- •1. Basic properties and functions of biological membranes.
- •2. Transport of substance through membrane.
- •3. Methods of research of structure and functions of biological membranes: optical microscopy, electronic microscopy
- •4. Methods of research of structure and functions of biological membranes: method of diffraction of X-rays radiation, luminescent methods, nuclear magnetic resonance research
- •5. Potential of rest:
- •6. Potential of action.
- •7. Properties of liquids.
- •8. Superficial tension. Method of falling drops.
- •9. The general scheme of transfer and registration of the information. Electrodes.
- •10. Sensors. Kinds of sensors.
- •11. Application of sensors.
- •14. Kinds of X-rays.
- •16. Law of weakening of X-rays.
- •17. Methods of using of X-rays in medicine.
- •18. Structure of a nucleus, nuclear forces. Energy of connection of nucleons.
- •19. Radioactivity. Kinds of radioactive disintegrations.
- •20. The basic law of radioactive disintegration. A half-life period.
- •21. Ionizing radioactive radiation and its biological action.
- •22. The absorbed and exposition doze. Power of a doze.Relative biological efficiency.
- •23. Heart. Biophysical property of heart.
- •24. Rhythm of heart. Parameters of cardiac activity.Heart tones.
- •25. Electric activity of cells of a myocardium.
- •26. The electrocardiogram. Main assignments of ecg.
- •27. Basic peaks of ecg.
- •28. Imposing of electrodes at ecg. Main assignments.
- •30. Basic rhythms of eeg.
- •31. Technique of record of electroencephalogram.
- •32. Methods of research of electroencephalograms. Magnetoencephalography.
- •33. Luminescence and its kinds.
- •34. Stimulated radiation. Laser.
- •35. Mechanisms of action of laser radiation on biological tissues.
- •36. Aplication of laser radiation in medicine. (lilr, hilr)
- •38. Dispersion of light.
- •40. Law of Buger-Lambert-Ber. Optical density and transparency of substance.
- •41. Method of determination of substance concentration. Method of the caliber graph, method of comparison.
- •42. Polarization of light by bio-systems. Light natural and polarized.
- •43. Phenomenon of double refraction. Dichroism.
- •44. Research of microstructures in polarizing light.
- •45. Rotation of a plane of fluctuations of polarized light.
- •46) Special methods of light microscopy. Method of a dark field.Method of a light field.
- •47) Method of phase contrast. Polarizing microscopy.
- •48) The method interference contrast. Method of research in a view of a luminescence.
- •49) Device of a microscope. Characteristics of microscope.
- •50) Kinds of muscles and its properties.
- •51) Contractive apparatus of the muscles.
- •52) Basic provisions of model of sliding strings.
- •53) Biomechanics of a muscle.
- •54) Electromechanical interface in muscles.
- •55) Stages of a breath. Gas exchange in lungs.
- •56) Surfactant, its importance.
- •57) Biomechanics of external breath.
- •58) Ventilation of lungs. Act of inhalation, act of exhalation.
- •59) Elastic draft of lungs.
- •60) Pulmonary resistance. Extensibility.Minute volume of breath.
- •61) Bernoulli’s equation. Static and dynamics pressure.
- •62) Viscosity of liquid. Laminar and turbulent fluid flow.
- •63) Current of a liquid on a horizontal pipe. Puazal’s law.
- •64) Definition of speed of blood-groove.
- •65) Physical bases of rheography.
- •66) Hemodynamics. Linear and volumetric speed of blood-groove.
- •67) Physical model of vascular system.
- •68) Measurement of pressure of blood.
- •69) Systolic, diastolic, pulse pressures. Pulse wave.
- •70) Work of heart.
- •71) Systolic and minute volume of a blood-groove.
- •72) Biophysical features of an aorta. Arterial and venous pulse.
- •73) Introscopy, its kinds.
- •74) Computer tomograph.
- •75) Magnetic-resonant tomography.
- •76) Ultrasonic (Ultrasonic diagnostics).
- •77) Influence of electromagnetic fields. Diathermy, darsonvalism, inductothermy, uhf-therapy.
- •78) Physiotherapy. Ultrasonic therapy, microwave therapy.
- •79) Amplipulse therapy, microcurrent therapy, magnetotherapy.
- •80) Mobility of ions. Electrophoresis its kinds.
- •81) Medicinal electrophoresis.
- •82) Galvanizing.
- •83) Electrosecurity.
- •84) Primary stages of photobiological processes.
- •85) Photochemical reactions.
- •86) Chemiluminescence and its diagnostic importance.
- •87) Migration of energy.
- •88) Action of ultra-violet radiation on proteins and nucleonic acids.
- •89) Modelling. The basic stages of modeling.
- •90) Modelling. Classification of models.
3. Methods of research of structure and functions of biological membranes: optical microscopy, electronic microscopy
To observe structure of a membrane in a usual optical microscope it is impossible.
Method of a dark field.
The most widespread reception of optical microscopy is supervision of the fixed and painted preparations in the passing light, named by a method of a light field.
Methods of microscopy of unstable and unpainted objects enter into practice recently. Supervision of such objects in passing light does not give desirable results owing to absence of contrast between elements of structure of object, and also between object and an environment. In these cases the method of supervision in a dark field (see fig. 2, b) is used. For this purpose special set of lenses in a usual biological microscope it is used. Set of lenses a dark field consists of the several lenses of the special form, forming inclined bunches of light which shine a preparation. Light falls on small elements of structure of object, dissipates on them and partially gets in an objective. It does an objective visible on the general dark field of vision of a microscope.
Phase - contrast method.
The method is applied for supervision of non-contrast objects; it is based on use of a difference of phases which is formed at passage of light through various structures of investigated object.
Electronic microscopy.
For research of structure of membranes the electronic microscope which permitting limit is defined by length of a wave of de Broil for moving with high speed of electron is used: λB=h/mv. For research of membranes methods of freezing-breaking off and freezing-etchings are used. Preparations are quickly frozen. After freezing the sample.representing suspension of cells, breaks away by means of a knife at low temperature (-1000С) in deep vacuum.
4. Methods of research of structure and functions of biological membranes: method of diffraction of X-rays radiation, luminescent methods, nuclear magnetic resonance research
and electronic paramagnetic resonance.
Method of diffraction of X-rays radiation: X-ray radiation is used for the analysis of membrane structures. The main condition of display of diffraction is comparability of the sizes of object on which radiation goes, and lengths of a wave of this radiation. By means of the X-rays analysis have been founded double layer arrangement of phospholipids and presence at membranes of protein.
Luminescent methods of research of membranes: These methods are connected with use of fluorescent labels of the fluorescing molecular groups. The fluorescent analysis enables to investigate mobility of phospholipids molecules in a membrane, to estimate viscosity of lipid phases of a membrane (so-called microviscosity of membranes). Methods of radiospectroscopy:electronic paramagnetic resonance and a nuclear magnetic resonance.The electronic paramagnetic resonance is the phenomenon of sharp increase of absorption of energy of an electromagnetic wave by system of paramagnetic particles placed in an external magnetic field at resonant frequency of a wave.The nuclear magnetic resonance is the phenomenon of sharp increase of absorption of energy of an electromagnetic wave system of the atomic nucleuses possessing the magnetic moment, placed in an external magnetic field at resonant frequency of a wave.