- •1. Basic properties and functions of biological membranes.
- •2. Transport of substance through membrane.
- •3. Methods of research of structure and functions of biological membranes: optical microscopy, electronic microscopy
- •4. Methods of research of structure and functions of biological membranes: method of diffraction of X-rays radiation, luminescent methods, nuclear magnetic resonance research
- •5. Potential of rest:
- •6. Potential of action.
- •7. Properties of liquids.
- •8. Superficial tension. Method of falling drops.
- •9. The general scheme of transfer and registration of the information. Electrodes.
- •10. Sensors. Kinds of sensors.
- •11. Application of sensors.
- •14. Kinds of X-rays.
- •16. Law of weakening of X-rays.
- •17. Methods of using of X-rays in medicine.
- •18. Structure of a nucleus, nuclear forces. Energy of connection of nucleons.
- •19. Radioactivity. Kinds of radioactive disintegrations.
- •20. The basic law of radioactive disintegration. A half-life period.
- •21. Ionizing radioactive radiation and its biological action.
- •22. The absorbed and exposition doze. Power of a doze.Relative biological efficiency.
- •23. Heart. Biophysical property of heart.
- •24. Rhythm of heart. Parameters of cardiac activity.Heart tones.
- •25. Electric activity of cells of a myocardium.
- •26. The electrocardiogram. Main assignments of ecg.
- •27. Basic peaks of ecg.
- •28. Imposing of electrodes at ecg. Main assignments.
- •30. Basic rhythms of eeg.
- •31. Technique of record of electroencephalogram.
- •32. Methods of research of electroencephalograms. Magnetoencephalography.
- •33. Luminescence and its kinds.
- •34. Stimulated radiation. Laser.
- •35. Mechanisms of action of laser radiation on biological tissues.
- •36. Aplication of laser radiation in medicine. (lilr, hilr)
- •38. Dispersion of light.
- •40. Law of Buger-Lambert-Ber. Optical density and transparency of substance.
- •41. Method of determination of substance concentration. Method of the caliber graph, method of comparison.
- •42. Polarization of light by bio-systems. Light natural and polarized.
- •43. Phenomenon of double refraction. Dichroism.
- •44. Research of microstructures in polarizing light.
- •45. Rotation of a plane of fluctuations of polarized light.
- •46) Special methods of light microscopy. Method of a dark field.Method of a light field.
- •47) Method of phase contrast. Polarizing microscopy.
- •48) The method interference contrast. Method of research in a view of a luminescence.
- •49) Device of a microscope. Characteristics of microscope.
- •50) Kinds of muscles and its properties.
- •51) Contractive apparatus of the muscles.
- •52) Basic provisions of model of sliding strings.
- •53) Biomechanics of a muscle.
- •54) Electromechanical interface in muscles.
- •55) Stages of a breath. Gas exchange in lungs.
- •56) Surfactant, its importance.
- •57) Biomechanics of external breath.
- •58) Ventilation of lungs. Act of inhalation, act of exhalation.
- •59) Elastic draft of lungs.
- •60) Pulmonary resistance. Extensibility.Minute volume of breath.
- •61) Bernoulli’s equation. Static and dynamics pressure.
- •62) Viscosity of liquid. Laminar and turbulent fluid flow.
- •63) Current of a liquid on a horizontal pipe. Puazal’s law.
- •64) Definition of speed of blood-groove.
- •65) Physical bases of rheography.
- •66) Hemodynamics. Linear and volumetric speed of blood-groove.
- •67) Physical model of vascular system.
- •68) Measurement of pressure of blood.
- •69) Systolic, diastolic, pulse pressures. Pulse wave.
- •70) Work of heart.
- •71) Systolic and minute volume of a blood-groove.
- •72) Biophysical features of an aorta. Arterial and venous pulse.
- •73) Introscopy, its kinds.
- •74) Computer tomograph.
- •75) Magnetic-resonant tomography.
- •76) Ultrasonic (Ultrasonic diagnostics).
