- •1. Basic properties and functions of biological membranes.
- •2. Transport of substance through membrane.
- •3. Methods of research of structure and functions of biological membranes: optical microscopy, electronic microscopy
- •4. Methods of research of structure and functions of biological membranes: method of diffraction of X-rays radiation, luminescent methods, nuclear magnetic resonance research
- •5. Potential of rest:
- •6. Potential of action.
- •7. Properties of liquids.
- •8. Superficial tension. Method of falling drops.
- •9. The general scheme of transfer and registration of the information. Electrodes.
- •10. Sensors. Kinds of sensors.
- •11. Application of sensors.
- •14. Kinds of X-rays.
- •16. Law of weakening of X-rays.
- •17. Methods of using of X-rays in medicine.
- •18. Structure of a nucleus, nuclear forces. Energy of connection of nucleons.
- •19. Radioactivity. Kinds of radioactive disintegrations.
- •20. The basic law of radioactive disintegration. A half-life period.
- •21. Ionizing radioactive radiation and its biological action.
- •22. The absorbed and exposition doze. Power of a doze.Relative biological efficiency.
- •23. Heart. Biophysical property of heart.
- •24. Rhythm of heart. Parameters of cardiac activity.Heart tones.
- •25. Electric activity of cells of a myocardium.
- •26. The electrocardiogram. Main assignments of ecg.
- •27. Basic peaks of ecg.
- •28. Imposing of electrodes at ecg. Main assignments.
- •30. Basic rhythms of eeg.
- •31. Technique of record of electroencephalogram.
- •32. Methods of research of electroencephalograms. Magnetoencephalography.
- •33. Luminescence and its kinds.
- •34. Stimulated radiation. Laser.
- •35. Mechanisms of action of laser radiation on biological tissues.
- •36. Aplication of laser radiation in medicine. (lilr, hilr)
- •38. Dispersion of light.
- •40. Law of Buger-Lambert-Ber. Optical density and transparency of substance.
- •41. Method of determination of substance concentration. Method of the caliber graph, method of comparison.
- •42. Polarization of light by bio-systems. Light natural and polarized.
- •43. Phenomenon of double refraction. Dichroism.
- •44. Research of microstructures in polarizing light.
- •45. Rotation of a plane of fluctuations of polarized light.
- •46) Special methods of light microscopy. Method of a dark field.Method of a light field.
- •47) Method of phase contrast. Polarizing microscopy.
- •48) The method interference contrast. Method of research in a view of a luminescence.
- •49) Device of a microscope. Characteristics of microscope.
- •50) Kinds of muscles and its properties.
- •51) Contractive apparatus of the muscles.
- •52) Basic provisions of model of sliding strings.
- •53) Biomechanics of a muscle.
- •54) Electromechanical interface in muscles.
- •55) Stages of a breath. Gas exchange in lungs.
- •56) Surfactant, its importance.
- •57) Biomechanics of external breath.
- •58) Ventilation of lungs. Act of inhalation, act of exhalation.
- •59) Elastic draft of lungs.
- •60) Pulmonary resistance. Extensibility.Minute volume of breath.
- •61) Bernoulli’s equation. Static and dynamics pressure.
- •62) Viscosity of liquid. Laminar and turbulent fluid flow.
- •63) Current of a liquid on a horizontal pipe. Puazal’s law.
- •64) Definition of speed of blood-groove.
- •65) Physical bases of rheography.
- •66) Hemodynamics. Linear and volumetric speed of blood-groove.
- •67) Physical model of vascular system.
- •68) Measurement of pressure of blood.
- •69) Systolic, diastolic, pulse pressures. Pulse wave.
- •70) Work of heart.
- •71) Systolic and minute volume of a blood-groove.
- •72) Biophysical features of an aorta. Arterial and venous pulse.
- •73) Introscopy, its kinds.
- •74) Computer tomograph.
- •75) Magnetic-resonant tomography.
- •76) Ultrasonic (Ultrasonic diagnostics).
- •77) Influence of electromagnetic fields. Diathermy, darsonvalism, inductothermy, uhf-therapy.
- •78) Physiotherapy. Ultrasonic therapy, microwave therapy.
- •79) Amplipulse therapy, microcurrent therapy, magnetotherapy.
- •80) Mobility of ions. Electrophoresis its kinds.
- •81) Medicinal electrophoresis.
