- •1. Basic properties and functions of biological membranes.
- •2. Transport of substance through membrane.
- •3. Methods of research of structure and functions of biological membranes: optical microscopy, electronic microscopy
- •4. Methods of research of structure and functions of biological membranes: method of diffraction of X-rays radiation, luminescent methods, nuclear magnetic resonance research
- •5. Potential of rest:
- •6. Potential of action.
- •7. Properties of liquids.
- •8. Superficial tension. Method of falling drops.
- •9. The general scheme of transfer and registration of the information. Electrodes.
- •10. Sensors. Kinds of sensors.
- •11. Application of sensors.
- •14. Kinds of X-rays.
- •16. Law of weakening of X-rays.
- •17. Methods of using of X-rays in medicine.
- •18. Structure of a nucleus, nuclear forces. Energy of connection of nucleons.
- •19. Radioactivity. Kinds of radioactive disintegrations.
- •20. The basic law of radioactive disintegration. A half-life period.
- •21. Ionizing radioactive radiation and its biological action.
- •22. The absorbed and exposition doze. Power of a doze.Relative biological efficiency.
- •23. Heart. Biophysical property of heart.
- •24. Rhythm of heart. Parameters of cardiac activity.Heart tones.
- •25. Electric activity of cells of a myocardium.
- •26. The electrocardiogram. Main assignments of ecg.
- •27. Basic peaks of ecg.
- •28. Imposing of electrodes at ecg. Main assignments.
- •30. Basic rhythms of eeg.
- •31. Technique of record of electroencephalogram.
- •32. Methods of research of electroencephalograms. Magnetoencephalography.
- •33. Luminescence and its kinds.
- •34. Stimulated radiation. Laser.
- •35. Mechanisms of action of laser radiation on biological tissues.
- •36. Aplication of laser radiation in medicine. (lilr, hilr)
- •38. Dispersion of light.
- •40. Law of Buger-Lambert-Ber. Optical density and transparency of substance.
- •41. Method of determination of substance concentration. Method of the caliber graph, method of comparison.
- •42. Polarization of light by bio-systems. Light natural and polarized.
- •43. Phenomenon of double refraction. Dichroism.
- •44. Research of microstructures in polarizing light.
- •45. Rotation of a plane of fluctuations of polarized light.
- •46) Special methods of light microscopy. Method of a dark field.Method of a light field.
- •47) Method of phase contrast. Polarizing microscopy.
- •48) The method interference contrast. Method of research in a view of a luminescence.
- •49) Device of a microscope. Characteristics of microscope.
- •50) Kinds of muscles and its properties.
- •51) Contractive apparatus of the muscles.
- •52) Basic provisions of model of sliding strings.
- •53) Biomechanics of a muscle.
- •54) Electromechanical interface in muscles.
- •55) Stages of a breath. Gas exchange in lungs.
- •56) Surfactant, its importance.
- •57) Biomechanics of external breath.
- •58) Ventilation of lungs. Act of inhalation, act of exhalation.
- •59) Elastic draft of lungs.
- •60) Pulmonary resistance. Extensibility.Minute volume of breath.
- •61) Bernoulli’s equation. Static and dynamics pressure.
- •62) Viscosity of liquid. Laminar and turbulent fluid flow.
- •63) Current of a liquid on a horizontal pipe. Puazal’s law.
- •64) Definition of speed of blood-groove.
- •65) Physical bases of rheography.
- •66) Hemodynamics. Linear and volumetric speed of blood-groove.
- •67) Physical model of vascular system.
- •68) Measurement of pressure of blood.
- •69) Systolic, diastolic, pulse pressures. Pulse wave.
- •70) Work of heart.
- •71) Systolic and minute volume of a blood-groove.
- •72) Biophysical features of an aorta. Arterial and venous pulse.
- •73) Introscopy, its kinds.
- •74) Computer tomograph.
- •75) Magnetic-resonant tomography.
- •76) Ultrasonic (Ultrasonic diagnostics).
- •77) Influence of electromagnetic fields. Diathermy, darsonvalism, inductothermy, uhf-therapy.
- •78) Physiotherapy. Ultrasonic therapy, microwave therapy.
- •79) Amplipulse therapy, microcurrent therapy, magnetotherapy.
- •80) Mobility of ions. Electrophoresis its kinds.
- •81) Medicinal electrophoresis.
- •82) Galvanizing.
- •83) Electrosecurity.
