- •1. Basic properties and functions of biological membranes.
- •2. Transport of substance through membrane.
- •3. Methods of research of structure and functions of biological membranes: optical microscopy, electronic microscopy
- •4. Methods of research of structure and functions of biological membranes: method of diffraction of X-rays radiation, luminescent methods, nuclear magnetic resonance research
- •5. Potential of rest:
- •6. Potential of action.
- •7. Properties of liquids.
- •8. Superficial tension. Method of falling drops.
- •9. The general scheme of transfer and registration of the information. Electrodes.
- •10. Sensors. Kinds of sensors.
- •11. Application of sensors.
- •14. Kinds of X-rays.
- •16. Law of weakening of X-rays.
- •17. Methods of using of X-rays in medicine.
- •18. Structure of a nucleus, nuclear forces. Energy of connection of nucleons.
- •19. Radioactivity. Kinds of radioactive disintegrations.
- •20. The basic law of radioactive disintegration. A half-life period.
- •21. Ionizing radioactive radiation and its biological action.
- •22. The absorbed and exposition doze. Power of a doze.Relative biological efficiency.
- •23. Heart. Biophysical property of heart.
- •24. Rhythm of heart. Parameters of cardiac activity.Heart tones.
- •25. Electric activity of cells of a myocardium.
- •26. The electrocardiogram. Main assignments of ecg.
- •27. Basic peaks of ecg.
- •28. Imposing of electrodes at ecg. Main assignments.
- •30. Basic rhythms of eeg.
- •31. Technique of record of electroencephalogram.
- •32. Methods of research of electroencephalograms. Magnetoencephalography.
- •33. Luminescence and its kinds.
- •34. Stimulated radiation. Laser.
- •35. Mechanisms of action of laser radiation on biological tissues.
- •36. Aplication of laser radiation in medicine. (lilr, hilr)
- •38. Dispersion of light.
- •40. Law of Buger-Lambert-Ber. Optical density and transparency of substance.
- •41. Method of determination of substance concentration. Method of the caliber graph, method of comparison.
- •42. Polarization of light by bio-systems. Light natural and polarized.
- •43. Phenomenon of double refraction. Dichroism.
- •44. Research of microstructures in polarizing light.
- •45. Rotation of a plane of fluctuations of polarized light.
- •46) Special methods of light microscopy. Method of a dark field.Method of a light field.
- •47) Method of phase contrast. Polarizing microscopy.
- •48) The method interference contrast. Method of research in a view of a luminescence.
- •49) Device of a microscope. Characteristics of microscope.
- •50) Kinds of muscles and its properties.
- •51) Contractive apparatus of the muscles.
- •52) Basic provisions of model of sliding strings.
- •53) Biomechanics of a muscle.
- •54) Electromechanical interface in muscles.
- •55) Stages of a breath. Gas exchange in lungs.
- •56) Surfactant, its importance.
- •57) Biomechanics of external breath.
- •58) Ventilation of lungs. Act of inhalation, act of exhalation.
- •59) Elastic draft of lungs.
- •60) Pulmonary resistance. Extensibility.Minute volume of breath.
- •61) Bernoulli’s equation. Static and dynamics pressure.
- •62) Viscosity of liquid. Laminar and turbulent fluid flow.
- •63) Current of a liquid on a horizontal pipe. Puazal’s law.
- •64) Definition of speed of blood-groove.
- •65) Physical bases of rheography.
- •66) Hemodynamics. Linear and volumetric speed of blood-groove.
- •67) Physical model of vascular system.
- •68) Measurement of pressure of blood.
- •69) Systolic, diastolic, pulse pressures. Pulse wave.
- •70) Work of heart.
- •71) Systolic and minute volume of a blood-groove.
- •72) Biophysical features of an aorta. Arterial and venous pulse.
- •73) Introscopy, its kinds.
- •74) Computer tomograph.
- •75) Magnetic-resonant tomography.
- •76) Ultrasonic (Ultrasonic diagnostics).
- •77) Influence of electromagnetic fields. Diathermy, darsonvalism, inductothermy, uhf-therapy.
- •78) Physiotherapy. Ultrasonic therapy, microwave therapy.
- •79) Amplipulse therapy, microcurrent therapy, magnetotherapy.
- •80) Mobility of ions. Electrophoresis its kinds.
- •81) Medicinal electrophoresis.
- •82) Galvanizing.
- •83) Electrosecurity.
- •84) Primary stages of photobiological processes.
- •85) Photochemical reactions.
- •86) Chemiluminescence and its diagnostic importance.
- •87) Migration of energy.
- •88) Action of ultra-violet radiation on proteins and nucleonic acids.
- •89) Modelling. The basic stages of modeling.
- •90) Modelling. Classification of models.
5. Potential of rest:
Between internal and external surfaces of a cellular membrane always there is a difference of electric potentials. This potential difference measured in a condition of physiological rest of a cell, is called potential of rest. The potential of rest of a cell can be measured by means of the glass microelectrode entered directly in cytoplasm; the second electrode thus is in an extracellular liquid. It has been established, that cytoplasm in a condition of rest of cells always has negative potential. The reason of occurrence of potentials of cells in rest and at excitation is non-uniform distribution of ions potassium and sodium between contents of cells and environments. Non-uniform distribution of ions is caused by active carry of ions - work sodium – potassium the pump.The potential of rest can be certain under Nernst’s formula: ∆φ=-(RT/ZF)*ln(Ci/Cb)
6. Potential of action.
Hodchkin and Huxley measured potentials of not raised and raised cells of huge squid: it has appeared, that the potential difference was approximately equal to 80 mV in a condition of rest and the maximal potential difference if equal to + 40mV at excitation.Hodchkin and Huxley have formulated a difference of potentials between surfaces of a membrane rises up to zero, and then becomes positive - comes depolarization of membranes. Further process develops in the opposite direction: the stream of ions of sodium inside of a cell gradually decreases and comes back to the "not raised" value. Such impulse is called potential of action.
7. Properties of liquids.
The liquid possesses fluidity. Time of action of external force of usually many times more time of a relaxation, therefore a liquid flows and takes the form of a vessel in which it is. Identical orientation of molecules on all volume is possible in some liquids with the extended form of molecules. Such liquids refer to as liquid crystals. If time of action of force for a liquid is not enough, the liquid shows elasticity. At short-term action of force on a jet of a liquid, it finds out fragility. Compressibility of a liquid is very small, but it is more, than at substances in a firm condition. Gas embolism - corking of a blood vessel of bubble of gas. The phenomenon of a raising or lowering of a level of a liquid in narrow pipes in connection with action of additional pressure refers to capillary property.
8. Superficial tension. Method of falling drops.
Characteristic property of liquids is the superficial tension formed on a free surface of a liquid i.e. on border with the gaseous environment. This phenomenon is connected by that on a molecule and, taking place on a free surface, forces of an attraction on the side of environmental molecules of a liquid operate much more strongly, than from the side vapors of liquids or gas on which the liquid borders. The valueδ is called superficial tension. It is measured the relation of force of a superficial tension to length of a piece on which force operates: δ=F/ℓ. The superficial tension of biological liquids can serve in some cases can serve as the diagnostic factor. For definition of a superficial tension in medical practice use a method of falling drops.