- •82) Galvanizing.
- •83) Electrosecurity.
- •84) Primary stages of photobiological processes.
- •85) Photochemical reactions.
- •86) Chemiluminescence and its diagnostic importance.
- •87) Migration of energy.
- •88) Action of ultra-violet radiation on proteins and nucleonic acids.
- •89) Modelling. The basic stages of modeling.
- •90) Modelling. Classification of models.
33. Luminescence and its kinds.
Luminescence is the generation of light without heat. There are two principal varieties of luminescence, fluorescence and phosphorescence, distinguished by the delay in reaction to external electromagnetic radiation. The ancients observed phosphorescence in the form of a glow emitted by the oceans at night, and confused this phenomenon with the burning of the chemical phosphor, but, in fact, phosphorescence has nothing at all to do with burning. Likewise, fluorescence, as applied today in fluorescent lighting, involves no heat—thus creating a form of lighting more efficient than that which comes from incandescent bulbs.
Fluorescence: Luminescence that stops within 10 nanoseconds after an energy source has been removed.
Incandescence: Light created by heating. Incandescence is not a luminescent process.
Phosphor: A material that absorbs energy over some period of time, then gives off light for a longer period.
Phosphorescence: Luminescence that continues for more than 10 nanoseconds after an energy source has been removed.
Chemiluminescence, the emission of light as a result of a chemical reaction
Bioluminescence, a result of biochemical reactions in a living organism
Electrochemiluminescence, a result of an electrochemical reaction
Lyoluminescence, a result of dissolving a solid (usually heavily irradiated) in a liquid solvent
Crystalloluminescence, produced during crystallization
Electroluminescence, a result of an electric current passed through a substance
Cathodoluminescence, a result of a luminescent material being struck by electrons
Mechanoluminescence, a result of a mechanical action on a solid
Triboluminescence, generated when bonds in a material are broken when that material is scratched, crushed, or rubbed
Fractoluminescence, generated when bonds in certain crystals are broken by fractures
Piezoluminescence, produced by the action of pressure on certain solids
Sonoluminescence, a result of imploding bubbles in a liquid when excited by sound
Photoluminescence, a result of absorption of photons
Radioluminescence, a result of bombardment by ionizing radiation
Thermoluminescence, the re-emission of absorbed energy when a substance is heated
Cryoluminescence, the emission of light when an object is cooled (an example of this is wulfenite)
34. Stimulated radiation. Laser.
Stimulated radiation, in laser action, the release of energy from an excited atom by artificial means. According to Albert Einstein, when more atoms occupy a higher energy state than a lower one under normal temperature equilibrium (see population inversion), it is possible to force atoms to return to an unexcited state by stimulating them with the same energy as would be emitted naturally. In stimulated radiation the emitted light wave will be coherent (i.e., in phase; see coherence) with the incoming wave. In laser action the stimulating emission triggers a chain reaction in which the radiation from one atom stimulates another in succession until all the excited atoms in the system have returned to normalcy. In doing so, coherent monochromatic light (light of a single wavelength) is emitted.
Stimulated emission can be modelled mathematically by considering an atom that may be in one of two electronic energy states, a lower level state and an excited state, with energies E1 and E2 respectively.
If the atom is in the excited state, it may decay into the lower state by the process of spontaneous emission, releasing the difference in energies between the two states as a photon. The photon will have frequency ν and energy hν, given by:E2-E1=hv0 where h is Planck's constant
A laser is a device that emits light through a process of optical amplification based on the stimulated emission of electromagnetic radiation. The term "laser" originated as an acronym for "light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation".The first laser was built in 1960 by Theodore H. Maiman at Hughes Research Laboratories, based on theoretical work by Charles Hard Townes and Arthur Leonard Schawlow.
Laser is a Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission Radiation. A laser radiation source is provided with an array of individual slave laser diodes in a predetermined surface area. Laser has certain unique properties: high monochromaticity, coherence and directionality.
Gas Lasers- the use of these lasers ranges from bar code scanning to laser eye surgery.
Chemical Lasers- mainly used as weaponry by the military.
Dye Lasers- used to remove birth marks
Metal-vapor lasers- used for printing, dermatology, and high speed photography.
Solid-state lasers- used for tattoo removal, spectroscopy, and many other uses.
Semiconductor lasers- used for telecommunications, holography, printing, welding etc.