. Compton - effect
1. If hv<Aexit- coherent (classical) dispersion takes place (Аexit - work of an output electron from substance).
2. If hv»Aexit the photon is absorbed, electron comes off atom: the substance is ionized (substance turns to a positive ion), the photoeffect occurs.
3. If hv»Aexit, then hv1=Aexit+Ek+hv2 where The part of energy of a photon is spent for fulfillment of work for an output of electron from the substance, other part is spent for kinetic energy free electron, the third part is radiated in the form of secondary radiation. The photoeffect is characteristic for photons with rather low energy and occurs mainly on electronах internal level of atoms. Photons with the energy changing in enough wide limits cause Kompton - effect at interaction of photons with electrons the external levels poorly connected with a kernel.
16. Law of weakening of X-rays.
A result As, a plurality of processes occurring during the interaction of radiation with matter X-ray Player radiation flux is weakened. This weakening can be described by law Bugera: F = F for e -μ d, where F - the flow of radiation transmitted through the substance F to - radiation flux incident on the substance, μ - linear attenuation coefficient, d - thickness of material.
Measure of the One attenuation of X-radiation with matter is half the thickness of the absorption, which can be determined from the condition that has passed through the material flow is equal to half of the incident radiation: F = F of / 2. If the substitute here we mathematical expression of the law will Bugera: Fof / 2 F = on e -μ d ½ = e -μ d
ln 1 - ln 2 = -μ d 1/2 d 1/2 = ln 2 / μ = 0.693 / μ, ie, half the thickness of the absorption of the reciprocal of the linear attenuation coefficient.
17. Methods of using of X-rays in medicine.
X-rays are a form of electromagnetic radiation, as are radio waves, infrared radiation, visible light, ultraviolet radiation and microwaves. One of the most common and beneficial uses of X-rays is for medical imaging. X-rays are also used in treating cancer.
X-rays are a type of electromagnetic radiation, just like visible light. X-rays are painless.
An x-ray machine sends individual x-ray particles through the body. The images are recorded on a computer or film.
Structures that are dense (such as bone) will block most of the x-ray particles, and will appear white.
Structures containing air will be black, and muscle, fat, and fluid will appear as shades of gray.
Radiation therapy uses high-energy radiation to kill cancer cells by damaging their DNA. However, the treatment can damage normal cells as well as cancer cells.