- •84) Primary stages of photobiological processes.
- •85) Photochemical reactions.
- •86) Chemiluminescence and its diagnostic importance.
- •87) Migration of energy.
- •88) Action of ultra-violet radiation on proteins and nucleonic acids.
- •89) Modelling. The basic stages of modeling.
- •90) Modelling. Classification of models.
45. Rotation of a plane of fluctuations of polarized light.
Some crystals, solutions of many organic substances (sugar, an acid), and also some liquids find out property to rotate a plane of fluctuations of polarized light. Such substances are called optically active. The phenomenon consists in that, «that at passage through such substance of polarized light the plane of its fluctuations gradually rotates around of an axis of a light bunch on a corner proportional to thickness of the layer of substance passed by light. The phenomenon consists in that, «that at passage through such substance of polarized light the plane of its fluctuations gradually rotates around of an axis of a light bunch on a corner proportional to thickness of the layer of substance passed by light. Everyone optically active substance has two kinds: leftrotatory and dextrorotatory (against and clockwise if to look towards to light), consisting of molecules which structure represents mirror display one to another.
For solutions optically active substances the corner φ of rotation of a plane of fluctuations monochromatic light depends upon nature substance, temperatures, concentration C and heights of a column of a solution through which passes light, , where α - the factor named by specific rotation. Specific rotation is the corner of rotation increased in 100 time for a column of a solution in height of 1 dm (10 sm) at concentration of substance 1 г on 100 ml of a solution, at temperature 200 C and at length of a wave of light ʎ = 589 nm. For glucose, α=52.8°the corner of rotation ɸ for the given substance depends on length of a wave of light. Corner of rotation approximately inversely proportional to a square of length of a wave ʎ of light ɸ= α/ ʎ2. α - the constant, depending by nature of substances.
The method of the research using the phenomenon of rotation of a plane of fluctuations of polarized light, is called polarimetry. For exception influence of a wavelength of light on a corner of rotation, polarimetry is made in monochromatic light which probably to receive by means of a corresponding optical filter. If in the considered conditions to use polarized white light, then at turn the analyzer will serially pass beams of various length of a wave and a spot on the screen will change accordingly color. This phenomenon is called a dispersion of optical activity and is used at studying structure of substance.This method is called spectropolarimetry. Polarimetry is used for definition of concentration optically active substances in a solution, and in medicine, in particular, for definition of the maintenance of sugar in urine of patients. The device applied to it is called a saccharimeter.
46) Special methods of light microscopy. Method of a dark field.Method of a light field.
The light microscope, so called because it employs visible light to detect small objects, is probably the most well-known and well-used research tool in biology.
• obtaining sufficient contrast
• finding the focal plane
• obtaining good resolution
• recognizing the subject when one sees it
The smallest objects that are considered to be living are the bacteria. The smallest bacteria can be observed and cell shape recognized at a mere 100x magnification. They are invisible in bright field microscopes. A good quality microscope has a built-in illuminator, adjustable condenser with aperture diaphragm (contrast) control, mechanical stage, and binocular eyepiece tube. The condenser is used to focus light on the specimen through an opening in the stage. After passing through the specimen, the light is displayed to the eye with an apparent field that is much larger than the area illuminated. The magnification of the image is simply the objective lens magnification (usually stamped on the lens body) times the ocular magnification. Using: Mount the specimen on the stage, Optimize the lighting, Adjust the condenser, Focus, locate, and center the specimen, Adjust eyepiece separation, focus, Select an objective lens for viewing, Adjust illumination for the selected objective lens.
Dark field illumination is most readily set up at low magnifications (up to 100x), although it can be used with any dry objective lens. Any time you wish to view everything in a liquid sample, debris and all, dark field is best. Even tiny dust particles are obvious. Dark field is especially useful for finding cells in suspension. Dark field makes it easy to obtain the correct focal plane at low magnification for small, low contrast specimens. Use dark field for
• Initial examination of suspensions of cells such as yeast, bacteria, small protists, or cell and tissue fractions including cheek epithelial cells, chloroplasts, mitochondria, even blood cells (small diameter of pigmented cells makes it tricky to find them sometimes despite the color).
• Initial survey and observation at low powers of pond water samples, hay or soil infusions, purchased protist or metazoan cultures.
• Examination of lightly stained prepared slides. ? Initial location of any specimen of very small size for later viewing at higher power.
• Determination of motility in cultures