- •1. Basic properties and functions of biological membranes.
- •2. Transport of substance through membrane.
- •3. Methods of research of structure and functions of biological membranes: optical microscopy, electronic microscopy
- •4. Methods of research of structure and functions of biological membranes: method of diffraction of X-rays radiation, luminescent methods, nuclear magnetic resonance research
- •5. Potential of rest:
- •6. Potential of action.
- •7. Properties of liquids.
- •8. Superficial tension. Method of falling drops.
- •9. The general scheme of transfer and registration of the information. Electrodes.
- •10. Sensors. Kinds of sensors.
- •11. Application of sensors.
- •14. Kinds of X-rays.
- •16. Law of weakening of X-rays.
- •17. Methods of using of X-rays in medicine.
- •18. Structure of a nucleus, nuclear forces. Energy of connection of nucleons.
- •19. Radioactivity. Kinds of radioactive disintegrations.
- •20. The basic law of radioactive disintegration. A half-life period.
- •21. Ionizing radioactive radiation and its biological action.
- •22. The absorbed and exposition doze. Power of a doze.Relative biological efficiency.
- •23. Heart. Biophysical property of heart.
- •24. Rhythm of heart. Parameters of cardiac activity.Heart tones.
- •25. Electric activity of cells of a myocardium.
- •26. The electrocardiogram. Main assignments of ecg.
- •27. Basic peaks of ecg.
- •28. Imposing of electrodes at ecg. Main assignments.
- •30. Basic rhythms of eeg.
- •31. Technique of record of electroencephalogram.
- •32. Methods of research of electroencephalograms. Magnetoencephalography.
- •33. Luminescence and its kinds.
- •34. Stimulated radiation. Laser.
- •35. Mechanisms of action of laser radiation on biological tissues.
- •36. Aplication of laser radiation in medicine. (lilr, hilr)
- •38. Dispersion of light.
- •40. Law of Buger-Lambert-Ber. Optical density and transparency of substance.
- •41. Method of determination of substance concentration. Method of the caliber graph, method of comparison.
- •42. Polarization of light by bio-systems. Light natural and polarized.
- •43. Phenomenon of double refraction. Dichroism.
- •44. Research of microstructures in polarizing light.
- •45. Rotation of a plane of fluctuations of polarized light.
- •46) Special methods of light microscopy. Method of a dark field.Method of a light field.
- •47) Method of phase contrast. Polarizing microscopy.
- •48) The method interference contrast. Method of research in a view of a luminescence.
- •49) Device of a microscope. Characteristics of microscope.
- •50) Kinds of muscles and its properties.
- •51) Contractive apparatus of the muscles.
- •52) Basic provisions of model of sliding strings.
- •53) Biomechanics of a muscle.
- •54) Electromechanical interface in muscles.
- •55) Stages of a breath. Gas exchange in lungs.
- •56) Surfactant, its importance.
- •57) Biomechanics of external breath.
- •58) Ventilation of lungs. Act of inhalation, act of exhalation.
- •59) Elastic draft of lungs.
- •60) Pulmonary resistance. Extensibility.Minute volume of breath.
- •61) Bernoulli’s equation. Static and dynamics pressure.
- •62) Viscosity of liquid. Laminar and turbulent fluid flow.
- •63) Current of a liquid on a horizontal pipe. Puazal’s law.
- •64) Definition of speed of blood-groove.
- •65) Physical bases of rheography.
- •66) Hemodynamics. Linear and volumetric speed of blood-groove.
- •67) Physical model of vascular system.
- •68) Measurement of pressure of blood.
- •69) Systolic, diastolic, pulse pressures. Pulse wave.
- •70) Work of heart.
- •71) Systolic and minute volume of a blood-groove.
- •72) Biophysical features of an aorta. Arterial and venous pulse.
- •73) Introscopy, its kinds.
- •74) Computer tomograph.
- •75) Magnetic-resonant tomography.
- •76) Ultrasonic (Ultrasonic diagnostics).
- •77) Influence of electromagnetic fields. Diathermy, darsonvalism, inductothermy, uhf-therapy.
- •78) Physiotherapy. Ultrasonic therapy, microwave therapy.
- •79) Amplipulse therapy, microcurrent therapy, magnetotherapy.
- •80) Mobility of ions. Electrophoresis its kinds.
- •81) Medicinal electrophoresis.
- •82) Galvanizing.
- •83) Electrosecurity.
- •84) Primary stages of photobiological processes.
- •85) Photochemical reactions.
- •86) Chemiluminescence and its diagnostic importance.
- •87) Migration of energy.
- •88) Action of ultra-violet radiation on proteins and nucleonic acids.
- •89) Modelling. The basic stages of modeling.
- •90) Modelling. Classification of models.
1. Basic properties and functions of biological membranes.
The cellular membrane is covered by thick blanket in cells. Animal cells also can have the external shells consisting from polysaccharides or glycoprotein. These shells carry out functions of mechanical protection of a cell, as possess immunologic and filtration properties. They have ion-exchange properties. Penetration of substances into a cell and from a cell depends on properties of a membrane. The phospholipids two-layer molecular layer makes a structural basis of any biological membrane. Presence in membrane fibril proteins explains properties of membranes - an extensibility, elasticity and ability of some of them to reduction. Functions of biological membranes:
Mechanical - membranes create section between a cell and environment surrounding it, providing independent; complete functioning of a cell;
Barrier - maintenance of a selective, adjustable passive and active exchange between substance of a cell and an environment;
Matrix - maintenance of the certain positioning of protein-enzymes concerning substrata.
2. Transport of substance through membrane.
Moving of substances to a cell or from it in an environment is carried out by two ways by means of passive and active transport. Passive transport is always carried out due to the energy concentrated in any gradient, and energy of metabolic processes of cells АТP is direct on this carry is not spent.Passive transport always occurs in a direction of gradients, from higher power level to lower. Diffusion - is a spontaneous process of penetration of substance from area of greater in area of its smaller concentration as a result of thermal chaotic movement of molecules. Simple diffusion occurs through lipid double layer or through an protein interstice in a water environment. Facilitated diffusion occurs at participation of molecules-carriers. For example, the antibiotic is a carrier of ions of potassium. The third kind of passive transport is the filtration - movement of a solution through interstice in a membrane owing to presence of a gradient of hydraulic pressure. The next type is osmosis,is a movement of molecules of water through semipermeable a membrane from area of smaller concentration of the dissolved substance in area of greater concentration of the dissolved substance.Оn surfaces of double layers there is an intensive thermal movement. It is called lateral diffusion. Molecules jump from one surface of membrane on other. For phospholipids this process is called «flip-flop».
Carry of molecules and ions against an electrochemical gradient, which the cell carries out due to energy of metabolic processes is called active transport of substance.
There are two kinds of active transport: carry of ions and carry of organic substances. Carry of ions is distinctly expressed in various sector cells - in salivary and sudoriserous glands, especially in glands a stomach, which allocate a lot of ions of hydrogen and chlorine. Active carry of ions potassium and sodium through cellular membranes plays the important role in generating bioelectric potentials and carrying out of excitation. Active transport promotes carry of organic substances, mainly sugars and amino acids.