- •77) Influence of electromagnetic fields. Diathermy, darsonvalism, inductothermy, uhf-therapy.
- •78) Physiotherapy. Ultrasonic therapy, microwave therapy.
- •79) Amplipulse therapy, microcurrent therapy, magnetotherapy.
- •80) Mobility of ions. Electrophoresis its kinds.
- •81) Medicinal electrophoresis.
- •82) Galvanizing.
- •83) Electrosecurity.
- •84) Primary stages of photobiological processes.
- •85) Photochemical reactions.
- •86) Chemiluminescence and its diagnostic importance.
- •87) Migration of energy.
- •88) Action of ultra-violet radiation on proteins and nucleonic acids.
- •89) Modelling. The basic stages of modeling.
- •90) Modelling. Classification of models.
87) Migration of energy.
Migration of energy is the nonradiative transmission of energy from a molecule to a molecule on the distances considerably exceeding interatomic occurring without waste in heat and without kinetic concussions of the donor and an acceptor of energy.
When the molecule absorbs energy, the electron from the main energy level moves to higher, excited level. In case of movement of these electrons on orbits in a molecule the variation electromagnetic field is created. Oscillation frequency of this field is defined by the energy level of an excited electron. If near an excited molecule there is a not exited molecule which has the energy level, coincident or a little smaller the level of an excited molecule, then there is a resonance phenomenon. At the same time the nonexcited molecule is excited, and excited - passes into a nonexcited status, i.e. energy of an excited molecule is almost entirely transferred to a nonexcited molecule. It happens when the frequency of the emitted electromagnetic oscillations of the donor of energy matches oscillation frequency of an acceptor of energy.
The following conditions are necessary for emergence of migration:
-The donor of energies shall possess a capability to creation of the extending electromagnetic field, i.e. a capability to a luminescence.
-Frequency of fluctuations of the electromagnetic field of the donor shall match the frequency of fluctuations of an acceptor.
-It is necessary that the donor and an acceptor have been pulled together on sufficient distance.
Availability of migration is determined by means of spectral methods. If it is found out that the substance which is directly not participating in photochemical reaction begins to luminesce (a sensibilized luminescence), then it says about availability of migration of energy, i.e. that molecules of this substance have received energy from other molecules which are directly participating in absorption of light.
88) Action of ultra-violet radiation on proteins and nucleonic acids.
Ultra-violet radiation can cause such photobiological reactions which lead to destruction of proteins and nucleinic acids. These photobiological reactions cause also the secondary changes which are not connected with direct action of radiation any more. Primary changes consist in violation of structure of DNA and in a denaturation of proteins. Secondary changes come because cellular enzymes split the denatured protein. At the same time disintegration products accumulate. Products of disintegration cause irritation of the nervous terminations which leads to difficult reflex reactions.
The mechanism of action of ultra-violet radiation on protein
Absorption of light by proteins in the field of 260-280 nanometers is caused by aromatic amino acids: tirozine and tryptophane. These amino acids absorb ultra-violet radiation and collapse. Destruction of these amino acids leads to a denaturation of proteins and to an inactivation of their enzymatic activity. All process proceeds in several stages:
1. Active stage - absorption of light and excitement of a molecule of amino acid
2. The photoionization stage - the excited molecule is unstable and the radical ion breaks up to an electron. The electron is taken other molecules, generally waters. Radical Ion is unstable connection and breaks up to a free radical and an atomic nucleus of hydrogen (proton)
3. Stage reaction of the formed radicals and a solvatirovanny electron. The formed radical of amino acid A interacts with the next links of a peptide chain of a proteinaceous molecule. It causes change of a configuration of a proteinaceous moleculeViolation of a configuration of a molecule (change of tertiary and secondary structure) already at this stage leads to an inactivation of enzymatic properties
The mechanism of action of ultra-violet radiation on nucleinic acid
Under the influence of ultraviolet rays there is a local unbraiding of threads of DNA. Then threads are bent in such a way that the thymine bases approach. In between there is a resistant chemical bond which as if tightens a double thread of DNA and hinders with reading of information from it.